RESUMO

Consumers demand for food safety affects dairy industry, restraining the sector to adapt to milk quality parameters established by legislation, such as somatic cell count (SCC) and standard plate count (SPC). Good agricultural practices have positive impact over these parameters, especially Forestripping Milk (FSM), which consists of observing the first milk streams collected in a dark-bottomed mug for identification of clinical mastitis. These first milk streams have high somatic cells count and bacteria. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of milk from FSM, such as SCC and SPC values, and its impacts on milk quality of the cooling tank through simulating contamination. Fourteen dairy farms and one experimental farm were evaluated for SCC and SPC parameters of FSM. It was observed that there was no statistically significant difference for SCC and SPC between milk samples from the cooling tank and cooling tank simulating the inclusion of milk from FSM. Statistically significant difference for somatic cell score (SCS) and SPC was observed when tanks were classified by SCC. In addition, difference in SCS was observed between morning and afternoon milking. The collection of first milk streams can contribute to decrease in SCC and SPC of milk in the cooling tank. FSM must be practiced by all dairy farmers as milking management, to assist in clinical

RESUMO

Genomic DNA extracted from animal cells can be used for several purposes, for example, to know genetic variability and genetic relationships between individuals, breeds and/or species, paternity tests, to describe the genetic profile for registration of the animal at association of breeders, detect genetic polymorphisms (SNP) related to characteristics of commercial interest, disease diagnose, assess resistance or susceptibility to pathogens, etc. For such evaluations, in general, DNA is amplified by PCR (polymerase chain reaction), and then subjected to various techniques as RFLP (restriction fragments length polymorphism), SSCP (single strand conformation polymorphism), and sequencing. The DNA may be obtained from blood, buccal swabs, meat, cartilage or hair bulb. Among all, the last biological material has been preferred by farmers for its ease acquisition. Several methods for extracting DNA from hair bulb were reported without any consensus for its implementation. This study aimed to optimize a protocol for efficient DNA extraction for use in PCR-RFLP analysis of the Prion gene. For this study, were collected hair samples containing hair bulb from 131 Santa Inês sheep belonging to the Institute of Zootechny, Nova Odessa - SP. Two DNA extraction protocols were evaluated. The first, called phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol (PCIA) has long been used by Animal Genetic Laborator

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

RESUMO

Genomic DNA extracted from animal cells can be used for several purposes, for example, to know genetic variability and genetic relationships between individuals, breeds and/or species, paternity tests, to describe the genetic profile for registration of the animal at association of breeders, detect genetic polymorphisms (SNP) related to characteristics of commercial interest, disease diagnose, assess resistance or susceptibility to pathogens, etc. For such evaluations, in general, DNA is amplified by PCR (polymerase chain reaction), and then subjected to various techniques as RFLP (restriction fragments length polymorphism), SSCP (single strand conformation polymorphism), and sequencing. The DNA may be obtained from blood, buccal swabs, meat, cartilage or hair bulb. Among all, the last biological material has been preferred by farmers for its ease acquisition. Several methods for extracting DNA from hair bulb were reported without any consensus for its implementation. This study aimed to optimize a protocol for efficient DNA extraction for use in PCR-RFLP analysis of the Prion gene. For this study, were collected hair samples containing hair bulb from 131 Santa Inês sheep belonging to the Institute of Zootechny, Nova Odessa - SP. Two DNA extraction protocols were evaluated. The first, called phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol (PCIA) has long been used by Animal Genetic Laborator

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

RESUMO

With advances in molecular genetics have been possible to predict the genetic value of the animal, in particular its potential to transmit desired characters to their offspring, including characters difficult to evaluate or with low heritability, as is the case of the meat tenderization. It is known that Bos taurus indicus features differences in meat tenderization, being assigned this variability to their lowest proteolysis post-mortem, as result of high activity of calpastatin. This inhibitor decreases the activity of calpain, which are the enzymes responsible for the degradation of muscle fibers during the maturation of the meat. Moreover, there were previously observed differences in the frequencies of allele A of calpain among European breeds (Hereford, Aberdeen Angus and Holstein) and Bos taurus indicus (Gir, Guzerá and Nelore). This variability has been related to tenderness of meat, as cattle with Bos taurus taurus origin have more tender meat than Bos taurus indicus, showing small values of shear force. One explanation is that the Capn2A product could confer greater proteolytic activity than the encoded by the allele Capn2B. If allele A is associated with tender meat, it will be possible the early identification of the animals that have the potential to produce meat with qualities that attend the needs of the consumer market, in order to add economic value to the final

O artigo não apresenta resumo.

RESUMO

With advances in molecular genetics have been possible to predict the genetic value of the animal, in particular its potential to transmit desired characters to their offspring, including characters difficult to evaluate or with low heritability, as is the case of the meat tenderization. It is known that Bos taurus indicus features differences in meat tenderization, being assigned this variability to their lowest proteolysis post-mortem, as result of high activity of calpastatin. This inhibitor decreases the activity of calpain, which are the enzymes responsible for the degradation of muscle fibers during the maturation of the meat. Moreover, there were previously observed differences in the frequencies of allele A of calpain among European breeds (Hereford, Aberdeen Angus and Holstein) and Bos taurus indicus (Gir, Guzerá and Nelore). This variability has been related to tenderness of meat, as cattle with Bos taurus taurus origin have more tender meat than Bos taurus indicus, showing small values of shear force. One explanation is that the Capn2A product could confer greater proteolytic activity than the encoded by the allele Capn2B. If allele A is associated with tender meat, it will be possible the early identification of the animals that have the potential to produce meat with qualities that attend the needs of the consumer market, in order to add economic value to the final

O artigo não apresenta resumo.

RESUMO

Four Nelore steers had been used, with average alive weight of 190±32 kg, in experimental delineation by 4x4 latin square, whith the objective of evaluate the effect of the yeast monensin and salinomycin on the parameters of ruminal degradability and the ciliates protozoa population present in the animals rumen. The diet offered to the animals was composed by sorghum silage and concentrated (30:70, respectively), where the four different treatments had been submitted in accordance with the used additive: 5,0g of yeast culture (Beef Sacc®); 0.42g of salinomycin (Coxistac®); 2.0g of monensin (Rumensin®) and the control, without additive. The experimental period was subdivided in 21 days of adaptation and seven of harvest, totalized 28 days of experimental period. It had increase of the value for fraction b in the dry matter, the treatment with yeast culture, and the salinomycin treatment (P 0,05). The treatment with yeast significantly increased the number of rumen ciliates protozoa (P 0,05).

Foram utilizados quatro novilhos Nelore, com peso vivo médio de 190±32 kg, em delineamento quadrado latino 4x4, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da levedura, monensina sódica e salinomicina sobre os parâmetros de degradabilidade runimal e da população de protozoários ciliados presentes no rúmen destes animais. A dieta oferecida aos animais foi composta por silagem de sorgo e concentrado (30:70, respectivamente), onde foram submetidos a quatro tratamentos diferidos de acordo com o aditivo usado, 5,0g de Levedura (Beef Sacc®), 0,42g de salinomicina (Coxistac®), 2,0g de monensina sódica (Rumensin®) e o controle sem aditivo. O período experimental foi subdividido em vinte e um dias de adaptação e sete de colheita, totalizando vinte e oito dias por período experimental. Houve aumento do valor para a fração b na matéria seca, no tratamento levedura (P 0,05) e no tratamento salinomicina. O tratamento levedura aumentou significativamente o número de protozoários ciliados no rúmen (P 0,05).

RESUMO

This work had the goal to evaluate the in vitro digestibility of dry matter (MS), crude protein (PB), ethereal extract (EE) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of the whole or broken grain of the following varieties C11, Embrapa 122 and M734 and in situ degradability of dry matter, crude protein and crude energy of sunflower seed, variety Catisol. The DIVMS of M734 was lower in 15,5 and 14,4%, when compared to the varieties C11 and Embrapa 122, respectively. In the DIVEE, the difference was 22,5% and 19,1%, respectively. The superiority of DIVPB in the variety C11 was 3,1% when compared to the varieties Embrapa 122 and M734. The fraction a of the broken grain obtained superior coefficient in 45,1% to MS, 70,7% to PB, 72,6% to EE and 84,9% to DFN when compared to the whole grain. The fraction b of the whole grain was bigger in 33,8% to MS, 36,4% to PB, 26,9% to EE. To FDN, the broken grain was superior in 42,9%. The fraction c was superior to MS, PB, EE and FDN of the broken grain related to the whole grain in 92,7; 94,7; 96,1 and 62,9%, respectively. The effective degradability of MS (DEMS), PB (DEPB), EE (DEEE) and FDN (DEFDN) to 5%/h, were higher to the whole grain in 60,0; 73,9; 80,0 and 76,2%, respectively. In the passage tax of 8%/h, the superiority of the broken grain was 60,6; 75,6; 81,0 e 78,7%, respectively.

Foram avaliadas a digestibilidade in vitro da MS, PB, EE e FDN do grão de girassol inteiro ou quebrado das variedades C11, Embrapa 122 e M734 e a degradabilidade in situ da MS, PB e EB de grãos da variedade Catisol. A DIVMS da M734 foi inferior em 15,5% e 14,4% para as variedades C11 e Embrapa 122. Na DIVEE, a diferença foi de 22,5% e 19,1%. A superioridade da DIVPB na variedade C11 foi de 3,1% quando comparada com as variedades Embrapa 122 e M734. Os grãos quebrados foram superiores na solubilidade da fração a em 45,1% (MS), 70,7% (PB), 72,6% (EE) e 84,9% (FDN) e taxa de degradação da fração b foi superior para a MS, PB, EE e FDN. A fração b para o grão quebrado foi superior em 33,8% (MS), 36,4% (PB), 26,9% (EE) e 42,9% (FDN). As degradabilidades efetivas da MS, PB, EE e FDN foram superiores para o grão quebrado em 60,0%, 73,9%, 80,0% e 76,2%. Quando utilizou-se para o cálculo a taxa passagem de 5%/h, na taxa de passagem de 8%/h, o comportamento foi semelhante.

RESUMO

This work had the goal to evaluate the in vitro digestibility of dry matter (MS), crude protein (PB), ethereal extract (EE) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of the whole or broken grain of the following varieties C11, Embrapa 122 and M734 and in situ degradability of dry matter, crude protein and crude energy of sunflower seed, variety Catisol. The DIVMS of M734 was lower in 15,5 and 14,4%, when compared to the varieties C11 and Embrapa 122, respectively. In the DIVEE, the difference was 22,5% and 19,1%, respectively. The superiority of DIVPB in the variety C11 was 3,1% when compared to the varieties Embrapa 122 and M734. The fraction a of the broken grain obtained superior coefficient in 45,1% to MS, 70,7% to PB, 72,6% to EE and 84,9% to DFN when compared to the whole grain. The fraction b of the whole grain was bigger in 33,8% to MS, 36,4% to PB, 26,9% to EE. To FDN, the broken grain was superior in 42,9%. The fraction c was superior to MS, PB, EE and FDN of the broken grain related to the whole grain in 92,7; 94,7; 96,1 and 62,9%, respectively. The effective degradability of MS (DEMS), PB (DEPB), EE (DEEE) and FDN (DEFDN) to 5%/h, were higher to the whole grain in 60,0; 73,9; 80,0 and 76,2%, respectively. In the passage tax of 8%/h, the superiority of the broken grain was 60,6; 75,6; 81,0 e 78,7%, respectively.

Foram avaliadas a digestibilidade in vitro da MS, PB, EE e FDN do grão de girassol inteiro ou quebrado das variedades C11, Embrapa 122 e M734 e a degradabilidade in situ da MS, PB e EB de grãos da variedade Catisol. A DIVMS da M734 foi inferior em 15,5% e 14,4% para as variedades C11 e Embrapa 122. Na DIVEE, a diferença foi de 22,5% e 19,1%. A superioridade da DIVPB na variedade C11 foi de 3,1% quando comparada com as variedades Embrapa 122 e M734. Os grãos quebrados foram superiores na solubilidade da fração a em 45,1% (MS), 70,7% (PB), 72,6% (EE) e 84,9% (FDN) e taxa de degradação da fração b foi superior para a MS, PB, EE e FDN. A fração b para o grão quebrado foi superior em 33,8% (MS), 36,4% (PB), 26,9% (EE) e 42,9% (FDN). As degradabilidades efetivas da MS, PB, EE e FDN foram superiores para o grão quebrado em 60,0%, 73,9%, 80,0% e 76,2%. Quando utilizou-se para o cálculo a taxa passagem de 5%/h, na taxa de passagem de 8%/h, o comportamento foi semelhante.