RESUMO
Introducción: la detección del género Corynebacterium en flujo vaginal representa un reto para el estudio de su posible papel patogénico en el tracto genital femenino. La coloración de Gram es la técnica recomendada para la detección de corinebacterias en muestras clínicas; no obstante, algunas características biológicas de estas bacterias dificultan la identificación por medio de esta. Objetivo: evaluar el desempeño de la coloración de Albert para la identificación de Corynebacterium spp. en muestras de flujo vaginal. Materiales y métodos: se evaluó la tinción de Albert como prueba diagnóstica para la identificación de Corynebacterium spp. en 451 flujos vaginales en comparación de la coloración de Gram. Se calculó la sensibilidad, la especificidad, los valores predictivos, las razones de verosimilitud y el índice J de Youden con el software Epidat 3.1. Resultados: la coloración de Albert presentó sensibilidad y especificidad de 61,5% y 74,6%, respectivamente, valor predictivo positivo de 78,3%, valor predictivo negativo de 56,5%, razón de verosimilitud positiva de 2,4 y negativa de 0,5 y un Índice de Youden de 0,4. Conclusiones: la tinción de Albert no mostró un mejor rendimiento que la coloración de Gram en la identificación del género Corynebacterium en muestras de flujo vaginal. Por lo tanto, se recomienda el uso en conjunto de las coloraciones de Gram y Albert para la identificación de corinebacterias en flujo vaginal. (AU)
Introduction: The detection of Corynebacterium genus in vaginal discharge represents a challenge for the study of its possible pathogenic role in the female genital tract. Gram's stain is recommended for corynebacteria detection in clinical samples, however, some biological characteristics of these bacteria difficult their identification by this technique. Objetive: to evaluate Albert's stain performans to identify Corynebacterium spp. in vaginal discharge. Materials and methods: Albert's stain was evaluated as a diagnostic test for the identification of Corynebacterium spp. in 451 vaginal swabs in comparison to Gram's stain. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, likelihood ratio, as well as Youden's J index were calculated using Epidat software 3.1 version. Results: Albert's stain had a sensitivity and specificity of 61.5% and 74.6%, respectively, positive predictive value of 78.3 %, negative predictive value of 56.5 %, positive likelihood ratio of 2.4 and negative likelihood ratio of 0.5, as well as Youden index of 0.4. Conclusions: Albert's stain did not show better performance than Gram's stain for identification of corynebacteria in vaginal swabs. Thereforeit is recommended the concomitant use of the Gram and Albert stains for the identification of corynebacteria in vaginal discharge. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Vulnerabilidade SexualRESUMO
Descripción de la incidencia de los nódulos tiroideos, sus manifestaciones más comunes, al igual que del proceso de diagnóstico, estudio y tratamiento del este tipo de lesiones. De la misma manera, se revisan los diferentes tipos de cáncer de tiroides y se dan unas pautas iniciales al lector sobre el manejo de cada una de las distintas lesiones malignas que afectan la glándula tiroides
A brief description of the incidence of thyroid nodules, their clinical manifestations and the study and treatment of this type of lesions are given. A short description of the different forms of thyroid cancer is explained giving pathways of treatment for these malignant lesions
Assuntos
Humanos , Ultrassonografia , Biópsia , Neoplasias , Nódulo da Glândula Tireoide , Nódulo da Glândula Tireoide/diagnósticoRESUMO
Howler monkeys are among the most studied primates in the Neotropics, however, behavioral studies including estimation of food availability in Andean forests are scarce. During 12 months we studied habitat use, behavior, and feeding ecology of two groups of red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) in an isolated fragment in the Colombian Andes. We used a combination of focal animal and instantaneous sampling. We estimated fruit production (FP) using phenology transects, and calculated young leaf abundance by observing marked trees. The home range area used by each group was 10.5 and 16.7 ha and daily distances traveled were 431 ± 228 and 458 ± 259 m, respectively. We found that both groups spent most of their time resting (62-64%). Resting time did not increase with leaf consumption as expected using a strategy of energy minimization. We did not find a relationship between daily distances traveled and leaf consumption. However, howlers consumed fruits according to their availability, and the production of young leaves did not predict feeding time on this resource. Overall, our results are similar to those found on other forest types. We found that despite limited FP in Andean forests, this did not lead to a higher intake of leaves, longer resting periods, or shorter traveling distances for red howlers.
Assuntos
Ciclos de Atividade , Alouatta/psicologia , Ecossistema , Comportamento Alimentar , Territorialidade , Animais , Colômbia , Feminino , Frutas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Masculino , Folhas de Planta/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Densidade Demográfica , Árvores/fisiologiaRESUMO
A female spider monkey (Ateles belzebuth belzebuth) that gave birth to twins was studied during 13 months, and her activity budget and diet were compared to those of females with single offspring and females with no offspring to assess selective pressures that could influence litter size. We recorded qualitative information on the development and social interactions of the twins and three other single infants. Emi, the female that had the twins, had the highest proportion of resting time and the lowest proportion of feeding and moving time compared to other adult females and males. Emi also had the lowest average daily travel distance and relied more heavily on flowers and leaves than other group members who included a higher proportion of fruits in their diets. These results suggest that twins are energetically costly to spider monkeys because of the direct energy allocated into raising and carrying the twins and, also, because these costs have direct effects in the ability of a mother to obtain high-quality resources (e.g., fruits). The twins had a slower rate of physical and social development as well as a smaller body size compared to same-aged singletons by the end of the study. Thus, the extended periods of maternal care and the costs associated with rearing and carrying offspring are some of the factors that influence the evolution and maintenance of a litter size of one in most anthropoid primates.
Assuntos
Cebidae/fisiologia , Metabolismo Energético/fisiologia , Animais , Comportamento Animal , Colômbia , Comportamento Alimentar , Feminino , Masculino , Comportamento Social , Fatores de Tempo , Gêmeos/fisiologiaRESUMO
Se realizo un estudio descriptivo en una poblacion de 57 pacientes entre los dos y ocho anos con el fin de establecer la asociacion existente entre Hipertrofia de Adenoides (H.A.) y otitis Media Serosa (O.M.S.). Se encontro que 30 ninos presentan las dos patologias, 20 ninos H.A. y 7 ninos O.M.S. Del total de ninos con O.M.S., el 81% tenia ademas H.A. Se demostro asociacion estadistica entre las dos patologias, lo cual, probablemente debido al tamano de la muestra, fue levemente significativa (p<0.05). Se encontraron ninos con O.M.S., sin sintomas otologicos. Como examenes para clinicos de importancia en estas dos entidades estan los Rx, de CAVUM y la Impedanciometria, siendo ellos complemento de una buena historia clinica. Se concluye que hay asociacion estadistacamente significativa entre H.A. y O.M.S