RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is one of the leading causes of disability in young adults. Its prevalence varies according to different countries. In Argentina there is a wide heterogeneity regarding data published in different areas of the country. Prevalence established in most studies is 17 cases per 100,000 inhabitants; however, most of the available data comes from studies that took place in Buenos Aires. There is little or no information from other provinces, especially from Northwest of Argentina (NOA), where there are no studies of the disease prevalence. The aim of this study is to investigate MS prevalence, phenotypes and epidemiological characteristics in Salta, Argentina, in order to contribute to the current knowledge of MS epidemiology and distribution in our country. METHODS: A descriptive, observational, transversal study was carried out in the capital city of Salta. Researchers from all public and private hospitals with a Neurology Department have participated. Private researchers who are well known leaders in demyelinating diseases in the city provided valuable information. Patients who did not have medical control for the past two years as well as patients whose last address was not registered in Salta were excluded. RESULTS: 120 registries were obtained from the four hospitals that participated and from the 12 private researchers. Ten patients were excluded due to overlapping data. The population of the area based on 2010 census was 535,310, so we estimated an MS prevalence 23.8 cases per 100,000 inhabitants (95% CI 20.1-27.4), 24.1 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in female population (95% CI 21.2-28.6) and 18.2 cases per 100,000 inhabitants (95% CI 15.2-21.1) in male population. In our analysis, 64 (58.2%) were female and the average age was 42.1 years. 81.8% are recurrent remitting forms, 16.4% secondary progressive and 1.8% primary progressive. CONCLUSION: This is the first study that provides epidemiological data on the prevalence and clinical forms of MS in Salta City as well as in the entire Northwest Region of Argentina(NOA). We estimate a prevalence of 23.8 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, which establishes a moderate risk area for MS.
Assuntos
Esclerose Múltipla/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Argentina/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Sistema de Registros , População Urbana/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Antimicrobial resistance profiles in indicator and zoonotic bacteria isolated from faeces of healthy animals without clinical signs of the following species: bovine, equine, ovine, porcine, layer hens, and canine, were studied. The chosen antimicrobials are frequently used in veterinary and human medicine. The agar diffusion was the method used. The obtained results of 240 Escherichia coli, 189 Enterococcus spp., 11 Campylobacter spp. and 2 Salmonella Gaminara (16:d:1,7) showed a greater percentage of resistance and multiresistance in intensive breeding animals, porcine and layer hens. The observed resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline and nalidixic acid in E. coli coincides with the antimicrobials most commonly used on animal farms, the same as tetracycline and erythromycin in Enterococcus spp. The strains of Salmonella Gaminara (16:d:1,7) were susceptible to the antimicrobials tested. In Campylobacter spp. the scarce number of isolates hindered an adequate interpretation of the results. Owing to the lack of data in our country on antimicrobial resistance in indicator and zoonotic bacteria in domestic animals, we consider that the obtained values could be used as a starting point for a future monitoring program.
Assuntos
Animais Domésticos/microbiologia , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Animais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Argentina , Campylobacter/efeitos dos fármacos , Campylobacter/isolamento & purificação , Bovinos/microbiologia , Galinhas/microbiologia , Cães/microbiologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Enterobacteriaceae/efeitos dos fármacos , Enterobacteriaceae/isolamento & purificação , Enterococcus/efeitos dos fármacos , Enterococcus/isolamento & purificação , Fezes/microbiologia , Feminino , Cavalos/microbiologia , Humanos , Ovinos/microbiologia , Especificidade da Espécie , Suínos/microbiologia , Zoonoses/microbiologiaRESUMO
A study was carried out in order to determine the prevalence of Salmonella and its serovars among porcine slaughterhouses, to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance profiles and to know the presence of class 1 integrons as possible reservoir of resistance. From a total of 386 samples from four porcine slaughterhouses of Buenos Aires and Santa Fe Provinces (Argentina), 93 (24.1%) Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica strains were identified, 52 (55.9%) from cecal contents and 41 (44.1%) from ileocecal lymph nodes. Thirteen serovars of S. enterica were found, the most prevalent were: S. Schwarzengrund, S. Heidelberg, S. subspecie I 6,8:e,h:-, S. Derby and S. Bredeney. Fifteen antimicrobials by the agar dilution method were tested: amikacin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, cephalotin, cefotaxime, enrofloxacin, fosfomycin, polimixin-B, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, nitrofurantoin, and nalidixic acid. According to the CIM determination, 73% Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica strains were sensible to all the antimicrobials tested. Antimicrobial resistance was observed to tetracycline in 24 (25.8%) of 93 strains, to chloramphenicol in 22 (23.7%), to streptomycin in 22 (23.7%), to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in 20 (21.5%), to ampicillin in 18 (19.4%), to nitrofurantoin in 3 (3.2%) and to nalidixic acid in 3 (3.2%). Some isolates of S. Typhimurium, S. Heidelberg, S. Derby, S. Orion showed multidrug resistance and carried the class 1 integrase gene. The highest percentage of resistance corresponded to the antimicrobials currently used in veterinary and porcine farms.
Assuntos
Microbiologia de Alimentos , Carne/microbiologia , Salmonella enterica/isolamento & purificação , Sus scrofa/microbiologia , Matadouros , Criação de Animais Domésticos , Animais , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Argentina , Ceco/microbiologia , Reservatórios de Doenças , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Conservação de Alimentos , Integrases/genética , Integrons/genética , Linfonodos/microbiologia , Refrigeração , Salmonella enterica/classificação , Salmonella enterica/efeitos dos fármacos , Salmonella enterica/genética , SorotipagemRESUMO
Se realizó un estudio para determinar la prevalencia de Salmonella y sus serovariedades en cerdos de faena, para evaluar sus perfiles de resistencia a los antimicrobianos y para conocer la presencia de integrones de clase 1 como posibles reservorios de resistencia. A partir de un total de 386 muestras de porcinos provenientes de cuatro frigoríficos de las provincias de Buenos Aires y de Santa Fe (Argentina), se identificaron 93 (24,1%) cepas de Salmonella enterica subespecie enterica, 52 (55,9%) de contenido cecal y 41 (44,1%) de nódulo linfático ileocecal. Se hallaron 13 serovariedades de S. enterica, las más prevalentes fueron S. Schwarzengrund, S. Heidelberg, S. subespecie I 6,8:e,h:-, S. Derby y S. Bredeney. Se probaron 15 antimicrobianos por el método de dilución en agar: amikacina, gentamicina, ciprofloxacina, cefalotina, cefotaxima, enrofloxacina, fosfomicina, polimixina-B, tetraciclina, cloranfenicol, estreptomicina, trimetoprima-sulfametoxazol, ampicilina, nitrofurantoína y ácido nalidíxico. Según se estableció mediante la determinación de la CIM, el 73% de las cepas de S. enterica subespecie enterica fueron sensibles a todos los antimicrobianos probados. Se observó resistencia a tetraciclina en 24 (25,8%) de las 93 cepas, a cloranfenicol en 22 (23,7%), a estreptomicina en 22 (23,7%) a trimetoprima-sulfametoxazol en 20 (21,5%), a ampicilina en 18 (19,4%), a nitrofurantoína en 3 (3,2%) y a ácido nalidíxico en 3 (3,2%). Algunos aislamientos de S. Typhimurium, S. Heildelberg, S. Derby y S. Orion presentaron multirresistencia y portaban el gen de la integrasa clase 1. Los mayores porcentajes de resistencia correspondieron a los antimicrobianos habitualmente utilizados en veterinaria y en las explotaciones porcinas.
A study was carried out in order to determine the prevalence of Salmonella and its serovars among porcine slaughterhouses, to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance profiles and to know the presence of class 1 integrons as possible reservoir of resistance. From a total of 386 samples from four porcine slaughterhouses of Buenos Aires and Santa Fe Provinces (Argentina), 93 (24,1%) Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica strains were identified, 52 (55,9%) from cecal contents and 41 (44,1%) from ileocecal lymph nodes. Thirteen serovars of S. enterica were found, the most prevalent were: S. Schwarzengrund, S. Heidelberg, S. subspecie I 6,8:e,h:-, S. Derby and S. Bredeney. Fifteen antimicrobials by the agar dilution method were tested: amikacin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, cephalotin, cefotaxime, enrofloxacin, fosfomycin, polimixin-B, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, nitrofurantoin, and nalidixic acid. According to the CIM determination, 73% Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica strains were sensible to all the antimicrobials tested. Antimicrobial resistance was observed to tetracycline in 24 (25,8%) of 93 strains, to chloramphenicol in 22 (23,7%), to streptomycin in 22 (23,7%), to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in 20 (21,5%), to ampicillin in 18 (19,4%), to nitrofurantoin in 3 (3,2%) and to nalidixic acid in 3 (3,2%). Some isolates of S. Typhimurium, S. Heidelberg, S. Derby, S. Orion showed multidrug resistance and carried the class 1 integrase gene. The highest percentage of resistance corresponded to the antimicrobials currently used in veterinary and porcine farms.
Assuntos
Animais , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Carne/microbiologia , Salmonella enterica/isolamento & purificação , Sus scrofa/microbiologia , Matadouros , Criação de Animais Domésticos , Argentina , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Ceco/microbiologia , Reservatórios de Doenças , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Conservação de Alimentos , Integrases/genética , Integrons/genética , Linfonodos/microbiologia , Refrigeração , Sorotipagem , Salmonella enterica/classificação , Salmonella enterica/efeitos dos fármacos , Salmonella enterica/genéticaRESUMO
Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coil isolated from pigs in Argentina. Sixty-nine Escherichia coli isolates from healthy pigs or with clinical signs non-compatible with diarrhea caused by this microorganism, were studied. The purpose was to determine the resistance profile against antimicrobials frequently used in veterinary and human medicine. The agar diffusion method was used. High resistance percentages against antimicrobials used in swine farms such as ampicillin, streptomycin and tetracycline were observed, as well as against trimetoprim-sulfametoxazole and chloramphenicol, compounds that were stopped being used several years ago. Sixty two percent of isolates showed multidrug-resistance. The results obtained in this work corroborate the hypothesis that the phenotypic distribution of resistance and possibly that of its genetic determinants, are directly influenced by the antimicrobial treatments used.
Assuntos
Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Sus scrofa/microbiologia , Criação de Animais Domésticos/métodos , Animais , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibioticoprofilaxia/veterinária , Argentina , Fezes/microbiologia , FenótipoRESUMO
Thirty Pasteurella multocida strains isolated in Argentina from human and animal samples were identified, biotypified and characterized. Twenty-two (73%) strains were identified as P. multocida subsp. multocida, 5 (17%) as P. multocida subsp. gallicida, and 3 (10%) as P. multocida subsp. septica. All strains were grouped in 8 biotypes, and 70% of the strains presented capsular type A. The most frequent somatic serotypes were 1 (n:11) and 3 (n:9). P. multocida strains from swine source were resistant to tiamulin, streptomycin and tetracycline. Characterization of P. multocida strains isolated in Argentina is the first step to conduct future studies intended for the prevention and treatment of pasteurellosis in human and veterinary medicine.
Assuntos
Pasteurella multocida/classificação , Pasteurella multocida/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Argentina , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana , HumanosRESUMO
Se determinó la tipibilidad, la reproducibilidad y el poder discriminatorio de ERIC-PCR y ApaI-PFGE para establecer la relación genética de cepas de Pasteurella multocida. Se estudiaron 49 cepas de diferente origen, subespecie, biotipo, grupo capsular, serotipo somático y perfil de resistencia antimicrobiana. Por ERIC-PCR se establecieron 31 patrones, los que presentaron entre 10 y 14 bandas en un rango comprendido entre 0,2 y 1,2 kb. Por ApaI-PFGE se detectaron 37 patrones de restricción, los cuales presentaron entre 7 y 15 bandas bien definidas de 34 a 450 kb. La tipibilidad de ERIC-PCR fue del 100% (T=1) y la de ApaI-PFGE del 94% (T=0,94). La reproducibilidad de ambas técnicas fue del 100% (R=1); sin embargo, el poder discriminatorio de ERIC-PCR fue 93% (D=0,93) y el de ApaI-PFGE 98% (D=0,98). Mediante ambas técnicas fue posible agrupar las cepas con relación epidemiológica y diferenciar claramente las cepas no relacionadas. Se demostró el valor de ERIC-PCR y ApaI-PFGE para complementar estudios epidemiológicos, principalmente si las cepas en estudio son analizadas por ambas técnicas.
Typeability, reproducibility, and discriminatory power of ERIC-PCR and ApaI-PFGE to establish the genetic relation of P. multocida strains were determined. Forty-nine strains of different source, biotype, capsular group, somatic serotype, and resistance to antimicrobials were studied. By ERIC-PCR, 31 patterns were defined with 10 to 14 bands in a rank of 0.2 and 1.2 kb. By ApaI-PFGE, 37 restriction patterns were established with 7 to 15 bands of 34 to 450 kb. Typeability was 100% (T=1) for ERIC-PCR, and 94% (T=0.94) for ApaI-PFGE. Reproducibility of both techniques was 100% (R=1). Discriminatory power was 93% (D=0.93) for ERIC-PCR, and 98% (D=0.98) for ApaI-PFGE. By using both techniques, epidemiologically related strains were grouped, and unrelated strains were clearly differentiated. The value of ERIC-PCR and ApaI-PFGE as complements to epidemiologic studies was demonstrated, especially when both techniques were used to analyze the strains.
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Humanos , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado/métodos , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , Pasteurella multocida/classificação , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , América , Regiões Antárticas , Austrália , Doenças das Aves/microbiologia , Aves/microbiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/microbiologia , Galinhas/microbiologia , Desoxirribonucleases de Sítio Específico do Tipo II , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Infecções por Pasteurella/microbiologia , Infecções por Pasteurella/veterinária , Pasteurella multocida/genética , Pasteurella multocida/isolamento & purificação , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/microbiologia , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia , Suínos/microbiologia , Perus/microbiologiaRESUMO
During austral summers 1999-2000 and 2000-01, two outbreaks of avian cholera occurred in the Hope Bay area (63 degrees 24'S, 56 degrees 59'W), located on the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula. Eighty-six dead birds were found: five kelp gulls (Larus dominicanus), 36 skuas (Stercorarius sp.), and 45 Adelie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae). The carcasses were studied using clinical, pathological, and microbiological criteria. Water samples from ponds where birds were settled and samples from 90 healthy birds also were analyzed during the second outbreak. Pasteurella multocida isolates were identified by biochemical tests, capsular type, somatic serotype, and susceptibility to nine antibiotics. Molecular subtyping was performed by ApaI and SmaI pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC-PCR). In February 2000, mortality in skuas was 16% and 2% in kelp gulls. In the 2000-01 breeding season, mortality in south polar skuas was 47%, 24% in brown skuas, 1.4% in kelp gulls, and 0.01% in Adelie penguins. All birds had lesions of avian cholera. In kelp gulls the presentation was chronic, whereas skuas and penguins suffered subacute and acute disease, respectively. Fifty-five isolates recovered from dead birds and one from water were identified as P. multocida gallicida, type A:1. The strains presented a unique molecular pattern by PFGE and ERIC-PCR. A possible hypothesis to explain the origin of the outbreaks was that nonbreeder kelp gulls carried P. multocida gallicida to Hope Bay, and avian cholera was transmitted through water to skuas and penguins. This study reports avian cholera in new bird species, their potential role in the transmission of the disease, and the different responses of these species to the disease.
Assuntos
Doenças das Aves/epidemiologia , Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Infecções por Pasteurella/veterinária , Pasteurella multocida/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Animais Selvagens , Regiões Antárticas/epidemiologia , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana/veterinária , Doenças das Aves/microbiologia , Doenças das Aves/patologia , Aves , Charadriiformes/microbiologia , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado/veterinária , Infecções por Pasteurella/epidemiologia , Infecções por Pasteurella/microbiologia , Infecções por Pasteurella/patologia , Pasteurella multocida/classificação , Especificidade da Espécie , Spheniscidae/microbiologiaRESUMO
Typeability, reproducibility, and discriminatory power of ERIC-PCR and Apal-PFGE to establish the genetic relation of P. multocida strains were determined. Forty-nine strains of different source, biotype, capsular group, somatic serotype, and resistance to antimicrobials were studied. By ERIC-PCR, 31 patterns were defined with 10 to 14 bands in a rank of 0.2 and 1.2 kb. By Apal-PFGE, 37 restriction patterns were established with 7 to 15 bands of 34 to 450 kb. Typeability was 100% (T=1) for ERIC-PCR, and 94% (T = 0.94) for Apal-PFGE. Reproducibility of both techniques was 100% (R=1). Discriminatory power was 93% (D = 0.93) for ERIC-PCR, and 98% (D = 0.98) for Apal-PFGE. By using both techniques, epidemiologically related strains were grouped, and unrelated strains were clearly differentiated. The value of ERIC-PCR and Apal-PFGE as complements to epidemiologic studies was demonstrated, especially when both techniques were used to analyze the strains.
Assuntos
Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado/métodos , Pasteurella multocida/classificação , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , América , Animais , Regiões Antárticas , Austrália , Doenças das Aves/microbiologia , Aves/microbiologia , Bovinos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/microbiologia , Galinhas/microbiologia , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Desoxirribonucleases de Sítio Específico do Tipo II , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Humanos , Infecções por Pasteurella/microbiologia , Infecções por Pasteurella/veterinária , Pasteurella multocida/genética , Pasteurella multocida/isolamento & purificação , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/microbiologia , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Suínos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia , Perus/microbiologiaRESUMO
A southern giant petrel (Macronectes giganteus) was found dead at Potter Peninsula, King George Island, South Shetland, Antarctica. The adult male was discovered approximately 48 hr after death. Macroscopic and microscopic lesions were compatible with avian cholera and the bacterium Pasteurella multocida subsp. gallicida, serotype A1 was isolated from lung, heart, liver, pericardial sac, and air sacs. In addition, Escherichia coli was isolated from pericardial sac and air sacs. This is the first known report of avian cholera in a southern giant petrel in Antarctica.