RESUMO

In bivalve mollusk aquaculture, massive disease outbreaks with high mortality and large economic losses can occur, as in northwest Mexico in the 1990s. A range of pathogens can affect bivalves; one of great concern is ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1), of which there are several strains. This virus has been detected in the Gulf of California in occasional or sporadic samplings, but to date, there have been few systematic studies. Monthly samples of Crassostrea gigas, water, and sediment were taken in the La Cruz coastal lagoon and analyzed by PCR. The native mollusk, Dosinia ponderosa, which lives outside the lagoon, was sampled as a control. The virus was found throughout the year only in C. gigas, with prevalence up to 60%. In total, 9 genotype variants were detected, and genetic analysis suggests that linear genotypic evolution has occurred from strain JF894308, present in La Cruz in 2011. There has been no evidence of the entry of new viral genotypes in the recent past, thus confinement of the virus within the lagoons of the Gulf of California could promote a native genotypic diversity in the short term.

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El insomnio es un trastorno que puede presentarse en cualquier edad y hasta un 30% de la población mundial lo padece en algún momento; puede ser síntoma de un sinnúmero de patologías médicas que incluye muchos trastornos psiquiátricos. El objetivo de este estudio observacional analítico de corte transversal fue determinar el grado de conocimiento sobre insomnio en médicos residentes de Asunción-Paraguay; se incluyeron 54 médicos residentes entre 26-39 años de edad de las Cátedras de Medicina Interna (26), Medicina Familiar (11) y Psiquiatría (17). Significativamente mayor proporción de residentes de Psiquiatría (47,1%) y de Medicina Familiar (45,5%) tuvieron buen conocimiento comparado a los de Medicina Interna (7,7%). El 59,3% de los residentes (Psiquiatría: 58,8%, Medicina Familiar: 75,0% y Medicina Interna: 53,8%) había diagnosticado alguna vez insomnio primario y la mayoría de ellos registra ≤20% de los pacientes con insomnio en las historias clínicas. Sobre el tratamiento instaurado, el 57,4% utiliza medidas farmacológicas, el 55,5% medidas de higiene del sueño, mientras que 18,5% recomienda actividad física. Entre los grupos farmacológicos que conocen para el tratamiento del insomnio, el 72,2% de los residentes citó a las benzodiacepinas; hipnóticos no benzodiacepínicos (16,7%); antipsicóticos (35,2%); antihistamínicos (9,3%) y otras medicaciones (27,8%). Los conocimientos de los residentes respecto a la terapéutica del insomnio son suficientes, pero no del nivel deseable. Esto resalta la necesidad de establecer oportunidades educativas sobre el manejo y tratamiento del insomnio y mayor profundización de la teoría y la práctica de la medicina del sueño en estudiantes de grado y posgrado

Insomnia is a global distribution disorder that may occur at any age and up to 30% of the world's population suffers from insomnia at some point in their lives. Insomnia presents the peculiarity of being a symptom of a number of medical pathologies among which are many psychiatric disorders. The objective of this cross-sectional, observational study was to determine the knowledge on insomnia in medical residents in Asunción, Paraguay. The study includes 54 medical residents between 26 and 39 years of age, from the Departments of Internal Medicine (26), Family Medicine (11) and Psychiatry (17). A higher proportion of residents of Psychiatry (47.1%) and Family Medicine (45.5%) had a good knowledge of insomnia compared to Internal Medicine residents (7.7%); 59.3% of residents (Psychiatry: 58.8%, Family Medicine: 75.0% and Internal Medicine: 53,8%) had ever diagnosed primary insomnia and the majority of them recorded ≤20% of the patients with an insomnia diagnosis in the medical records. About the treatment established, 57.4% used pharmacological measures, 55.5% sleep hygiene measures, while 18.5% recommended physical activity. Among the pharmacological groups known for the treatment of insomnia, 72.2% of residents cited benzodiazepines; non-benzodiazepine hypnotics (16.7%); antipsychotics (35.2%); antihistamines (9.3%) and, other medications (27.8%). Residents' knowledge of insomnia therapy is sufficient, but not at the desirable level. This highlights the need to establish educational opportunities on the management and treatment of insomnia and further deepening the theory and practice of sleep medicine in undergraduate and postgraduate students

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This is the first record of the copepod Pseudomyicola spinosus in the scallop Argopecten ventricosus in northwestern Mexico, and describes: (1) the known annual prevalence and intensity of this copepod on scallops from culture sites (Gulf of California) and natural populations (Pacific coast), (2) the histopathological effects caused on the soft tissues of scallops, and (3) the relationship between prevalence and intensity records and environmental parameters. The copepod was present throughout the period of investigation, showing similar prevalence and ratio of copepod to scallop patterns in both cultured scallops and wild specimens from natural habitats. Highest prevalence and ratio values were detected in summer-autumn at both sites, probably because scallops showed a weak condition from the combined effects of spawning, reabsorption of residual gametes, and high temperature. The condition index of A. ventricosus showed a significant correlation with the presence of the copepod in Magdalena Bay (-0.67). P. spinosus was observed in the gills of scallops, producing alterations or rupture of filaments, and in the stomach, causing detachment and loss of the epithelium. No relationship between copepod infestation with temperature, salinity, chlorophyll, and seston were found during the investigation. Although P. spinosus was present year-round at both sites, no association between infestation and scallop mortalities was detected.

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