RESUMO
Anxiety and depression disorders are highly prevalent neurological disorders (NDs) that impact up to one in three individuals during their lifetime. Addressing these disorders requires reducing their frequency and impact, understanding molecular causes, implementing prevention strategies, and improving treatments. Cyclic nucleotide monophosphates (cNMPs) like cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), cyclic uridine monophosphate (cUMP), and cyclic cytidine monophosphate (cCMP) regulate the transcription of genes involved in neurotransmitters and neurological functions. Evidence suggests that cNMP pathways, including cAMP/cGMP, cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), and Protein kinase A (PKA), play a role in the physiopathology of anxiety and depression disorders. Plant and mushroom-based compounds have been used in traditional and modern medicine due to their beneficial properties. Bioactive compound metabolism can activate key pathways and yield pharmacological outcomes. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms of bioactive compounds from plants and mushrooms in modulating cNMP pathways. Understanding these processes will support current treatments and aid in the development of novel approaches to reduce the prevalence of anxiety and depression disorders, contributing to improved outcomes and the prevention of associated complications.
Assuntos
Depressão , Nucleotídeos Cíclicos , Humanos , Nucleotídeos Cíclicos/metabolismo , Nucleotídeos Cíclicos/farmacologia , Depressão/tratamento farmacológico , GMP Cíclico/metabolismo , AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Plantas/metabolismo , Ansiedade/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
The co-administration of 3α-hydroxymasticadienoic acid (3α-OH MDA) and diligustilide (DLG) generates a synergist gastroprotective effect on indomethacin-induced gastric damage. However, the related protective activities of the compounds alone (or in combination) remain unclear. In the present study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities, as well as the potential modulation of important gasotransmitters of each compound individually and in combination using the indomethacin-induced gastric damage model. Male Wistar rats were treated orally with the 3α-OH MDA, DLG, or their combination (at a fixed ratio of 1:1, 1:3, and 3:1) 30 min before the generation of gastric mucosal lesions with indomethacin (30 mg/kg, p.o.). Three hours later, the gastric injury (mm2) was determined. Results from these experiments indicate, in addition to maintaining basal levels of PGE2, the gastroprotective effect of the pre-treatment with 3α-OH MDA (70%), DLG (81%), and their combination (72%) which was accompanied by significant decreases in leukocyte recruitment, as well as decreases in TNF-α and LTB4 gastric levels (p < 0.05). We also found that the pre-treatment maintains the basal antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD) and gastric NO and H2S production even in the presence of indomethacin (p < 0.05). In conclusion, when 3α-OH MDA-DLG is given at a 1:1 combination ratio, the gastroprotective effect and the inflammatory, antioxidant, and gaso-modulation properties are not different from those of treatments using the maximum doses of each compound, revealing that this combination produces promising results for the treatment of gastric ulcers.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Antiulcerosos/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Mucosa Gástrica/efeitos dos fármacos , Úlcera Gástrica/prevenção & controle , Triterpenos/farmacologia , Animais , Dinoprostona/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Quimioterapia Combinada , Mucosa Gástrica/metabolismo , Mucosa Gástrica/patologia , Sulfeto de Hidrogênio/metabolismo , Indometacina , Leucotrieno B4/metabolismo , Masculino , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Ratos Wistar , Úlcera Gástrica/metabolismo , Úlcera Gástrica/patologia , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMO
The study of pharmacological interactions between herbal remedies and conventional drugs is important because consuming traditional herbal remedies as supplements or alternative medicine is fairly common and their concomitant administration with prescribed drugs could either have a favorable or unfavorable effect. Therefore, this work aims to determine the pharmacological interactions of a turmeric acetone extract (TAE) and its main metabolite (curcumin) with common anti-ulcer drugs (ranitidine and bismuth subsalicylate), using an ethanol-induced ulcer model in Wistar rats. The analysis of the interactions was carried out via the Combination Index-Isobologram Equation method. The combination index (CI) calculated at 0.5 of the affected fraction (fa) indicated that the TAE or curcumin in combination with ranitidine had a subadditive interaction. The results suggest that this antagonistic mechanism is associated to the mucoadhesion of curcumin and the TAE, determined by rheological measurements. Contrastingly, both the TAE and curcumin combined with bismuth subsalicylate had an additive relationship, which means that there is no pharmacological interaction. This agrees with the normalized isobolograms obtained for each combination. The results of this study suggest that mucoadhesion of curcumin and the TAE could interfere in the effectiveness of ranitidine, and even other drugs.
Assuntos
Antiulcerosos/uso terapêutico , Bismuto/uso terapêutico , Curcumina/farmacologia , Etanol/efeitos adversos , Compostos Organometálicos/uso terapêutico , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Ranitidina/uso terapêutico , Salicilatos/uso terapêutico , Úlcera Gástrica/prevenção & controle , Animais , Antiulcerosos/antagonistas & inibidores , Curcuma , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Interações Medicamentosas , Mucosa Gástrica/efeitos dos fármacos , Interações Ervas-Drogas , Masculino , Compostos Organometálicos/antagonistas & inibidores , Ranitidina/antagonistas & inibidores , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Salicilatos/antagonistas & inibidores , Úlcera Gástrica/induzido quimicamenteRESUMO
The aims of the study were to evaluate the pharmacodynamic interaction between 3α-hydroxymasticadienonic acid and diligustilide (DLG), isolated from the plants Amphiptherygium adstringens and Ligusticum porteri, respectively, using the indomethacin-induced gastric injury model, as well as their individual gastroprotective efficacy in this model. Male Wistar rats were orally administered with 3α-hydroxymasticadienonic acid, DLG or the mixture of 3α-hydroxymasticadienonic acid-DLG (at a fixed-ratio combination of 1:1, 1:3, and 3:1). Thirty minutes later, the gastric damage was induced by a single oral dose of indomethacin (30 mg/kg). Three hours later, the gastric injury (mm2 ) was determined. 3α-hydroxymasticadienonic acid and DLG as individual compounds showed a gastroprotective effect against indomethacin-induced gastric damage (p < .05). The effective dose (ED50 ) values for each compound were 6.96 ± 1.25 mg/kg for 3α-hydroxymasticadienonic acid and 2.63 ± 0.37 mg/kg for DLG. The isobolographic analysis performed showed that the combination exhibited super-additive interaction as the experimental ED50 values (Zexp) were lower than theoretical additive dose values (Zadd; p < .05). Our results identify the super-additive (synergist) interaction between 3α-hydroxymasticadienonic acid and DLG and the gastric safety of both compounds in the indomethacin-induced gastric injury model, suggesting their potential in the future as a strategy to decrease the gastric damage associated to the chronic use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
Assuntos
Gastroenteropatias/tratamento farmacológico , Indometacina/efeitos adversos , Ligusticum/química , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , Triterpenos/administração & dosagem , Administração Oral , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Combinação de Medicamentos , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Mucosa Gástrica/efeitos dos fármacos , Mucosa Gástrica/lesões , Gastroenteropatias/induzido quimicamente , Gastroenteropatias/patologia , Masculino , Estrutura Molecular , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Triterpenos/farmacologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The development of electrochemical sensors for the detection of small molecules has already had a significant effect on the study of biology because of their selectivity and ability to measure low concentrations of small molecules that regulate various functions in living organisms. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gasotransmitter produced at low levels in several tissues including the stomach. Here, we propose a new method for detecting low concentrations of this transmitter in the rat stomach, in-vivo and in real time, with applications in pharmacology and physiology. METHODS: Wistar rats fasted for 12h. Then, the control group was given an intragastrical dose of saline. l-Cysteine (50mg/kg) or dl-propargylglycine (50mg/kg) were administered to the test groups to modify the H2S levels. Ranitidine (50mg/kg), omeprazole (40mg/kg) or carbenoxolone (30mg/kg) were used as reference anti-ulcer drugs. Thirty minutes later, the electrode was inserted in the middle of the stomach cavity of the anesthetized animals. The basal levels of H2S were recorded every 5min for 30min. Next, gastric lesions were induced with pure ethanol, and the recording continued for 30 additional minutes. RESULTS: The exogenous administration of an H2S precursor (l-cysteine) increased the level of this gasotransmitter whereas dl-propargylglycine, a selective inhibitor of the enzyme cystathionine γ lyase, reduced the total concentration of H2S. The administration of carbenoxolone, a gastroprotective, increased the total amount of H2S. However, the administration of the anti-secretors omeprazole and ranitidine did not modify the total concentration of H2S. DISCUSSION: This work provides the basis for a real-time analysis of the changes in-vivo of the gasotransmitter H2S in the normal and injured stomach and the exploration of the effect of drugs on the regulation of H2S.
Assuntos
Gasotransmissores/análise , Mucosa Gástrica/metabolismo , Sulfeto de Hidrogênio/análise , Eletrodos Seletivos de Íons , Úlcera Gástrica/metabolismo , Animais , Antiulcerosos/farmacologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Etanol/toxicidade , Gasotransmissores/metabolismo , Humanos , Sulfeto de Hidrogênio/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Estômago/efeitos dos fármacos , Úlcera Gástrica/induzido quimicamente , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
We evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antialgic potency of a nanoemulsion (NEORO) containing the essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis L. (EORO), which is composed primarily of limonene, camphor and 1,8-cineole. The EORO and NEORO were administered orally 30 min prior to starting the experiments. In a test of rat paw oedema induced by carrageenan, NEORO was effective in doses of 498 µg/kg, and it inhibited 46% of the maximum peak of the oedema; in a dose of 300 mg/kg, EORO inhibited 50% of the maximum peak of the oedema. In an acetic acid-induced writhing test, NEORO yielded a dose-dependent effect, and a dose of 830 µg/kg inhibited 84% of the algesic process; a dose of 100 mg/kg of EORO inhibited 55%. In an assay for H2S production in rat stomachs, a dose of 498 µg/kg of NEORO inhibited H2S production in all of the measurement phases, and a dose of 100 mg/kg EORO inhibited 60% and influenced the effect of the ethanol significantly, reducing the production of H2S. We suggest that NEORO potentiated the effect of EORO, demonstrating effectiveness in doses 600 times lower than those applied with EORO. Among the major compounds of EORO, the camphor molecule exhibited the largest number of interactions with the therapeutic targets related to the inflammatory process, suggesting that it is responsible for EORO's anti-inflammatory and antialgic effects. This work paves the way for future investigations related to the therapeutic role of NEORO in the inflammation process.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Emulsões/farmacologia , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Nanopartículas/administração & dosagem , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Rosmarinus/química , Animais , Carragenina/farmacologia , Cicloexenos/farmacologia , Edema/induzido quimicamente , Edema/tratamento farmacológico , Limoneno , Masculino , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular/métodos , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Terpenos/farmacologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: N-benzylpiperazine (BZP) belongs to a class of piperazine derivatives (PZDs) that have emerged as recreational drugs. These compounds increase the release of dopamine and serotonin. BZP mimics the psychoactive effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethylamphetamine. BZP is metabolized to N-benzylethylenediamine (BEDA) and benzylamine. The compound N,N'-dibenzylpiperazine (DBZP) is obtained as a byproduct during the synthesis of BZP. Some PZDs have shown effects on memory; however, there are no previous reports on the activity of BZP, BEDA, and DBZP on memory or on a description of their neuropharmacological profile. We evaluated the effects of these compounds on acquisition, formation, and consolidation memory and explored their neuropharmacological profile in mice. METHODS: We used the passive avoidance test to evaluate the nootropic effect and for memory experiments. We also evaluated the sedative, myo-relaxant, motor coordination, anxiogenic, and locomotor activity of these compounds. RESULTS: We showed that BZP, its metabolite BEDA, and the disubstituted analogue DBZP enhance the memory and show anxiogenic effects. BZP, as well as DBZP but not BEDA, showed a strong myo-relaxant effect without impairing motor coordination. CONCLUSIONS: BZP and BEDA enhanced the acquisition and consolidation of memory, whereas DBZP only enhances the acquisition of the memory. BEDA and DBZP have an anxiogenic profile similar to that of BZP. BEDA and DBZP represent new psychoactive compounds with the potential to be new BZP-like recreational entities.