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Objetivo: Conocer la percepción de usuarios de los servicios de salud de tres comunas de Chile sobre la visibilidad social de los profesionales de enfermería durante el período de la pandemia de COVID-19. Material y Método: Estudio cualitativo descriptivo que utilizó la técnica del grupo focal. Se realizó un grupo focal con un muestreo de tipo intencionado conformado por siete participantes cuyos criterios de inclusión fueron ser usuarios del sistema de salud de Chile y mayor de 18 años. El reclutamiento de los participantes fue realizado por un afiche en redes sociales de la institución académica. La estrategia de análisis fue el de contenido. Resultados: Se encontraron tres temas y siete subtemas: la visibilidad de la profesión (imaginarios sociales, valoración de la labor, invisibilidad), primera línea (revaloración de los profesionales, seguridad y confianza) y género (profesión feminizada, invisibilidad). Conclusiones: Bajo el actual contexto de salubridad, la visibilidad de la enfermería se ha sostenido por situaciones que justamente son asociadas a la invisibilidad, salud mental, cargas laborales, cuestiones de género, entre otras. Se sugiere la realización de investigaciones que demuestren y difundan el importante rol de los profesionales de enfermería en la sociedad y promuevan su reconocimiento.
Objetivo: Conhecer a percepção de usuários dos serviços de saúde de três municípios do Chile sobre a visibilidade social dos profissionais de enfermagem durante o período da Pandemia da COVID-19. Material e Método: Estudo qualitativo descritivo que utilizou a técnica de grupo focal. Foi realizado um grupo focal com uma amostragem do tipo intencional, composta por sete participantes, cujos critérios de inclusão foram ser usuários do Sistema de Saúde do Chile e maiores de 18 anos. O recrutamento dos participantes foi realizado por um poster nas redes sociais da instituição acadêmica. A estratégia de análise foi de conteúdo. Resultados: Foram encontrados três temas e sete subtemas: a visibilidade da profissão (imaginários sociais, valorização do trabalho, invisibilidade), primeira linha (reavaliação dos profissionais, segurança e confiança) e gênero (profissão feminizada, invisibilidade). Conclusões: No contexto atual da saúde, a visibilidade da enfermagem tem sido sustentada por situações que se associam justamente à invisibilidade, saúde mental, carga de trabalho, questões de gênero, entre outras. Sugere-se a realização de pesquisas que demonstrem e divulguem o importante papel dos profissionais de enfermagem na sociedade e promovam seu reconhecimento.
Objective: To know the perception of users of health services in three communes of Chile regarding the social visibility of nursing professionals during the period of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Material and Method: Qualitative study with a descriptive design that used the focus group technique. A focus group was carried out with an intentional sampling, made up of seven participants whose inclusion criteria were: being users of the Chilean Health System and, older than 18 years. The recruitment of the participants was conducted by a poster in social networks of the academic institution. The analysis strategy was content. Results: Three themes and seven sub-themes were found. The themes were, the visibility of the profession (social imaginaries, value of work, invisibility), first line (revaluation of professionals, safety, and trust) and gender (feminized profession, invisibility). Conclusions: Under the current context of health, the visibility of nursing has been sustained by situations that are precisely associated with invisibility, mental health, workload, gender issues, among others. It is suggested that research be conducted to demonstrate and disseminate the significant role of nursing professionals in society and promote their recognition.
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OBJECTIVE: Radium-223(223Ra) is indicated for patients (p) with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRCP). OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of baseline clinical variables associated with overall survival (OS) and toxicity of 223Ra. Its purpose was to identify the factors that can predict a better response to treatment and provide information regarding the most appropriate time for the application of 223Ra. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective study in 40p with mCRPC treated with 223Ra. End points were OS, progression-free survival and time to progression. The follow-up parameters were: doses received, hemoglobin (Hb), absolute neutrophil count (ANC), platelet count (PC), prostate specific antigen (PSA), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Visual Analogue Scale for pain, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) and WHO's Cancer Pain Ladder. The use of other treatments was also evaluated. RESULTS: Median OS was 17.1 months(mo) (CI95%6.5-27.7); 26/40p received complete treatment of 223Ra, without reaching a median OS and 14p received incomplete treatment with a median OS 13.6mo(CI95%1.6-25.6). Median follow-up was 11.2mo (range:1.3-45.2). The univariate analysis showed that factors as VAS, ECOG, Hb and ALP values were independently associated with OS. First line treatment with 223Ra was started in 11/40p, while 19p had been heavily pre-treated and 13p received concomitant treatment. CONCLUSIONS: 223Ra therapy require an adequate selection of patients to obtain the greatest clinical benefit. Low basal Hb, hight basal ALP, bone marrow involvement and an altered ECOG were the main factors that decreased OS in our patients. 223Ra should be considered relatively early in the course of treatment. Available at. https://www.intbrazjurol.com.br/pdf/aop/2019-0343OA.pdf.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Ósseas , Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração , Idoso , Neoplasias Ósseas/radioterapia , Humanos , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração/radioterapia , Rádio (Elemento) , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective Radium-223(223Ra) is indicated for patients (p) with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRCP). Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of baseline clinical variables associated with overall survival (OS) and toxicity of 223Ra. Its purpose was to identify the factors that can predict a better response to treatment and provide information regarding the most appropriate time for the application of 223Ra. Materials and Methods Prospective study in 40p with mCRPC treated with 223Ra. End points were OS, progression-free survival and time to progression. The follow-up parameters were: doses received, hemoglobin (Hb), absolute neutrophil count (ANC), platelet count (PC), prostate specific antigen (PSA), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Visual Analogue Scale for pain, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) and WHO's Cancer Pain Ladder. The use of other treatments was also evaluated. Results Median OS was 17.1 months(mo) (CI95%6.5-27.7); 26/40p received complete treatment of 223Ra, without reaching a median OS and 14p received incomplete treatment with a median OS 13.6mo(CI95%1.6-25.6). Median follow-up was 11.2mo (range:1.3-45.2). The univariate analysis showed that factors as VAS, ECOG, Hb and ALP values were independently associated with OS. First line treatment with 223Ra was started in 11/40p, while 19p had been heavily pre-treated and 13p received concomitant treatment. Conclusions 223Ra therapy require an adequate selection of patients to obtain the greatest clinical benefit. Low basal Hb, hight basal ALP, bone marrow involvement and an altered ECOG were the main factors that decreased OS in our patients. 223Ra should be considered relatively early in the course of treatment.
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Humanos , Masculino , Idoso , Neoplasias Ósseas/radioterapia , Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração/radioterapia , Estudos Prospectivos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Rádio (Elemento) , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Negative results in serological routine screening of patients with microbiologically proven aracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) are occasionally reported. Failure in detecting anti-Paracoccidioides antibodies has been ascribed to factors either related to serological techniques or to the status of the host immune reactivity. Recently, this issue has been renewed by the recognition that the Paracoccidioides genera comprises two species, lutzii and brasiliensis, which have distinct antigenic profiles and, therefore, may elicit different host antibody responses. We describe a patient with the acute form PCM due to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis with negative results on two reference centers' routine screening for P. brasiliensis antibodies, but positive results with Paracoccidioides lutzii antigens. The present case report suggests that antibodies elicited during P. brasiliensis infection recognize antigenic fractions shared by both species, highlighting the difficulties in distinguishing the two infections by means of the currently available routine serological assays
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Humanos , Masculino , Adolescente , Paracoccidioides , Paracoccidioidomicose/diagnósticoRESUMO
Negative results in serological routine screening of patients with microbiologically proven Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) are occasionally reported. Failure in detecting anti-Paracoccidioides antibodies has been ascribed to factors either related to serological techniques or to the status of the host immune reactivity. Recently, this issue has been renewed by the recognition that the Paracoccidioides genera comprises two species, lutzii and brasiliensis, which have distinct antigenic profiles and, therefore, may elicit different host antibody responses. We describe a patient with the acute form PCM due to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis with negative results on two reference centers' routine screening for P. brasiliensis antibodies, but positive results with Paracoccidioides lutzii antigens. The present case report suggests that antibodies elicited during P. brasiliensis infection recognize antigenic fractions shared by both species, highlighting the difficulties in distinguishing the two infections by means of the currently available routine serological assays.
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Paracoccidioidomicose/diagnóstico , Doença Aguda , Adolescente , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Humanos , Masculino , Paracoccidioides/imunologia , Testes SorológicosRESUMO
La 18F-FDG PET/TC tiene un papel importante en la evaluación de los tumores de la vaina nerviosa periférica, especialmente para determinar la posibilidad de malignidad y el sitio idóneo para la toma de biopsia. Se expone el caso de una mujer de 34 años de edad con diagnóstico de tumor de vaina nerviosa periférica, localizado en el mediastino posterior, que generó síndrome de vena cava superior y síndrome de Horner. Se realizó 18F-FDG PET/TC para hacer el diagnóstico diferencial entre benignidad y malignidad. Se encontró masa heterogénea con áreas hipermetabólicas que alcanzaban un SUVmax (valor de captación estándar máximo) de 8,5, hallazgos que sugerían origen maligno con diferentes grados de diferenciación. La biopsia de los lugares con mayor metabolismo arrojó el resultado de tumor maligno de vaina nerviosa periférica.
18F-FDG PET/CT is a useful imaging modality in the diagnosis and follow-up of peripheral nerve sheath tumors, especially in the assessment of tumor grade and biopsy guidance. The case of a 34-years-old woman diagnosed with peripheral nerve sheath tumor located in the posterior mediastinum that generated superior vena cava syndrome and Horner syndrome is presented. 18F-FDG PET/TC was performed to assess the possibility of malignancy. An 18F-FDG PET/CT was performed to determine whether it was benign or malignant, a heterogeneous mass with hypermetabolic areas with a maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of 8.5 was found, and suggested malignancy with multiple grades of differentiation. A tumor biopsy from the region of higher metabolism was recommended with pathology result of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor.
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Humanos , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons combinada à Tomografia Computadorizada , Nervos Espinhais , NeurofibromatosesRESUMO
Los cambios en los niveles de glucosa en la sangre periférica o central se detectan por sensores a la glucosa situados en: los núcleos hipotalámicos, el páncreas, el núcleo del tracto solitario, el sistema portal hepático y los receptores del cuerpo carotídeo. El cuerpo carotídeo o glomus caroticum es un órgano quimiosensorial localizado de forma bilateral en la vecindad de la bifurcación de la carótida común. Los cuerpos carotídeos son sensores polimodales, que detectan los niveles de oxígeno, pH, bióxido de carbono, temperatura, osmolaridad, potasio, glucosae insulina en la sangre que los irriga. El objetivo de esta revisión es describir los trabajos realizados por Ramón Álvarez-Buylla y colaboradores en el Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología del Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas de la Universidad de Colima, y de otros investigadores, relacionados con el estudio de los cuerpos carotídeos en la homeostasis de la glucosa. Los CCs responden a la hipoglucemia a través de la depleción de trifosfato de adenosina, o a cambios en el pH y pO 2, sin depleción de trifosfato de adenosina. Es cada vez más evidente que los CCs juegan un papel fisiológico importante en la homeostasis de este carbohidrato, y que el estrés hipóxico ejerce una influencia tónica en la secreción de diversos neurotrasmisores y hormonas como la arginina-vasopresina, el óxido nítrico, el factor neurotrófico derivado del cerebro, ácido gamma-aminobutírico, glucagón, cortisol y otros, que participan en el procesamiento central de los mecanismos contrarregulatorios en la homeostasis glucémica. Los CCs inician respuestas contrarreguladoras a la hipoglucemia con la participación de la hipófisis, las adrenales, el páncreas y el sistema simpático.
Changes in glucose levels in the peripheral or central blood are detected by sensors located on glucose: hypothalamic nuclei, the pancreas, the nucleus tractus solitarius, the hepatic portal system and carotid body receptors. The carotid body or glomus caroticum is a chemosensory organ located bilaterally in the vicinity of the bifurcation of the common carotid. The carotid bodies are polymodal sensors, which detect levels of oxygen, pH, carbon dioxide, temperature, osmolarity, potassium, glucose and insulin in the blood that irrigates. The objective of this review is to describe the work done by Ramon Alvarez-Buylla and colleagues in the Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology at the University Center for Biomedical Research at the University of Colima, and other researchers, related to the study of the carotid bodies in homeostasis glucose. CCs respond to hypoglycaemia through depletion adenosine triphosphate, or to changes in pH and PO2 without depletion adenosine triphosphate. It is increasingly evident that CCs play an important physiological role in the homeostasis of this carbohydrate, and hypoxic stress exerts a tonic influence on the secretion of various neurotransmitters and hormones such as arginine vasopressin, nitric oxide, neurotrophic factor derived from brain gamma-aminobutyric acid, glucagon, cortisol and others involved in the central processing contrarregulatorios mechanisms in glucose homeostasis. CCs initiate counter-regulatory responses to hypoglycemia involving the pituitary, adrenal, pancreas and the sympathetic system.
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We described the impact of the capsule size for Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii identification at the species level by Bruker matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). After experimental capsule size modulation, we observed that reducing the capsule size resulted in improved identification by Bruker MALDI-TOF MS across all of the reference strains analyzed.
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Cryptococcus gattii/classificação , Cryptococcus neoformans/classificação , Técnicas de Tipagem Micológica , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização e Dessorção a Laser Assistida por Matriz , Criptococose/diagnóstico , Criptococose/microbiologia , Cryptococcus gattii/genética , Cryptococcus neoformans/genética , Genótipo , Humanos , Técnicas de Tipagem Micológica/métodos , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Sorogrupo , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização e Dessorção a Laser Assistida por Matriz/métodosRESUMO
Isolates of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Paracoccidioides lutzii, previously characterized by molecular techniques, were identified for the first time by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). All isolates were correctly identified, with log score values of >2.0. Thus, MALDI-TOF MS is a new tool for differentiating species of the genus Paracoccidioides.
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Paracoccidioides/classificação , Paracoccidioides/genética , DNA Fúngico/genética , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/genética , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP70/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , RNA Fúngico/genética , Especificidade da Espécie , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização e Dessorção a Laser Assistida por MatrizRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Serological tests have long been established as rapid, simple and inexpensive tools for the diagnosis and follow-up of PCM. However, different protocols and antigen preparations are used and the few attempts to standardize the routine serological methods have not succeeded. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We compared the performance of six Brazilian reference centers for serological diagnosis of PCM. Each center provided 30 sera of PCM patients, with positive high, intermediate and low titers, which were defined as the "reference" titers. Each center then applied its own antigen preparation and serological routine test, either semiquantitative double immunodifusion or counterimmmunoelectrophoresis, in the 150 sera from the other five centers blindly as regard to the "reference" titers. Titers were transformed into scores: 0 (negative), 1 (healing titers), 2 (active disease, low titers) and 3 (active disease, high titers) according to each center's criteria. Major discordances were considered between scores indicating active disease and scores indicating negative or healing titers; such discordance when associated with proper clinical and other laboratorial data, may correspond to different approaches to the patient's treatment. Surprisingly, all centers exhibited a high rate of "major" discordances with a mean of 31 (20%) discordant scores. Alternatively, when the scores given by one center to their own sera were compared with the scores given to their sera by the remaining five other centers, a high rate of major discordances was also found, with a mean number of 14.8 sera in 30 presenting a discordance with at least one other center. The data also suggest that centers that used CIE and pool of isolates for antigen preparation performed better. CONCLUSION: There are inconsistencies among the laboratories that are strong enough to result in conflicting information regarding the patients' treatment. Renewed efforts should be promoted to improve standardization of the serological diagnosis of PCM.
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Laboratórios/classificação , Paracoccidioidomicose/diagnóstico , Testes Sorológicos/métodos , Idoso , Brasil , Feminino , Humanos , Paracoccidioidomicose/sangue , Paracoccidioidomicose/epidemiologia , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
El núcleo del tracto solitario comisural (NTSc) es el centro de relevo de las fibras aferentes procedentes de los baro y quimiorreceptores carotídeos, por lo que modula la presión arterial y la glucemia ante los estímulos en dichos receptores. La estimulación anóxica con cianuro de sodio (NaCN) en los cuerpos carotídeos produce una respuesta hiperglucemiante. La somatostatina (SS) inhibe la secreción de la hormona del crecimiento y del glucagón lo que produce un efecto hipoglucemiante. La SS y sus receptores en el NTS tienen un efecto inhibidor. Se postula que la somatostatina modula la respuesta hiperglucemiante después de la estimulación de los quimiorreceptores carotídeos (QRC) con NaCN. En este trabajo, la infunsión de SS en el NTSc 4 min antes del estímulo anóxico de los QRC, disminuyó el reflejo hiperglucemiante y la retención de glucosa cerebral a los 10 min del estímulo anóxico. Se concluye que la SS en el NTSc modula la respuesta hiperglucemiante y la retención de glucosa cerebral post-estimulación anóxica de los cuerpos carotídeos en ratas
The commissural nucleus of the solitary tract (NTSc) is the relay center of the afferents fibers from the carotid baro and chemoreceptors, so that modulates blood pressure and blood sugar to stimuli in these receptors. Anoxic stimulation with sodium cyanide (NaCN) in the carotid bodies produces a hyperglycemic response. Somatostatin (SS) inhibits secretion of growth hormone and glucagon producing a hypoglycemic effect. The SS and its receptors in the NTS have an inhibitory effect. It is postulated that somatostatin modulates the hyperglycaemic response after stimulation of carotid chemoreceptors (QRC) with NaCN. In this work, the SS infusion into NTSc 4 min before the anoxic stimulation of the QRC, decreased the hyperglycemic reflex and cerebral glucose retention after 10 min of anoxic stimulus. We conclude that SS modulates the NTSc hyperglycemic response and brain glucose retention post-anoxic stimulation of the carotid bodies in rats
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Animais , Ratos , Cérebro/metabolismo , Hiperglicemia/induzido quimicamente , Somatostatina , Ensaio ClínicoRESUMO
Coccidioidomycosis is an emerging fungal disease in Brazil; adequate maintenance and authentication of Coccidioides isolates are essential for research into genetic diversity of the environmental organisms, as well as for understanding the human disease. Seventeen Coccidioides isolates maintained under mineral oil since 1975 in the Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo (IMTSP) culture collection, Brazil, were evaluated with respect to their viability, morphological characteristics and genetic features in order to authenticate these fungal cultures. Only five isolates were viable after almost 30 years, showing typical morphological characteristics, and sequencing analysis using Coi-F and Coi-R primers revealed 99% identity with Coccidioides genera. These five isolates were then preserved in liquid nitrogen and sterile water, and remained viable after two years of storage under these conditions, maintaining the same features.
Coccidioidomicose é uma doença emergente no Brasil; a manutenção adequada e autenticação de isolados de Coccidioides spp são essenciais para a pesquisa em diversidade genética de micro-organismos, bem como para a compreensão da doença em humanos. Dezessete isolados de Coccidioides preservados em óleo mineral desde 1975 na coleção de culturas do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo (IMTSP) foram avaliados com relação à viabilidade, características morfológicas e genéticas, com o objetivo de autenticação das culturas fúngicas. Dos 17 isolados, apenas cinco foram viáveis após quase 30 anos mantidos em óleo mineral, apresentando características morfológicas e moleculares típicas do gênero, o sequenciamento utilizando os oligonucleotídeos Coi-F e Coi-R revelou identidade de 99% com isolados de Coccidioides. Estes cinco isolados foram preservados em nitrogênio líquido e água destilada esterilizada, e permaneceram viáveis após dois anos de armazenamento sob estas condições, mantendo as mesmas características.
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Humanos , Coccidioides/fisiologia , Viabilidade Microbiana , Preservação Biológica/métodos , Brasil , Coccidioides/genética , Genótipo , Óleo Mineral , Fenótipo , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Coccidioidomycosis is an emerging fungal disease in Brazil; adequate maintenance and authentication of Coccidioides isolates are essential for research into genetic diversity of the environmental organisms, as well as for understanding the human disease. Seventeen Coccidioides isolates maintained under mineral oil since 1975 in the Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo (IMTSP) culture collection, Brazil, were evaluated with respect to their viability, morphological characteristics and genetic features in order to authenticate these fungal cultures. Only five isolates were viable after almost 30 years, showing typical morphological characteristics, and sequencing analysis using Coi-F and Coi-R primers revealed 99% identity with Coccidioides genera. These five isolates were then preserved in liquid nitrogen and sterile water, and remained viable after two years of storage under these conditions, maintaining the same features.
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Coccidioides/fisiologia , Viabilidade Microbiana , Preservação Biológica/métodos , Brasil , Coccidioides/genética , Genótipo , Humanos , Óleo Mineral , Fenótipo , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Cryptococcus neoformans causes meningitis and disseminated infection in healthy individuals, but more commonly in hosts with defective immune responses. Cell-mediated immunity is an important component of the immune response to a great variety of infections, including yeast infections. We aimed to evaluate a specific lymphocyte transformation assay to Cryptococcus neoformans in order to identify immunodeficiency associated to neurocryptococcosis (NCC) as primary cause of the mycosis. METHODS: Healthy volunteers, poultry growers, and HIV-seronegative patients with neurocryptococcosis were tested for cellular immune response. Cryptococcal meningitis was diagnosed by India ink staining of cerebrospinal fluid and cryptococcal antigen test (Immunomycol-Inc, SP, Brazil). Isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with C. neoformans antigen, C. albicans antigen, and pokeweed mitogen. The amount of 3H-thymidine incorporated was assessed, and the results were expressed as stimulation index (SI) and log SI, sensitivity, specificity, and cut-off value (receiver operating characteristics curve). We applied unpaired Student t tests to compare data and considered significant differences for p<0.05. RESULTS: The lymphotoxin alpha showed a low capacity with all the stimuli for classifying patients as responders and non-responders. Lymphotoxin alpha stimulated by heated-killed antigen from patients with neurocryptococcosis was not affected by TCD4+ cell count, and the intensity of response did not correlate with the clinical evolution of neurocryptococcosis. CONCLUSION: Response to lymphocyte transformation assay should be analyzed based on a normal range and using more than one stimulator. The use of a cut-off value to classify patients with neurocryptococcosis is inadequate. Statistical analysis should be based on the log transformation of SI. A more purified antigen for evaluating specific response to C. neoformans is needed.
Assuntos
Antígenos de Fungos/imunologia , Cryptococcus neoformans/imunologia , Ativação Linfocitária/fisiologia , Meningite Criptocócica/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Se ha descrito que el núcleo del tracto solitario (NTS), estructura del tallo cerebral y vía de relevo de las aferencias del los quimiorreceptores del senocuerpo carotídeo (RSCC), participa en el aumento en la retención de glucosa por el cerebro (RGC) ante una hipoxia. Es probable que en esta respuesta participe el óxido nítrico (NO) y la proteína Fos. En este trabajo se analiza el papel del NO en el NTS sobre la modificación de la RGC y la expresión de la proteína inmunorreactiva Fos (Fos-ir) en ratas in vivo. La inyección de un donador del NO como es el nitroprusiato de sodio (NPS) en el NTS, 4 min antes de la estimulación de los RSCC, disminuyó la RGC, pero incrementó la expresión de Fos-ir en un mayor número de neuronas en el NTS con respecto a las ratas control, que sólo recibieron líquido cefalorraquídeo artificial (LCRa) antes de la estimulación RSCC. En contraste, un inhibidor selectivo del NO como el N?-nitro-L-arginina metil éster (L-NAME) en el NTS 4 min antes de la estimulación RSCC con NaCN, aumentó la RGC, pero disminuyó el número de neuronas Fos-ir comparados con el control o con NPS. La detección inmunohistoquímica de la expresión de Fos-ir en las células del tallo cerebral indica que la estimulación RSCC activa vías dependientes de NO en el NTS, para regular la RGC. El estudio de esta población de células en el NTS, serß importante para definir su caracterización.
It has been said that the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), one structure of the brain stem and path of apherences of chemoreceptors of carotid sinus-body, is involved in the increased glucose retention by the brain in case of hypoxia. It is likely that nitric oxide and Fos protein also take part in this response. This paper analyzes the role of nitric oxide in the NTS on the change of glucose retention by the brain and the expression of inmunoreactive protein Fos (ir-Fos) in rats in vivo. The injection of a NO donor such as sodium nitroprusiate in the NTS four minutes before the stimulation of carotid sinus-body chemoreceptors decreased glucose retention by the brain but increased the expression of ir-Fos in a higher number of neurons in NTS with respect to control group rats which only received artificial cerebrospinal fluid before the stimulation. In contrast, the use of a selective NO inhibitor such as NO-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) in the NTS four minutes before the stimulation of the chemoreceptors with NaCN, increased the glucose retention by the brain but reduced the number of neurons with ir-Fos expression when compared with the control group or the sodium nitroprusiate injection. The immunohistochemical detection of ir-Fos expression in the brain stem cells indicated that stimulation of carotid sinus-body chemoreceptors activated NO-dependent paths in the NTS to regulate glucose retention by the brain. The study of this cell population in the NTS will be important to define its characterization.
Assuntos
Animais , Ratos , Hipóxia/patologia , Glucose , Óxido Nítrico/análise , Tronco Encefálico/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Se abordan la interrelación dialéctica entre la ciencia, la tecnología y la sociedad, y los estudios sobre el óxido nítrico en la fase preclínica. Los estudios de la ciencia, la tecnología y la sociedad permiten comprender la responsabilidad ética y social del científico, quien la asume desde el comienzo del proceso con la elaboración de la idea primaria que luego da lugar al proyecto, hasta su culminación con la difusión e implementación de los resultados. Se analizan algunas de las condicionantes sociales de la investigación en el contexto de América Latina. Se señala la necesidad del uso del óxido nítrico como neuromodulador en la respuesta hiperglucemiante en la fase de investigación aplicada.
We approach the dialectical interrelation between science, technology, and society and the pre-clinical trials of nitric oxide. The studies on science, technology, and society help understanding the scientist’s ethical and social responsibility assumed since the beginning when the primary idea is elaborated to later become a project, until its termination with the diffusion and implementation of results. Within the Latin American context, we analyzed some of the social determining factors of this research. We support the necessary use of nitric oxide as a neuromodulator on the hyperglycemic response in the applied research phase.
RESUMO
A diario el dermatólogo se enfrenta con la tarea de hacer un buen diagnostico clínico, pero ¿cuántos de éstos se correlacionan en una forma adecuada con el estudio anatomopatológico? Para evaluar dicha concordancia se planteó este estudio, además se buscaba comparar el acierto de los dermatólogos con los de los médicos de otras especialidades. El presente es un estudio analítico buscando la correlación entre los diagnósticos clínicos y los de anatomía - patológica de todas las biopsias procesadas en la Clínica CES durante el período comprendido entre enero de 1995 y mayo de 1997. Para tal fin se revisaron todas las órdenes de solicitud de biopsias y los informes de patología respectivos. En total se tabularon 1198 muestras. La concordancia diagnóstica de los clínicos con los diagnósticos realizados mediante patología fue de 72,3% para los dermatólogos, 11% para los cirujanos plásticos y 16,7% para el grupo de otros médicos. En los tumores benignos no hubo diferencia significativa en la coincidencia diagnóstica entre las diferentes especialidades. La coincidencia entre dermatólogos y otros en los tumores benignos es muy semejante (55,9% y 53,2%); en las entidades infecciosas el grupo de otros médicos tuvo mejor correlación que los dermatólogos. Sería interesante realizar un trabajo por diagnósticos específicos y comparar con otros médicos, para evaluar la causa real de la poca correlación de los dermatólogos y el mejor desempeño de otros especialistas en entidades infecciosas y tumorales.
Everyday the dermatologist faces the responsibility of making a good clinical diagnosis, but how many of these are appropriately correlated with the anatomopathological studies? This study was made to evaluate such correlation, and to see how good are the diagnosis made by dermatologists compared to other specialists. This descriptive study is looking for the concordance between clinical diagnoses and the anatomy pathology biopsies processed at the CES Clinic during the period between January 1995 and May 997. For such aim all the biopsy requests and the respective information of pathology were reviewed. 1198 samples were tabulated. The concordance viewed between clinical diagnoses and those made through pathology was of 72.3% for the dermatologists, 11% for plastic surgeons and 16.7% for the group of other physicians. In the benign tumors there was no significant difference in the diagnostic concordance among the different specialties. The coincidence between dermatologists and others in the benign tumors is very similar with 55.9% and 53.2%, respectively; in the infectious entities the group of other doctors had better correlation than the dermatologists. It would be interesting to conduct a specific diagnostic research and compare with other physicians, to assess the real cause of the low correlation of dermatologists and better perform of other specialistsin infectious and tumor entibies.
Assuntos
Biópsia , Dermatologia , Diagnóstico Clínico/diagnóstico , Diagnóstico Clínico , Patologia Clínica , Especialização/tendências , Medicina InternaRESUMO
Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated fungal organism that can cause disease in apparently immunocompetent, as well as immunocompromised, hosts. Since 1930, successive subculture has been used to preserve C. neoformans isolates in our Fungus Collection. In the 1970s, some of these Fungus Collection samples were selected to be subjected to a different methods of maintenance--that of lyophilized. Our objective was to analyze C. neoformans isolates in order to make a comparative evaluation between these two methods of preservation. The overall aim of this study was to qualify the preservation technique used in our mycology laboratory since the technique used might affect the survival, stability and purity of the primary isolates in culture. The samples were analyzed using classical mycology methods and using the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA technique In the analysis of phenotypes and genotypes, the typical characteristics of C. neoformans were found to differ in relation to the different methods of preservation employed. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the importance of selecting the appropriate method of preservation for fungus collections. This selection can affect the survival and purity of the cultures, and preserve the stability of their physiological, biochemical, and genetic characteristics.
Assuntos
Cryptococcus neoformans/genética , DNA Fúngico/análise , Preservação Biológica/métodos , Cryptococcus neoformans/fisiologia , Liofilização , Genótipo , Humanos , Fenótipo , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Técnica de Amplificação ao Acaso de DNA Polimórfico , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated fungal organism that can cause disease in apparently immunocompetent, as well as immunocompromised, hosts. Since 1930, successive subculture has been used to preserve C. neoformans isolates in our Fungus Collection. In the 1970s, some of these Fungus Collection samples were selected to be subjected to a different methods of maintenance - that of lyophilized. Our objective was to analyze C. neoformans isolates in order to make a comparative evaluation between these two methods of preservation. The overall aim of this study was to qualify the preservation technique used in our mycology laboratory since the technique used might affect the survival, stability and purity of the primary isolates in culture. The samples were analyzed using classical mycology methods and using the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA technique In the analysis of phenotypes and genotypes, the typical characteristics of C. neoformans were found to differ in relation to the different methods of preservation employed. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the importance of selecting the appropriate method of preservation for fungus collections. This selection can affect the survival and purity of the cultures, and preserve the stability of their physiological, biochemical, and genetic characteristics.