RESUMO

The purpose of this study is to perform toxicity tests with microalgae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Chlorophyceae) using inland water samples to evaluate the impact caused by aquaculture. Six field samples were collected ranged November 2006 to March 2007, at Experimental Station, Pindamonhangaba, State of São Paulo. Abiotic factors pointed out to the mesotrophic and eutrophic characteristics already observed at the fish pond and its effluent. The results of ecotoxicological tests carried out with the microalgae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata showed that the fish pond effluent was potential enough to stimulate the algal growth, therefore eutrophication, to the extent that it is naturally diluted to at least 12.5% of its initial concentration. This type of test can be a tool to be used by environmental managers in attempts to measure the extents of the impacts of effluent discharges from fish farming and to propose treatments based on qualitative and quantitative information.

RESUMO

Selenium (Se) is described as an essential micronutrient and participates in different biological functions, as the antioxidant defense systems maintenance and regulation. However, when in high concentrations, Se may cause toxic effects as well as hematological changes in fish. The aim of the present study was to determine the toxicity of selenium in the form of sodium selenate (Na2Se6+O4) in Oreochromis niloticus based on hematological parameters, after exposure to different concentrations (0.01, 0.14 and 1.4 mg Se6+ L-1). The erythrocytic and leukocytic series were examined over 14 days at intervals of 0, 3, 5, 7,10 and 14 days. The erythrocytic series showed significant alterations in the first 7 days, including the control group. Neutrophils and monocytes showed variations in the first 3 days at a concentration of 1.40 mgSe6+ L-1 characterizing an acute response. The total number of leukocytes was different in relation to time zero on all Se concentrations. The thrombocyte count also differed statistically from time zero and control in the first 3 days at 0.14 mgSe6+ L-1. These results indicate that different concentrations induce an acute response with diminution of total leukocytes, neutrophilia, monocytosis and thrombocytosis.

RESUMO

Selenium (Se) is described as an essential micronutrient and participates in different biological functions, as the antioxidant defense systems maintenance and regulation. However, when in high concentrations, Se may cause toxic effects as well as hematological changes in fish. The aim of the present study was to determine the toxicity of selenium in the form of sodium selenate (Na2Se6+O4) in Oreochromis niloticus based on hematological parameters, after exposure to different concentrations (0.01, 0.14 and 1.4 mg Se6+ L-1). The erythrocytic and leukocytic series were examined over 14 days at intervals of 0, 3, 5, 7,10 and 14 days. The erythrocytic series showed significant alterations in the first 7 days, including the control group. Neutrophils and monocytes showed variations in the first 3 days at a concentration of 1.40 mgSe6+ L-1 characterizing an acute response. The total number of leukocytes was different in relation to time zero on all Se concentrations. The thrombocyte count also differed statistically from time zero and control in the first 3 days at 0.14 mgSe6+ L-1. These results indicate that different concentrations induce an acute response with diminution of total leukocytes, neutrophilia, monocytosis and thrombocytosis. 

RESUMO

The purpose of this study is to perform toxicity tests with microalgae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Chlorophyceae) using inland water samples to evaluate the impact caused by aquaculture. Six field samples were collected ranged November 2006 to March 2007, at Experimental Station, Pindamonhangaba, State of São Paulo. Abiotic factors pointed out to the mesotrophic and eutrophic characteristics already observed at the fish pond and its effluent. The results of ecotoxicological tests carried out with the microalgae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata showed that the fish pond effluent was potential enough to stimulate the algal growth, therefore eutrophication, to the extent that it is naturally diluted to at least 12.5% of its initial concentration. This type of test can be a tool to be used by environmental managers in attempts to measure the extents of the impacts of effluent discharges from fish farming and to propose treatments based on qualitative and quantitative information.  

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RESUMO

Samples of the freshwater shrimp Macrobrachium acanthurus were submitted to salting (dry and wet) and smoking (cold and hot) processes. The changes in weight were registered and the proximate composition was determined. In the dry salting process with crude salt, the tail lost 43.38% in weight and with refined salt, 69.03%, while in the wet salting the weight lost was 62.30%; 51.00% of the tail weight is lost by cold smoking and 40.71% by hot smoking. The mean percent values of proteins for wet hot salting, cold smoking and hot smoking were 46.68%, 36.40% and 33.15% respectively.

Exemplares de Macrobrachium acanthurus, camarões de água doce, foram submetidos aos processos de salga (seca e úmida) e defumação (fria e quente), registrando-se as variações de peso e determinando-se a composição percentual em princípios químicos imediatos. Na salga com sal grosso, a cauda perde 43,38% de seu peso e com sal refinado, 69,03%, enquanto que na salga úmida quente a perda corresponde a 62,30%. Já na defumação fria, a perda é de 51,00% do peso da cauda, e de 40,71% nesse mesmo processo a quente. Os valores percentuais médios de proteínas para a salga úmida quente, defumação fria e defumação quente são 46,68%, 36,40% e 33,15%, respectivamente.

RESUMO

In order to determine relationships between the reproductive cycles of Macrobrachium birai and M. petronioi population and the climatic periodism of the region and the behaviour of some limnological characteristics of the water of Branco River (Itapitangui - Cananéia - SP), 24°54'44"S and 47°58'30"W, biological aspects of the two species and physical and chemical data of the water were recorded during the period of October/1985 to March/1988 , through monthly samplings. The median values of the limnological characteristics were as follows: water temperature 22.0°C; water layer 57.7 cm; pH 6.8; color 50 mg/L; turbidity 4.9 FTU; conductivity 75 µS/cm; alcalinity 24.23 mg/L CaC03; ammonium 0.20 mg/L; nitrite 0.6 µg/L; nitrate 0.09 mg/L; phosphate 30 µg/L; silic 6.48 mg/L; total hardness 20.83 mg/L CaC03; calcium 3.37 mg/L; magnesium 3.0 mg/L; iron 0.48 mg/L; chloride 9.53 mg/L; dissolved oxygen 8.06 mg/L O2; oxygen saturation 96%; oxidability 3.13 mg/L; bicarbonate 29.58 mg/L; total carbon dioxide 29.02 mg/L and free carbon dioxide 7.73 mg/L. It was also observed that M. birai presents nocturnal rhythm and reproduces during the summer when the values of some characteristics of water such as conductivity, alcalinity, total hardness and bicarbonate tend to diminish, and that M. petronioi has diurnal rhythm and reproduces in spring when the above parameters tend to have their values

Com o objetivo de verificar a existência de possíveis relações entre os ciclos biológicos das populações de Macrobrachium birai e M. petronioi e o periodismo climático da região e os parâmetros físicos e químicos das águas do Rio Branco (ltapitangui, subdistrito de Cananéia - SP), 24°54'44"S e 47°58'30"W, de out. /1985 a mar./1988, tomaram-se dados mensais da água e de exemplares dessas duas espécies. A água apresentou os seguintes valores medianos: temperatura 22,0°C; espessura de lâmina d'água 57,7 cm; pH 6,8; cor 50 mg/L Pt; turbidez 4,9 FTU; condutividade elétrica 75 µS/cm; alcalinidade 24,23 mg/L de CaC03; amônia 0,20 mg/L; nitrito 0,6 µg/L; nitrato 0,09 mg/L; fosfato 30 µg/L; sílica 6,48 mg/L; dureza total 20,83 mg/L de CaC03; cálcio 3,37 mg/L; magnésio 3,0 mg/L; ferro 0,48 mg/L; cloreto 9,53 mg/L; oxigênio 8,06 mg/L de O2; saturação de oxigênio 96%; oxidabilidade 3,13 mg/L de O2; bicarbonato 29,58 mg/L; C02 total 29,02 mg/L e C02 livre 7,73 mg/L. As duas espécies ocupam o mesmo habitat, sendo M. birai de ritmo noturno e reprodução no verão, período em que os valores de alguns parâmetros como condutividade elétrica, alcalinidade, dureza total e bicarbonato tendem a diminuir, enquanto que M. petronioi tem ritmo diurno e reproduz-se na primavera, quando os valores dos mesmos parâmetros tendem a aumentar.

RESUMO

In order to determine relationships between the reproductive cycles of Macrobrachium birai and M. petronioi population and the climatic periodism of the region and the behaviour of some limnological characteristics of the water of Branco River (Itapitangui - Cananéia - SP), 24°54'44"S and 47°58'30"W, biological aspects of the two species and physical and chemical data of the water were recorded during the period of October/1985 to March/1988 , through monthly samplings. The median values of the limnological characteristics were as follows: water temperature 22.0°C; water layer 57.7 cm; pH 6.8; color 50 mg/L; turbidity 4.9 FTU; conductivity 75 µS/cm; alcalinity 24.23 mg/L CaC03; ammonium 0.20 mg/L; nitrite 0.6 µg/L; nitrate 0.09 mg/L; phosphate 30 µg/L; silic 6.48 mg/L; total hardness 20.83 mg/L CaC03; calcium 3.37 mg/L; magnesium 3.0 mg/L; iron 0.48 mg/L; chloride 9.53 mg/L; dissolved oxygen 8.06 mg/L O2; oxygen saturation 96%; oxidability 3.13 mg/L; bicarbonate 29.58 mg/L; total carbon dioxide 29.02 mg/L and free carbon dioxide 7.73 mg/L. It was also observed that M. birai presents nocturnal rhythm and reproduces during the summer when the values of some characteristics of water such as conductivity, alcalinity, total hardness and bicarbonate tend to diminish, and that M. petronioi has diurnal rhythm and reproduces in spring when the above parameters tend to have their values

Com o objetivo de verificar a existência de possíveis relações entre os ciclos biológicos das populações de Macrobrachium birai e M. petronioi e o periodismo climático da região e os parâmetros físicos e químicos das águas do Rio Branco (ltapitangui, subdistrito de Cananéia - SP), 24°54'44"S e 47°58'30"W, de out. /1985 a mar./1988, tomaram-se dados mensais da água e de exemplares dessas duas espécies. A água apresentou os seguintes valores medianos: temperatura 22,0°C; espessura de lâmina d'água 57,7 cm; pH 6,8; cor 50 mg/L Pt; turbidez 4,9 FTU; condutividade elétrica 75 µS/cm; alcalinidade 24,23 mg/L de CaC03; amônia 0,20 mg/L; nitrito 0,6 µg/L; nitrato 0,09 mg/L; fosfato 30 µg/L; sílica 6,48 mg/L; dureza total 20,83 mg/L de CaC03; cálcio 3,37 mg/L; magnésio 3,0 mg/L; ferro 0,48 mg/L; cloreto 9,53 mg/L; oxigênio 8,06 mg/L de O2; saturação de oxigênio 96%; oxidabilidade 3,13 mg/L de O2; bicarbonato 29,58 mg/L; C02 total 29,02 mg/L e C02 livre 7,73 mg/L. As duas espécies ocupam o mesmo habitat, sendo M. birai de ritmo noturno e reprodução no verão, período em que os valores de alguns parâmetros como condutividade elétrica, alcalinidade, dureza total e bicarbonato tendem a diminuir, enquanto que M. petronioi tem ritmo diurno e reproduz-se na primavera, quando os valores dos mesmos parâmetros tendem a aumentar.

RESUMO

Samples of the freshwater shrimp Macrobrachium acanthurus were submitted to salting (dry and wet) and smoking (cold and hot) processes. The changes in weight were registered and the proximate composition was determined. In the dry salting process with crude salt, the tail lost 43.38% in weight and with refined salt, 69.03%, while in the wet salting the weight lost was 62.30%; 51.00% of the tail weight is lost by cold smoking and 40.71% by hot smoking. The mean percent values of proteins for wet hot salting, cold smoking and hot smoking were 46.68%, 36.40% and 33.15% respectively.

Exemplares de Macrobrachium acanthurus, camarões de água doce, foram submetidos aos processos de salga (seca e úmida) e defumação (fria e quente), registrando-se as variações de peso e determinando-se a composição percentual em princípios químicos imediatos. Na salga com sal grosso, a cauda perde 43,38% de seu peso e com sal refinado, 69,03%, enquanto que na salga úmida quente a perda corresponde a 62,30%. Já na defumação fria, a perda é de 51,00% do peso da cauda, e de 40,71% nesse mesmo processo a quente. Os valores percentuais médios de proteínas para a salga úmida quente, defumação fria e defumação quente são 46,68%, 36,40% e 33,15%, respectivamente.