RESUMO
Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é analisar as estratégias utilizadas por gays e lésbicas para evitar ou minimizar o estigma nos espaços de trabalho. Para tanto, baseia-se no conceito de estigma proposto por Goffman (1988). O método adotado foi o estudo de caso único. Foram realizadas entrevistas em 12 empresas localizadas no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Ao todo, 15 profissionais foram entrevistados. A técnica de coleta de dados utilizada foi entrevista semiestruturada individual. Os resultados indicam que gays e lésbicas utilizam principalmente estratégias de acobertamento do estigma sexual. Eles preferem revelar a sua homossexualidade e lidar com as tensões geradas nas interações sociais, ao invés de ocultar tal informação. As estratégias encontradas foram: sinalização (deslizes intencionais); normalização (negam a existência do estigma sexual); e diferenciação (assumem a diferença e lutam contra o estigma sexual).
Abstract The objective of this paper is to analyze the strategies used by gays and lesbians to avoid or reduce stigma in the workplace. To this end, it is based on the concept of stigma proposed by Goffman (1988). The method adopted was the single case study. Interviews were conducted at 12 companies located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. In all, 15 professionals were interviewed. The data collection technique used was the individual semi-structured interview. The results show that gays and lesbians mainly use strategies to cover sexual stigma. They prefer to disclose their homosexuality and deal with the tensions generated in social interactions rather than allowing such information to be concealed. The strategies found were: signaling (intentional slips); normalization (they deny the existence of sexual stigma); and differentiation (they embrace the difference and fight against sexual stigma).
Resumen El propósito de este artículo es analizar las estrategias utilizadas por gays y lesbianas para evitar o minimizar el estigma en el lugar de trabajo. Por tanto, se basa en el concepto de estigma propuesto por Goffman (1988). El método adoptado fue un estudio de caso único. Las entrevistas se realizaron en 12 empresas ubicadas en el estado de São Paulo, Brasil. En total, se entrevistó a 15 profesionales. La técnica de recogida de datos utilizada fue una entrevista individual semiestructurada. Los resultados indican que los gays y lesbianas utilizan principalmente estrategias para encubrir el estigma sexual. Prefieren revelar su homosexualidad y lidiar con las tensiones generadas en las interacciones sociales, en lugar de retener dicha información. Las estrategias encontradas fueron: señalización (deslices intencionales); normalización (negar la existencia de estigma sexual); y diferenciación (asumir la diferencia y luchar contra el estigma sexual).
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Homossexualidade , Estigma Social , Minorias Sexuais e de Gênero , Brasil , Sexualidade , Normas de GêneroRESUMO
The human malaria is widely distributed in the Middle East, Asia, the western Pacific, and Central and South America. Plasmodium vivax started to have the attention of many researchers since it is causing diseases to millions of people and several reports of severe malaria cases have been noticed in the last few years. The lack of in vitro cultures for P. vivax represents a major delay in developing a functional malaria vaccine. One of the major candidates to antimalarial vaccine is the merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP1), which is expressed abundantly on the merozoite surface and capable of activating the host protective immunity. Studies have shown that MSP-1 possesses highly immunogenic fragments, capable of generating immune response and protection in natural infection in endemic regions. This paper shows humoral immune response to different proteins of PvMSP1 and the statement of N-terminal to be added to the list of potential candidates for malaria vivax vaccine.
Assuntos
Vacinas Antimaláricas/imunologia , Proteína 1 de Superfície de Merozoito/imunologia , Plasmodium vivax/imunologia , Domínios e Motivos de Interação entre Proteínas/imunologia , Vacinas de Subunidades Antigênicas/imunologia , Humanos , Malária Vivax/prevenção & controle , Proteína 1 de Superfície de Merozoito/química , Proteína 1 de Superfície de Merozoito/metabolismo , Complexos Multiproteicos/química , Complexos Multiproteicos/metabolismo , Ligação ProteicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Plasmodium vivax has the potential to infect 2.85 billion individuals worldwide. Nevertheless, the limited number of studies investigating the immune status of individuals living in malaria-endemic areas, as well as the lack of reports investigating serological markers associated with clinical protection, has hampered development of vaccines for P. vivax. It was previously demonstrated that naturally total IgG against the N-terminus of P. vivax merozoite surface protein 1 (Pv-MSP1) was associated with reduced risk of malarial infection. METHODS: Immune response against Pv-MSP1 (N-terminus) of 313 residents of the Rio Pardo rural settlement (Amazonas State, Brazil) was evaluated in a cross-sectional and longitudinal follow up over two months (on site) wherein gold standard diagnosis by thick blood smear and rRNA gene-based nested real-time PCR were used to discriminate symptomless Plasmodium vivax-infected individuals who did not develop clinical symptoms during a 2-months from those uninfected ones or who have had acute malaria. The acquisition of antibodies against Pv-MSP1 was also evaluated as survival analysis by prospective study over a year collecting information of new malaria infections in surveillance database. RESULTS: The majority of P. vivax-infected individuals (52-67%) showed immune recognition of the N-terminus of Pv-MSP1. Interesting data on infected individuals who have not developed symptoms, total IgG levels against the N-terminus Pv-MSP1 were age-dependent and the IgG3 levels were significantly higher than levels of subjects had acute malaria or those uninfected ones. The total IgG anti ICB2-5 was detected to be an important factor of protection against new malaria vivax attacks in survival analysis in a prospective survey (p = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS: The study findings illustrate the importance of IgG3 associated to 2-months of symptomless in P. vivax infected individuals and open perspectives for the rationale of malaria vaccine designs capable to sustain high levels of IgG3 against polymorphic malaria antigens.