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Tannins are phenolic compounds that provide benefits to ruminants due to their protein-binding affinities and antioxidant properties. However, tannins may also have negative orosensorial and postingestive effects that decrease feed intake. This study explored how lambs trade off the ingestion of crude protein (CP) with the ingestion of potentially beneficial and toxic condensed and hydrolyzable tannins, and the ensuing impacts on diet digestibility, animal performance, and blood parameters. Thirty-two lambs were housed in individual pens for 8 wk and had access to 2 isoenergetic diets that varied in the concentration of CP (High-high in protein [HP] or Low-least preferred [LP]) and the presence of a mix of condensed and hydrolyzable tannins (4% DM). Animals were assigned to 4 treatment groups (N = 8 lambs/group) and received a simultaneous offer of: HP and LP (Control); HP and LP + tannins (HP - LP+); HP+ tannins and LP (HP + LP-); and both HP and LP with tannins (HP + LP+). All lambs preferred HP over LP and they avoided tannins in the diets (P < 0.001). Dry matter and CP intake were the lowest in HP + LP- (P < 0.0001), and DMD did not differ between Control and the other groups (P > 0.05), but it was greater for HP - LP + (P < 0.0001). CP digestibility was greater for groups without tannins in HP (P < 0.0001), but average daily gain (ADG) did not differ among treatments (P > 0.05). No differences between Control and HP + LP + were found in plasma antioxidant activity, total phenolic concentration, or haptoglobin concentration (P > 0.05). Intake of tannins was HP + LP+ > HP + LP- > HP - LP + (P < 0.0001), and fecal excretion of nitrogen (N) was HP + LP+ > HP - LP+ = HP + LP- > Control (P < 0.05). In addition, intake of tannins with both diets reduced blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration relative to Control (P < 0.05), thus suggesting a shift in the partitioning of N excretion from urine to feces. In summary, lambs prioritized the selection of HP over LP, regardless of the presence of a tannin extract in either or both diets. Nevertheless, lambs modulated their tannin consumption as a function of the specific diet where the tannin extract was added, with increasing levels of intake as tannins were present in just LP, then in just HP, and finally in both diets. Dietary tannins did not constrain ADG and resulted in a shift in the partitioning of N excretion from urine to feces. Such shifts have been found to result in reduced production of environmental pollutants such as ammonia, nitrous oxide, and nitrates.

Tannins are plant chemicals that can provide benefits to ruminants due to their antioxidant activity and positive effects on nutrient uptake. However, tannins could also promote negative (i.e., toxic) effects on herbivores. This study explored how lambs build their diets when offered between 2 diets that varied in protein concentration (low or high), both with and without tannins (4%) and the ensuing consequences on diet digestibility, animal performance, and some blood parameters indicative of antioxidant activity and inflammation. All lambs preferred the high-over the low-protein diet, regardless of the inclusion of tannins in the diets. Digestibility of dry matter did not differ between lambs that had diet choices with or without tannins, and body weight gains were not different across all treatments. No differences were found among dietary treatment groups in blood antioxidant activity or indicators of inflammation. Tannin intake promoted a shift in the fate of nitrogen excretion from urine to feces, suggesting reductions in environmental pollutants such as ammonia, nitrous oxide, and nitrates. Thus, tannins did not promote negative impacts on animal performance with potential concomitant beneficial effects on the environment.

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We evaluated the relationship between individual and herd GIN infection level, nutrition, production performance and anemia parameters in a tropical farm context. Fifty-four female goats were monitored to assess their body condition score (BCS, nutritional status indicator), live weight (LW) and LW gain (LWG, both used as production level indicators), FAMACHA© and hematocrit (HT, both used as anemia indicators). Goats browsed for 4 h in a tropical forest and received balanced feed and chopped grass. The eggs per gram of feces (EPG) indicated the GIN burden, with fecal samples obtained at 7:00 (AM) and 15:00 h (PM.) from each goat at six sampling points during the study. The variables and their relationship with GIN burdens were analyzed using Kruskall-Wallis, ANOVA and Friedman tests and Spearman correlations. The fecal samples obtained in the AM and PM can be equally representative of parasitic burdens (similar and highly correlated). However, the EPG of individual goats from periods of 30 days apart can be considered independent. The BCS and LWG varied between sampling times (p < 0.05), whereas EPG, LW and HT did not (p > 0.05). The GIN burden was negatively correlated with HT and BCS (-0.21, p = 0.01 for each one). The individual pattern of infection demonstrates the true impact of GINs on their hosts. Additionally, feeding and nutritional status may present important variations influencing the performance of the goats more than the impact of GINs under the farm conditions of the present study. However, GIN infection contributed to the variation in goat health and productivity in this tropical farm.

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Introducción: la función del tejido meniscal es fundamental en la transmisión y distribución de cargas de la rodilla. En casos de lesión meniscal, la sutura es el tratamiento quirúrgico de elección, y pueden utilizarse diferentes materiales para realizarla. El objetivo del trabajo es analizar la aparición de quistes meniscales sintomáticos con el uso de sutura no reabsorbible del tipo monofilamento de polipropileno en un grupo de pacientes con lesiones en asa de balde y evaluar el material de sutura como causal de quiste.Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de un grupo de pacientes con lesiones en asa de balde suturadas con material no reabsorbible del tipo monofilamento de polipropileno (MP) y sutura de alta resistencia de polietileno de ultra alto peso molecular UHMWPE (SAR) y se analizó la presencia de quiste meniscal sintomático como complicación. Los criterios de inclusión para este estudio fueron pacientes con lesiones en asa de balde a los cuales se les realizó sutura meniscal con técnicas combinadas con material de tipo no reabsorbible. Se excluyeron pacientes con lesiones que no fueran con patrón en asa de balde o a los cuales se les hizo sutura meniscal todo-adentro únicamente.Resultados: un total de veinticinco pacientes, quince de sexo masculino y diez de sexo femenino. La edad media del grupo evaluado fue de 27.8 años. El 72% fue suturado con sutura de alta resistencia (SAR) mientras que a un 28% se les realizó sutura con monofilamento de polipropileno (MP). El 92% de las lesiones se presentaron en el menisco interno. Se observaron tres pacientes con quistes meniscales sintomáticos asociados a la sutura MP, los cuales fueron tratados quirúrgicamente con buena evolución. Conclusión: identificamos en nuestra serie que la aparición de quistes sintomáticos se relaciona estrechamente con el uso de monofilamento de polipropileno (MP). Consideramos la utilización de hilos no reabsorbibles de alta resistencia (polietileno de ultra alto peso molecular UHMWPE) como la primera opción para realizar las suturas meniscales por la baja tasa de complicación y los buenos resultados. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Introduction: The function of the meniscal tissue is fundamental in the transmission and distribution of knee loads. In cases of meniscal injury, suturing is the surgical treatment of choice, and different materials can be used to perform it. The aim of the work is to analyze the appearance of symptomatic meniscal cysts with the use of non-absorbable polypropylene monofilament suture in a group of patients with bucket handle injuries and to evaluate the suture material as a cause of the cyst. Materials and methods: a retrospective study was carried out on a group of patients with bucket-handle injuries sutured with non-absorbable polypropylene monofilament (MP) material and high-strength ultra-high molecular weight UHMWPE polyethylene (SAR) suture and the presence of a symptomatic meniscal cyst as a complication was analyzed. The inclusion criteria for this study were patients with bucket-handle injuries in whom meniscal suture was performed with combined techniques with non-resorbable material. Patients with injuries other than a bucket-handle pattern or who underwent all-in meniscal suturing only were excluded.Results: a total of twenty-five patients, fifteen males and ten females. The average age of the evaluated group was 27.8 years. 72% were sutured with high resistance suture (SAR) while 28% were sutured with polypropylene monofilament (MP). 92% of the injuries occurred in the medial meniscus. Three patients were observed with symptomatic meniscal cysts associated with the MP suture, which were treated surgically with good outcomes. Conclusion: we identified in our series that the appearance of symptomatic cysts is closely related to the use of polypropylene monofilament (MP). We consider the use of high-strength non-absorbable threads (ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene UHMWPE) as the first option to perform meniscal sutures due to the low complication rate and good results. Level of Evidence: IV

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Introducción: Los factores de riesgo de re-ruptura de LCA son errores técnicos, características del injerto, lesiones meniscales, condrales o lesiones no tratadas. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo fue reconocer predictores modificables que nos ayuden a obtener un mejor resultado en la cirugía de revisión de LCA. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal. Serie de pacientes tratados en nuestro centro entre 2011 y 2021 a los cuales se les realizó cirugía de revisión de LCA. Se registraron edad, sexo, falla de cirugía primaria traumática, o no, fijación utilizada, ubicación de ambos túneles, injerto utilizado en la cirugía primaria, lesiones articulares condrales y meniscales antiguas y nuevas y tipo de injerto utilizado en cirugía de revisión. Resultados: se analizaron un total de ciento nueve pacientes. Con mayor frecuencia, los pacientes masculinos se sometieron a revisión entre los veinte y los cuarenta años. La principal causa traumática fue la práctica deportiva (40.37%), seguida de accidente de tránsito o en domicilio (7.33%) y en ambiente laboral (24.8%), y sin causa demostrable (27.5%). La mala posición del túnel femoral aislada fue la falla técnica más común en un 41.29%, sin error técnico en 38.53%, y falla de colocación de túnel tibial aislada en 2.75%. En el total de los pacientes evaluados, el 28.44% (treinta y un pacientes) no presentó lesión meniscal previa ni actual; mientras que el 71.56% (setenta y ocho pacientes) evidenció algún tipo de lesión. La elección del injerto fue autoinjerto de H-T-H (30.28%), aloinjerto de tibial posterior (30.28%), aloinjerto de tibial anterior (19.27%), autoinjerto de ST-RI (11.01%), y otros aloinjertos Aquiles, Peroneos y ST (9.17%).Discusión: serán necesarios más estudios para determinar si esta tasa de falla persiste a pesar de nuestro mayor conocimiento de la técnica y diversos aspectos de la cirugía de revisión. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Introduction: Risk factors for ACL rupture are technical errors, graft characteristics, meniscal and chondral injuries, or untreated injuries. The objective of our work was to recognize modifiable predictors that help us obtain a better result in ACL revision surgery. Materials and methods: cross-sectional descriptive study. Series of patients treated at our center between 2011 and 2021 who underwent ACL revision surgery. Age, sex, traumatic or non-traumatic primary surgery failure, fixation used, location of both tunnels, graft used in primary surgery, old and new chondral and meniscal joint injuries and type of graft used in revision surgery were recorded. Results: a total of one hundred and nine patients were analyzed. Most often, male patients underwent revision between the ages of twenty and forty. The main traumatic cause was sports practice (40.37%), followed by traffic accident or at home (7.33%) and in the work environment (24.8%), and without demonstrable cause (27.5%). Isolated femoral tunnel malposition was the most common technical failure at 41.29%, no technical error at 38.53%, and isolated tibial tunnel placement failure at 2.75%. In all the patients evaluated, 28.44% (thirty-one patients) did not present a previous or current meniscal lesion; while 71.56% (seventy-eight patients) showed some type of injury. Graft choice was H-T-H autograft (30.28%), posterior tibial allograft (30.28%), anterior tibial allograft (19.27%), ST-RI autograft (11.01%), and other Achilles, fibular, and ST allografts (9.17%) Discussion: more studies will be necessary to determine if this failure rate persists despite our greater knowledge of the technique and various aspects of revision surgery. Level of Evidence: IV

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Introducción: La mayoría de las personas que se someten a una reconstrucción del LCA están en edad de conducir, por lo tanto, es importante saber cuándo es seguro para el paciente reanudar la conducción. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar de manera prospectiva cuándo los pacientes recuperan las habilidades de manejo y de reacción de frenado después de la reconstrucción primaria de LCA, y compararlos con un grupo control de voluntarios sanos. Materiales y métodos: estudio prospectivo de una serie de pacientes que se sometieron a reconstrucción primaria del LCA utilizando injerto semitendinoso y recto interno. Se excluyeron pacientes en los que se empleó otro tipo de injerto o se les realizó otro gesto quirúrgico y laborales. Se evaluó la capacidad de volver a manejar de manera segura a las 2-3 semanas y a las 4-5 semanas postoperatorias mediante test de reacción simple y de resistencia a la monotonía, y se compararon los resultados con un grupo control de voluntarios sanos. Resultados: en total fueron ciento sesenta y seis pacientes, treinta fueron casos y ciento treinta y seis, controles. Se hallaron diferencias significativas (p = 0.03) entre los casos y controles en las pruebas realizadas tempranamente en cuanto a la aprobación, y no, de los test. Según el promedio en segundos obtenido en cada test realizado, se observan diferencias significativas en el primera prueba de resistencia a la monotonía (p = 0.0001) a favor del grupo control. Discusión: de acuerdo a la prueba de reacción simple y al test a la monotonía evaluados en nuestro trabajo, los pacientes que se someten a reconstrucción del LCA con autoinjertos de ST-RI están en condiciones de manejar un automóvil luego de las 4-5 semanas de la cirugía

Introduction: Most people who undergo ACL reconstruction are of driving age, it is important to know when it is safe for the patient to resume driving. The objective of this work was to prospectively evaluate when patients recover driving skills and brake reaction skills after ACL reconstruction and compare them with a control group of healthy volunteers. Materials and methods: prospective study of a series of patients who underwent primary ACL reconstruction using semitendinosus and medial rectus graft. Patients in whom another type of graft was used, or another surgical and labor gesture was performed, were excluded. The ability to return to driving safely at 2-3 weeks and 4-5 weeks postoperatively was evaluated using the simple reaction and resistance to monotony tests, and the results were compared with a control group of healthy volunteers.Results: a total of 166 patients, 30 are cases and 136 controls. Significant differences (p = 0.03) were found between cases and controls in the tests carried out early in terms of passing and not passing the tests. The relationship according to the average in seconds obtained in each test carried out, significant differences are observed in the first test of resistance to monotony (p = 0.0001) in favor of the control group. Discussion: according to the simple reaction test and the monotony test evaluated in our study, patients who undergo ACL reconstruction with ST-RI autografts are able to drive a car 4-5 weeks after surgery

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Plant extracts have been widely used in animal production systems due to the benefits promoted by their bioactive components, mainly through their antioxidant effects and positive effects on animal growth, health, and meat quality. We determined whether bioactive compounds (BC) from grape (Vitis vinifera), olive (Olea europaea), and pomegranate (Punica granatum) have beneficial effects on lamb growth while controlling gastrointestinal parasitism and reducing skeletal lipid peroxidation in muscle. Fourteen lambs (4 to 5 mo of age) were housed in individual pens and assigned to two treatment groups (seven animals/group), where they received: 1) a basal diet of beet pulp:soybean meal (90:10) (CONTROL) and 2) the same diet, but containing 0.3% of BC extracted from grape, olive, and pomegranate (BNP). After 21 d of consuming their respective rations (period 1), all lambs were dosed with 10,000 L3 stage larvae of Haemonchus contortus. Intake, production, and physiological parameters were determined before infection (period 1), after oral dosage with L3 (period 2), and during early (period 3) and later (period 4) developmental stages of infection. Groups of animals did not differ in their ration intake or average daily gain, either before or after the infection, or in their parasitic burdens estimated through fecal egg counts (P > 0.05). Lambs under BNP showed greater feed efficiency before infection (P < 0.001), but the pattern reversed after infection. In addition, the inclusion of plant bioactives to the diet did not have an effect (P > 0.05) on blood or lipid peroxidation in muscle or on hemogram, serum concentration of haptoglobin, and immunoglobulin E. These results could be explained by low dietary doses and constrained absorption or ruminal inactivation of these compounds. Changes in feed efficiencies suggest a negative interaction between BC in the diet and parasitism, which warrants further research.

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Introducción: El desgarro del ligamento cruzado anterior es una lesión frecuente en ortopedia y traumatología, presentando la reconstrucción artroscópica excelentes resultados. No obstante, pueden existir complicaciones tales como artritis séptica, hemartrosis, infección del sitio quirúrgico, hematomas o TVP, entre otras. El objetivo del trabajo es describir y evaluar las complicaciones a corto plazo de la reconstrucción artroscópica de la plástica del ligamento cruzado anterior con autoinjerto de isquiotibiales y analizar la frecuencia de aparición de las mismas en cuanto a edad y sexo. Material y Métodos: Se analizó de forma retrospectiva una serie de 631 pacientes con reconstrucción artroscópica del LCA operados en nuestro centro entre los años 2015 y 2019. Se agrupó a los pacientes según sexo (femenino-masculino) y rango etario (<20, 20-29, 30-39 y >40), evaluando las complicaciones encontradas luego de la plástica ligamentaria dentro de los primeros 45 días de postoperatorio. Resultados: Las complicaciones observadas fueron en el 6,5% del total de los pacientes. La proporción en varones fue de hasta 5-8:1. El mayor número de complicación se presentó en pacientes menores de 20 años con un 8,1%. Se observó en el total de la muestra derrame con requerimiento de artrocentesis evacuadora en 2,69%, celulitis resuelta con antibióticos en 2,06% y artritis séptica en 1,42%, habiendo un porcentaje menor al 1% de hematoma resuelto con antibióticos y TVP. Conclusiones: Consideramos importante la evaluación de factores inmodificables como el sexo y la edad para un seguimiento más cercano de estos pacientes en las primeras etapas del postoperatorio, así como también conocer las complicaciones más frecuentes a corto plazo que se presentan en este tipo de intervención que nos permitirá su correcto abordaje y tratamiento. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

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Introducción: El objetivo del trabajo es evaluar y comparar de manera retrospectiva la tasa de artritis séptica (AS) postquirúrgicas en reconstrucción de LCA entre dos grupos de estudio: A, sin el uso local de vancomicina en el injerto autólogo de isquiotibiales, versus grupo B, con profilaxis antibiótica local.Materiales y métodos: se trabajaron dos grupos compuestos por 683 pacientes en total, con diagnóstico primario de ruptura de LCA. Grupo A, operados entre 2016 y 2017, en los que no se utilizó profilaxis antibiótica del autoinjerto; y el grupo B, intervenidos entre 2018 y 2019, donde se sumergió el autoinjerto de isquiotibiales en 500 mg de vancomicina en 100 ml de solución fisiológica como profilaxis local. En ambos grupos se llevó a cabo el protocolo usual pre, intra y postquirúrgico. Resultados: se analizó la relación entre presencia de infección y las diferentes variables estudiadas, se observó que el uso local de vancomicina en el injerto autólogo de isquiotibiales está asociado a menor infección (p <0.05). La edad, el sexo y el sanatorio donde se realiza la cirugía no condicionan necesariamente la presencia de infección (p >0.05).Conclusión: presentamos este trabajo como prueba en nuestro medio del claro beneficio que se obtuvo, ya que los pacientes que fueron sometidos a la profilaxis local de vancomicina del autoinjerto mostraron una disminución notable de artritis séptica.Tipo de estudio: Artículo Original ­ Descriptivo-transversal. Nivel de evidencia: III

Introduction: The aim of the study is to evaluate and retrospectively compare the rate of postoperative septic arthritis (SA) in ACL reconstruction, between two study groups: A without local use of vancomycin in autologous hamstring graft versus group B with local antibiotic prophylaxisMaterials and methods: two groups composed of 683 patients in total, with a primary diagnosis of ACL rupture, were studied. Group A, operated on in 2016 and 2017, in which antibiotic prophylaxis of the autograft was not used; and the second group B, between 2018 and 2019, where the hamstring autograft was submerged in 500 mg of vancomycin in 100 ml of physiological solution as local prophylaxis. Preoperative intravenous antibiotic prophylaxis was carried out in both groups as the usual protocol.Results: it was obtained as a result that in group A, the two years that they worked without "pre-soaking" of antibiotics in the autograft and the relationship between the presence of infection and the different variables studied was analyzed, where they found that the use Local vancomycin in the autologous hamstring graft is associated with a minor infection (p <0.05). However, age, sex and the sanatorium where the surgery is performed do not necessarily determine the presence of infection (p >0.05)Conclusion: we present this work as proof in our environment of the clear benefit that we obtained, since the patients who underwent local prophylaxis of vancomycin of the autograft, showed a notable decrease in septic arthritis.Type of study: Original Article - Descriptive-cross-sectional. Level of Evidence: III

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Introducción: La aparición de la resonancia magnética y su evolución en la calidad de las imágenes ha guiado el diagnóstico de patologías poco habituales. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar imágenes quísticas y pseudoquísticas en una serie de resonancias magnéticas de pacientes atendidos en nuestro centro, clasificándolas y analizando su frecuencia de aparición y el desarrollo y aplicación de un algoritmo diagnóstico y terapéutico. Materiales y métodos: fueron evaluadas las historias clínicas y resonancias magnéticas de 1808 pacientes cuyo motivo de consulta fue gonalgia de diversa etiología. Se aplicaron criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Se valoró la presencia de imágenes quísticas y pseudoquísticas, y se registró la localización, frecuencia, el tratamiento aplicado y su recidiva. Fueron incluidos en este trabajo quinientos treinta hombres y trescientas once mujeres, con edades comprendidas entre once a ochenta y cuatro años (con un promedio de cuarenta y uno). Se obtuvieron ochocientas noventa y cuatro rodillas de un total de ochocientos cuarenta y un pacientes, donde se observaron 1128 imágenes compatibles con quistes o pseudoquistes. Resultados: en ciento tres pacientes observamos dos o más imágenes. Diecisiete pacientes requirieron tratamiento quirúrgico por vía artroscópica; de estos, catorce fueron quistes asociados a lesión meniscal y tres, gangliones de la vaina del ligamento cruzado anterior. Un quiste de la inserción de la pata de ganso y dos colecciones prerrotulianas se resolvieron de manera abierta. No registramos ninguna recidiva. Conclusión: los quistes y pseudoquistes de rodilla son patologías habituales, consideramos importante el correcto análisis clínico imagenológico para evitar errores de apreciación y tratamiento. La RM es la principal herramienta de estudio para patologías de rodilla, permite evaluar imágenes de difícil observación por otro método y posibilita así un diagnóstico más certero. Consideramos fundamental estar familiarizado con la anatomía específica, conocer su ubicación, entender la relación con estructuras adyacentes y comprender el análisis de las características y patrones de las diferentes lesiones observadas en la RM para poder establecer un diagnóstico correcto.Tipo de estudio: Artículo original. Nivel de evidencia: IV

Introduction: The appearance of magnetic resonance imaging and its evolution in the quality of the images, has led to the diagnosis of unusual pathologies. The objective of this work is to evaluate cystic and pseudocystic images in a series of magnetic resonance imaging of patients treated at our center, classifying and analyzing their frequency of appearance and the development and application of a diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm.Materials and methods: the clinical histories and magnetic resonances of 1808 patients whose reason for consultation was knee paint of different etiology were retrospectively evaluated. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. The presence of cystic and pseudocystic images was assessed, location, frequency, applied treatment and recurrence were recorded. 530 men and 311 women were included in this study, aged between 11 and 84 years (with an average of 41 years). Results: 894 knees were obtained from a total of 841 patients, where 1128 images compatible with cysts or pseudocysts were observed. In 103 patients we observed two or more images. Seventeen patients required arthroscopic surgical treatment, of these, fourteen were cysts associated with meniscal injury and three were ganglions of the anterior cruciate ligament sheath. One hamstring cyst and two pre-patellar collections were openly resolved. We did not record any recurrence.Conclusion: knee cysts and pseudocysts are common pathologies, we consider the correct clinical imaging analysis important to avoid errors of appreciation and treatment. MRI is the main study tool for knee pathologies, allowing the evaluation of images that are difficult to observe by another method, thus enabling a more accurate diagnosis. We consider it essential to be familiar with the specific anatomy, know its location, understand the relationship with adjacent structures, and understand the analysis of the characteristics and patterns of the different lesions observed on MRI in order to establish a correct diagnosis. Level of evidence: IV

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La lesión de Morel-Lavallée es una patología cerrada de partes blandas, ocasionada por la separación traumática de la piel y tejido celular subcutáneo de la fascia muscular. Debido a su asociación con traumatismos de alta energía puede pasar desapercibida y llevar a un diagnóstico tardío. Su localización es variable, y la región lumbar es poco frecuente. Generalmente con el diagnóstico precoz y el tratamiento conservador se obtienen buenos resultados.Presentamos un reporte de caso de una paciente de sexo femenino, de veinte años, que sufrió un accidente automovilístico, con una colección localizada en región dorsolumbar diagnosticada tardíamente. Fue tratada de forma endoscópica y con la aplicación de agentes esclerosantes. Se obtuvieron buenos resultados con remisión de la colección. Nivel de Evidencia: V

The Morel-Lavallée lesion is closed soft tissue pathology, caused by the traumatic separation of the skin and subcutaneous cellular tissue of the muscular fascia. Due to its association with high-energy trauma, it can go unnoticed, generating a late diagnosis. Its location is variable, the lumbar region being rare. Generally, with early diagnosis and conservative treatment, good results are obtained.We present a case report of a twenty-year-old female patient suffering a car accident with a late-diagnosed collection located in the thoracolumbar region. She was treated endoscopically and with the application of sclerosing agents. Good results were obtained with remission of the collection. Level of Evidence: V

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The efficiency of grazing ruminant production systems is directly associated to the animals' ingestive behavior, and to structural characteristics of the pastures. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ingestive behavior of young lambs grazing three different heights of Capim Aruana (Panicum maximum). The experiment was carried out in two consecutive years, in which 30 tester lambs (4-5 months old) were equally divided into three paddocks (treatments) corresponding to different average sward heights of Aruana grass: (1) Tall-75 cm; (2) Medium-50 cm; and (3) Short-25 cm in a randomized block design. Ingestive behavior assessments were carried out every 28 days through 10-min observations of the main activities of the animals (grazing, ruminating, idling) and biting rate, from sunrise to sunset. In addition, the productive and qualitative characteristics of the pastures were assessed. Despite differences in pasture structure, grazing time (GT) and idling time were similar among treatments (P = 0.4266 and P = 0.2939, respectively). The shortest ruminating time (RT, P = 0.0181) was recorded in the treatment of lowest sward height. Lambs grazing on this treatment also showed 23% more bites per minute (P= < 0.0001) than animals in the Tall and Medium treatments. A Decision Tree analysis was performed for GT, identifying in a hierarchical order that the initial weight of the animals and sward height explained 62% (R 2 = 0.621) of the variation, representing the variables with the greatest influence on GT. Initial body weight explained 48% of the model. Thus, our research shows that the different sward heights of Capim Aruana mainly alter the lamb's RT and biting rate, and that the animals' initial body weight is a key factor influencing GT, given that this variable makes lambs more susceptible to changes in sward height.

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The two-component system DesK-DesR regulates the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids in the soil bacteria Bacillus subtilis. This system is activated at low temperature and maintains membrane lipid fluidity upon temperature variations. Here, we found that DesK-the transmembrane histidine kinase-also responds to pH and studied the mechanism of pH sensing. We propose that a helix linking the transmembrane region with the cytoplasmic catalytic domain is involved in pH sensing. This helix contains several glutamate, lysine, and arginine residues At neutral pH, the linker forms an alpha helix that is stabilized by hydrogen bonds in the i, i + 4 register and thus favors the kinase state. At low pH, protonation of glutamate residues breaks salt bridges, which results in helix destabilization and interruption of signaling. This mechanism inhibits unsaturated fatty acid synthesis and rigidifies the membrane when Bacillus grows in acidic conditions.

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Abstract Bacillus cereus is a gram positive microorganism commonly involved in gastrointestinal infection but capable of causing severe infections and bacteremia. We describe here a case of bacteremia caused by B. cereus in a previously healthy young woman admitted to the intensive care unit following emergency surgery due to a penetrating abdominal stab wound and subsequent hepatic lesion. She developed fever during admission and cultures were taken. B. cereus was isolated in blood and hepatic fluid collection cultures. Treatment was adjusted according to the isolate, with good clinical results. It is important to highlight the pathogenic potential of this microorganism and not underestimate it as a contaminant when it is isolated from blood samples.

Resumen Bacillus cereus es un microorganismo gram positivo comúnmente involucrado en infecciones gastrointestinales, pero capaz de causar infecciones graves y bacteriemia. Presentamos un caso de bacteriemia por B. cereus en una mujer joven previamente sana que ingresa en la unidad de cuidados intensivos luego de una cirugía de emergencia, debido a una herida abdominal por arma blanca con lesión hepática. La paciente desarrolla fiebre durante la internación, por lo que se toman cultivos. Se aísla B. cereus en hemocultivos y material de colección hepática. Se ajusta el tratamiento según los hallazgos, con buena evolución clínica. Esta comunicación ilustra una fuente poco común de bacteriemia por B. cereus. Asimismo, destaca el potencial patogénico de este microorganismo, cuyo hallazgo en muestras de sangre no siempre debe conducir a su rápida desjerarquización como contaminante.

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Bacillus cereus is a gram positive microorganism commonly involved in gastrointestinal infection but capable of causing severe infections and bacteremia. We describe here a case of bacteremia caused by B. cereus in a previously healthy young woman admitted to the intensive care unit following emergency surgery due to a penetrating abdominal stab wound and subsequent hepatic lesion. She developed fever during admission and cultures were taken. B. cereus was isolated in blood and hepatic fluid collection cultures. Treatment was adjusted according to the isolate, with good clinical results. It is important to highlight the pathogenic potential of this microorganism and not underestimate it as a contaminant when it is isolated from blood samples.

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Hydroxyapatite was obtained by bone calcinations. To study the calcination process, bovine and porcine bones were first autoclaved to remove fat and other non-bone tissues. They were then heated in an alumina pan in an oxidizing atmosphere of air, where simultaneous thermal analysis curves were recorded. To prepare the hydroxyapatites, bone samples were calcined at 850 °C and 1000 °C using a muffle furnace for 1 h. The obtained materials were powdered using mortar and pestle, and sifted in a sieve (60 mesh) without any additional purification or chemical treatment. The materials obtained were characterized by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The antimicrobial properties of these materials were determined through direct contact tests against Staphylococcus aureus. The natural hydroxyapatites obtained by bone calcination inhibited S. aureus growth, with the material obtained by calcination of bovine bones at 1000 °C, showing the best antimicrobial activity. These results indicated that bone wastes can be used to obtain hydroxyapatites with antimicrobial activity.

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Introducción: El objetivo del trabajo es evaluar y comparar de manera retrospectiva los resultados de una serie de pacientes laborales y no laborales con lesiones meniscales, tratadas mediante meniscectomía parcial artroscópica. Material y métodos: Se evaluaron 60 pacientes tratados en nuestro centro, entre junio 2016 y mayo 2017, los cuales presentaban lesiones meniscales agudas que no respondieron a tratamiento conservador. Todas las lesiones fueron diagnosticadas con RM previa. Se trataba de 30 pacientes laborales y 30 no laborales, 53 de sexo masculino y 7 de sexo femenino. La edad fue entre 18 y 45 años. Treinta y seis meniscos internos y veinticuatro meniscos externos. El seguimiento promedio fue 18 meses. Se realizó score de Lysholm y EVA. Resultados: De los 30 pacientes no laborales 28 evolucionaron favorablemente, con mejoría en el score de Lysholm de 53 a 93 puntos y EVA de 7 a 1 puntos en promedio, con retorno a la actividad previo a la lesión. Dos de ellos continuaron con molestias leves, sin afectar sus rutinas diarias. En los pacientes laborales 14 evolucionaron favorablemente, con mejoría en el score de Lysholm de 48 a 74 puntos y EVA 7 a 2 puntos en promedio con retorno a su actividad laboral habitual. Dieciséis de ellos presentaban dolor moderado con retorno laboral parcial o requirieron cambio de tareas. Conclusión: Los resultados de la meniscectomía parcial en pacientes no laborales fueron excelentes a buenos, con retorno a sus actividades cotidianas en un 96%. En cuanto a los pacientes laborales se obtuvieron resultados regulares, con retorno a su actividad laboral habitual en un 53%. Tipo de estudio: Serie de casos. Nivel de evidencia: IV

Introduction: The aim of the study is to evaluate and compare retrospectively the results of arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for meniscus tears in working compensation vs. non-working compensation patients Material and methods: Sixty patients treated in our institution between June 2016 and May 2017 with the diagnosis of acute meniscus tears that did not respond to conservative treatment were evaluated. All lesions were diagnosed with previous MRI. There were 30 patients under working compensation insurance and 30 under another insurance system (53 men, and 7 women). The age ranged between 18 and 45 years. Thirty-six tears were located in the internal menisci and twenty-four in the external menisci. The average follow-up was 18 months. Lysholm and EVA scores were obtained. Results: Of the 30 non-working compensation patients, 28 evolved favorably with an improvement in the Lysholm score of 53 to 93 points and EVA of 7 to 1 points on average and returned to activity prior to the injury. Two of them continued with mild discomfort, without affecting their daily routines. In working compensation, patients 14 evolved favorably, with improvement in the Lysholm score of 48 to 74 points and EVA 7 to 2 points on average and return to their usual work activity. Sixteen of them presented moderate pain with partial job return or required change of tasks. Conclusion: The results of partial meniscectomy in non-work-related patients were excellent to good, with 96% return to daily activities. Regarding work-related patients, regular results were obtained, with a return to their usual work activity of only 53%. Type of study: Case series. Level of evidence: IV

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Introducción: El objetivo del trabajo es evaluar y analizar de manera retrospectiva los resultados funcionales y complicaciones de la reconstrucción del ligamento cruzado anterior, en una serie de pacientes mayores de 40 años al momento de la cirugía. Material y métodos: Se evaluaron 22 pacientes con lesión de LCA asociada a inestabilidad sintomática de rodilla entre los años 2013 y 2017. Catorce de sexo masculino y ocho de sexo femenino. Con edades de entre 43 y 63 años. El injerto utilizado fue semitendinoso y recto interno cuádruple fijado con botón cortical. El seguimiento promedio fue de 4 años utilizando para su evaluación los scores de Lysholm, Tegner y EVA. Resultados: En el seguimiento final, se obtuvieron resultados satisfactorios en el 81% de los pacientes evaluados. La puntuación fue en promedio del score Lysholm de 49 a 92 puntos, Tegner 5 a 5 y EVA 7 a 2. Se observaron los puntajes más bajos en pacientes que presentaban asociación de lesiones meniscales y osteocondrales. Dos pacientes fueron reintervenidos quirúrgicamente por lesiones meniscales. Hubo una re ruptura de causa traumática. No hubo infecciones, no se presentaron TVP, ni se vio intolerancia al material. Conclusión: Los pacientes mayores de 40 años de edad logran resultados clínicos satisfactorios después de la reconstrucción de LCA. Estos se ven afectados cuando se asocian a lesiones meniscales u osteocondrales. Es importante conocer la expectativa inicial del paciente y la aceptación de modificar la intensidad o el tipo de actividad luego de la lesión. Tipo de estudio: Serie de casos. Nivel de evidencia: IV

Introduction: The objective of the work is to evaluate and retrospectively analyze the functional results and complications of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in a series of patients over 40 years of age at the time of surgery. Material and methods: 22 patients with anterior cruciate ligament injury associated with symptomatic knee instability were evaluated between 2013 and 2017. It involved 14 male and 8 female patients. The average age was between 43 and 63 years. The graft used was semitendinosus and quadruple internal rectum fixed with cortical button. The presence of associated meniscal and osteochondral lesions was considered and treated. The average follow-up was 4 years. Lysholm, Tegner and EVA scores were performed. Results: In the final follow-up, satisfactory results were obtained in 81% of the patients evaluated. The average score was the Lysholm score of 49 to 92 points, Tegner 5 to 5 and EVA 7 to 2. The lowest scores were observed in patients with association of meniscal and osteochondral lesions. Two patients were reoperated for meniscal tears. There was a rupture for traumatic cause. There were no infections, no DVT and nor material intolerance. Conclusion: Patients over 40 years of age achieve satisfactory clinical results after ACL reconstruction. These are affected when they are associated with meniscal tears and osteochondral lesions. It is important to know the initial expectation and the acceptance of modifying the intensity or type of activity after the injury. Type of study: Case series Level of evidence: IV

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Unpalatable forage resources (low nutrient density, potentially toxic metabolites) are widespread and represent a challenge for ruminant nutrition, health, and welfare. Our objective was to synthesize the role of biophysical and social experience on the use of unpalatable forages by ruminants, and highlight derived behavioural solutions for the well-being of soils, plants, and animals. Environmental experiences early in life modulate gene expression and promote learning, which alters morpho-physiological and psychological mechanisms that modify behavioural responses and change food and habitat selection. In this process, ruminants can become better adapted to the habitat where they are reared. Moreover, experiential learning provides flexibility in diet selection, which is critical for changing foraging environments. Learned associations between unpalatable and palatable foods, if ingested in appropriate amounts, sequence, and close temporal association, induce the development of preference for the former type of food. In this way, a more uniform use of resources can be achieved from the landscape level down to the individual plant, with the associated benefits to ecosystem integrity and stability. Ruminants can also learn the medicinal benefits of ingesting foods with toxins (e.g., condensed tannins and saponins with antiparasitic properties). This knowledge on behavioural processes can be translated into behavioural applications that provide low-cost solutions to many challenges that producers face in managing sustainable livestock production systems.

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Global warming, as a consequence of excessive CO2 production mainly due to anthropogenic actions, is one of the main concerns of society due to the effects it can cause in the survival of humans, plants and animals. Several climatic consequences have already been reported, such as warming the oceans and changing biodiversity in various regions of the planet. One of the greenhouse gases responsible for global warming, which causes a lot of concern, is methane gas from digestion of food by ruminants. Besides that, emissions of greenhouse gases are represented also by waste management, rice cultivation, burning of residues from agriculture and soil management for agricultural production. Among ruminants, sheep and goats play an important economic role mainly in Oceania, Asia and Africa. More than 50% of small ruminants of the world are located in arid region, indicating their adaptability and future suitability to increasing temperatures. The purpose of this review is to report current knowledge about the methane emission produced by small ruminants, addressing the different interfaces of this theme, and considering possible mitigation strategies.(AU)

O aquecimento global, como consequência da produção excessiva de CO2, principalmente devido a ações antrópicas, é uma das principais preocupações da sociedade devido aos efeitos que pode causar na sobrevivência de seres humanos, plantas e animais. Diversas consequências climáticas têm sido relatadas, como o aquecimento dos oceanos e a alteração da biodiversidade em várias regiões do planeta. Um dos gases de efeito estufa responsáveis pelo aquecimento global, que causa muita preocupação, é o gás metano proveniente da digestão de alimentos por ruminantes. Além disso, as emissões de gases de efeito estufa são representadas também pela gestão de resíduos, pelo cultivo de arroz, pela queima de resíduos da agricultura e pelo manejo do solo para produção agrícola. Entre os ruminantes, os ovinos e os caprinos desempenham um importante papel econômico, especialmente na Oceania, Ásia e África. Mais de 50% dos pequenos ruminantes do mundo estão localizados em regiões áridas, indicando sua adaptabilidade e possível adequação futura ao aumento das temperaturas. O objetivo desta revisão é relatar o conhecimento atual sobre a emissão de metano produzida por pequenos ruminantes, abordando as diferentes interfaces deste tema e considerando possíveis estratégias de mitigação.(AU)

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Global warming, as a consequence of excessive CO2 production mainly due to anthropogenic actions, is one of the main concerns of society due to the effects it can cause in the survival of humans, plants and animals. Several climatic consequences have already been reported, such as warming the oceans and changing biodiversity in various regions of the planet. One of the greenhouse gases responsible for global warming, which causes a lot of concern, is methane gas from digestion of food by ruminants. Besides that, emissions of greenhouse gases are represented also by waste management, rice cultivation, burning of residues from agriculture and soil management for agricultural production. Among ruminants, sheep and goats play an important economic role mainly in Oceania, Asia and Africa. More than 50% of small ruminants of the world are located in arid region, indicating their adaptability and future suitability to increasing temperatures. The purpose of this review is to report current knowledge about the methane emission produced by small ruminants, addressing the different interfaces of this theme, and considering possible mitigation strategies.

O aquecimento global, como consequência da produção excessiva de CO2, principalmente devido a ações antrópicas, é uma das principais preocupações da sociedade devido aos efeitos que pode causar na sobrevivência de seres humanos, plantas e animais. Diversas consequências climáticas têm sido relatadas, como o aquecimento dos oceanos e a alteração da biodiversidade em várias regiões do planeta. Um dos gases de efeito estufa responsáveis pelo aquecimento global, que causa muita preocupação, é o gás metano proveniente da digestão de alimentos por ruminantes. Além disso, as emissões de gases de efeito estufa são representadas também pela gestão de resíduos, pelo cultivo de arroz, pela queima de resíduos da agricultura e pelo manejo do solo para produção agrícola. Entre os ruminantes, os ovinos e os caprinos desempenham um importante papel econômico, especialmente na Oceania, Ásia e África. Mais de 50% dos pequenos ruminantes do mundo estão localizados em regiões áridas, indicando sua adaptabilidade e possível adequação futura ao aumento das temperaturas. O objetivo desta revisão é relatar o conhecimento atual sobre a emissão de metano produzida por pequenos ruminantes, abordando as diferentes interfaces deste tema e considerando possíveis estratégias de mitigação.

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