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The ratio of testosterone (T) to epitestosterone (E) determined in urine samples is the main biomarker used to prove T and precursors abused by athletes. Analytically, the correction of the ratio is required by the World Anti-Doping Agency. This work describes a series of experiments aimed to study when it is appropriate to correct the T/E ratio value, using different mass spectrometric techniques since only reports on GC-MS exist. Analyses using external calibrators, controls, and routine samples were performed by three different techniques GC-MS, GC-MSn , and LC-MSn . A statistical comparison of the T/E was performed after the application of two corrections previously published: Isotopic contribution peak area correction (corr_1) and use of a verified internal deuterated internal standard (TD3/ED3) correction (corr_2) and the ratio based on T and E concentrations. The use of external calibration samples introduces biases that influence not only the T and E concentrations but also the T/E ratio, even when both methods of correction are applied. The correction after applying corr_1 method barely contributed to the accuracy of the T/E calculation. Nevertheless, the application of the corr_2 method increased the accuracy between 5% and 6% when comparing theoretical and experimental T/E values. Finally, the best results were obtained by the ratio calculated directly from the estimated concentrations of T and E. Attention must be paid when the T/E is measured by LC-MSn since different acquisition modes produced significantly different results, even in MS/MS when the same transition is used for T and E.

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OBJECTIVES: to characterize the homeless families who use a Public Shower Room; identify significant life events/phenomena for the family's transition to homelessness; understand the relationship between significant life events; identify future expectations of respondents. METHODS: an exploratory, descriptive study using the interview and thematic content analysis. Sample consisted of public shower room users. RESULTS: mental illness, social, personal and family factors justify the transition of subjects to homelessness. The total absence of hopelessness alternates with expectations for the future based on resilience and hope. Final Considerations: we highlight in the study the self-determination expressed in small expressions of the narrative, on the one hand, as well as aspects related to the evolution of family relationships, on the other.

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ABSTRACT Objectives: to characterize the homeless families who use a Public Shower Room; identify significant life events/phenomena for the family's transition to homelessness; understand the relationship between significant life events; identify future expectations of respondents. Methods: an exploratory, descriptive study using the interview and thematic content analysis. Sample consisted of public shower room users. Results: mental illness, social, personal and family factors justify the transition of subjects to homelessness. The total absence of hopelessness alternates with expectations for the future based on resilience and hope. Final Considerations: we highlight in the study the self-determination expressed in small expressions of the narrative, on the one hand, as well as aspects related to the evolution of family relationships, on the other.

RESUMEN Objetivos: caracterizar las familias sin-hogar, usuarias de un Balneario Publico; identificar los fenómenos/acontecimientos de vida significativos por la transición de la familia para sin-hogar; comprehender la relación entre los acontecimientos de vida significativos; identificar las expectativas por el futuro de los inquiridos. Métodos: estudio exploratorio, descriptivo, con recurso a la entrevista y la análisis temática de contenido. La muestra fue constituida por usuarios de un Balneario Publico. Resultados: la enfermedad y los factores de orden social, personal y familiar justifican la transición de los sujetos para sin-hogar. La ausencia total de expectativas, marcadas por la desesperanza, alterna con las expectativas futuras asientes en la resiliencia y en la esperanza. Consideraciones Finales: relevamos en el estudio la autodeterminación asiente en pequeñas expresiones de la narrativa, así como los aspectos ligados a la evolución de la unidad familiar.

RESUMO Objetivos: caracterizar as famílias sem-teto utilizadoras de um Balneário Público; identificar os fenômenos/acontecimentos de vida significativos para a transição da família para a condição de sem-teto; compreender a relação entre os acontecimentos de vida significativos; identificar as expectativas para o futuro dos inquiridos. Métodos: estudo exploratório, descritivo utilizando a entrevista e a análise temática de conteúdo. A amostra foi constituída pelos usuários de um Balneário Públic. Resultados: a doença mental, os fatores de ordem social, pessoal e familiar justificam a transição dos sujeitos para a condição de sem-teto. A ausência total de expectativas, marcadas pela desesperança, alterna com as expectativas futuras assentes na resiliência e na esperança. Considerações Finais: relevamos no estudo a autodeterminação expressa em pequenas expressões da narrativa, por um lado, bem como os aspetos ligados à evolução das relações familiares, por outro.

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Danazol (17alpha-pregna-2,4-dien-20-yno [2,3-d]-isoxazol-17beta-ol), is a synthetic derivative of ethisterone, structurally related to stanozolol. For this reason its use as doping agent has been investigated. Danazol (Runch) (200 mg) were orally administered to two healthy male volunteers. Urine samples were collected up to 1-week post-dose. Four new metabolites have been identified in addition to the five previously reported. We propose the monitorization of 6beta-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl-1,2-dehydroethisterone and 6beta,16epsilon-dihydroxy-2epsilon-hydroxymethyl-ethisterone by free fraction analysis. In a same way, we proposed to detect the principal isomer of a mono-hydroxylated metabolite of 6beta-hydroxy-2epsilon-hydroxymethylethisterone in the conjugated fraction. We conclude that new metabolites can be included for the detection of danazol abuse since the main metabolite ethisterone is excreted relatively fast in urine.

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BACKGROUND: Mutations in type II 3 beta hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase (3 beta HSD) are found in male children with severe undervirilized genitalia. Mild undervirilization (isolated micropenis or with distal hypospadia) can be associated with a partial deficit in 3 beta HSD activity. AIM: To assess the frequency of abnormal adrenal response to ACTH, suggesting a deficit in adrenal enzymatic activity, in children with mild undervirilization. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied 26 male children with micropenis, aged one to eight years. Children with evidences of puberal development or in treatment with drugs that affect steroidal metabolism were excluded from the study. Serum levels of androstenedione (A), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), progesterone (P), 17 hydroxyprogesterone (17 P) and the ratios DHEA/A, P/17 P, 17 P/DHEA were measured after an adrenal stimulation with 0.25 mg/m2 intramuscular ACTH. RESULTS: Two children had DHEA y DHEA/A values suggesting a defective 3 beta HSD activity. Other two children had high levels of 17 P, suggesting a deficiency of cytochrome p450c21. A CYP 21 gene mutation was found in one of the later children. CONCLUSIONS: A low proportion of children with micropenis have a deficient 3 beta HSD activity.

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Introducción. El órgano de la masticación: una unidad funcional. Desarrollo de la dentición humana. Paradencio. Articulación temporomandibular. Aspecto y características de las disnasias. Etiología y génesis de las maloclusiones. Diagnóstico en ortodoncia, Tratamiento ortodóncico. Extracciones. Cambios en los tejidos durante la terapia ortodóncica. La cirugía en ortodoncia

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