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Resumen OBJETIVO: Comparar las concentraciones de hemoglobina en embarazadas con anemia por deficiencia de hierro que recibieron un tratamiento intermitente en comparación con el continuo de 200 mg de sulfato ferroso por vía oral. Además, comparar la frecuencia de efectos secundarios del tratamiento intermitente con el continuo. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Ensayo clínico, aleatorizado, no cegado, efectuado en la Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad Hospital de Ginecoobstetricia 4 Luis Castelazo Ayala, IMSS, en pacientes de 18 a 35 años atendidas entre los meses de enero a marzo del 2023 con 30 o más semanas de embarazo, diagnóstico de anemia ferropénica (definida operativamente solo con una biometría hemática inferior a 11 g/dL, con hipocromía y microcitosis), sin antecedentes de enfermedad crónico-degenerativa. El análisis estadístico se procesó en el programa SPSS v21, la distribución y características de la muestra con análisis univariado, seguido de un análisis bivariado con t de Student y diferencia de medias. Se consideró con significación estadística el valor de p < 0.05. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 32 pacientes: 16 con esquema continuo y 16 con el intermitente. Ambos grupos con incremento de 1 g/dL entre la hemoglobina inicial y final (p < 0.01), con una diferencia de medias entre el aumento de los grupos con p = 0.4. Con disminución significativa de la epigastralgia y la náusea. CONCLUSIONES: El tratamiento intermitente con sulfato ferroso incrementa las concentraciones de hemoglobina igual que un esquema continuo, pero con menos efectos adversos.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To compare hemoglobin concentrations in pregnant women with iron deficiency anemia who received intermittent versus continuous treatment with 200 mg oral ferrous sulfate. In addition, to compare the incidence of side effects of intermittent versus continuous treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Randomized, non-blinded, clinical trial conducted at the Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad Hospital de Ginecoobstetricia 4 Luis Castelazo Ayala, IMSS, in patients aged 18 to 35 years attended between January and March 2023 with 30 or more weeks of pregnancy, diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia (operationally defined only with a blood biometry lower than 11 g/dL, with hypochromia and microcytosis), without a history of chronic degenerative disease. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS v21 program, distribution and characteristics of the sample with univariate analysis, followed by bivariate analysis with Student's t and mean difference. A value of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Thirty-two patients were studied: 16 with continuous and 16 with intermittent regimen. Both groups with increase of 1 g/dL between initial and final hemoglobin (p < 0.01), with a mean difference between groups increase with p = 0.4. With significant reduction in epigastralgia and nausea. CONCLUSIONS: Intermittent treatment with ferrous sulfate increases hemoglobin concentrations.

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OBJECTIVES: We describe the changes in the socio demographic, risk behavior, immunological and clinical trends profiles of a cohort HIV patients followed at the Retrovirus Research Center, at baseline and study periods interval by periods intervals: 1992-1997, 1998-2003, and 2004-2008. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study of a longitudinal cohort comprised of 4016 HIV/AIDS patients admitted to the RRC since January 1992. Data collected include socio-demographic variables; risk related variables; psychological variables; and clinical variable by periods of study. RESULTS. The most common AIDS defining conditions observed in patients were: Pneumocistis Cariini pneumonia (PCP), toxoplasmosis of brain (TP), and wasting syndrome (WS). Chronic conditions are more prevalent than AIDS-defining conditions in the cohort of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding the socio demographic, HIV risk behavior profile; and the immunological and clinical trends among HIV patients is critical for redesigning services and programs oriented in HIV patient care.

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The HIV epidemic is a significant global health care issue. With increasing knowledge and improved therapeutics the natural history of the infection has been modified. In this paper we aim to present the general socio-demographic profile and the clinical and therapeutic spectrum of patients with HIV infection who have visited the Bayamón Health Care facilities over the last 12 years and who are part of the Retrovirus Research Center (RRC). The objectives of the study are: 1) describe changes in the demographic, risk factors and clinical stage of patients with HIV infection initially seen in our center; 2) assess changing trends from the clinical and immunological perspective across time; 3) describe mortality risk of patients particularly after the introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART). This is a cross-sectional study of 3,569 patients admitted to the RRC at the Universidad Central del Caribe between years 1992 through 2005. The variables studied were demographic, risk factors exposure, HIV status at baseline, clinical and immunological parameters, ART and the mortality risk. Chi square with Cramer's coefficient, Kaplan Meier and Cox proportional hazard ratio analysis were performed. The study revealed that individuals presenting at our health care facilities are older and that the proportion of females has increased. The risk factor profile shows increase in heterosexual contact with the disease. The study found that patients treated with ART had significantly lower mortality risk than those without ART. Patients who arrive to RRC with AIDS and Intravenous Drug Users (IDU) had a higher mortality risk than participants with HIV. The analysis of the trends showed changes in the demographic and clinical profile of patients across the years. HIV/AIDS prevention programs and policies need to be continued in Puerto Rico in order to better control the spread of the epidemic.

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INTRODUCTION: As of May 2003, 17% of all reported AIDS cases in Puerto Rico had occurred among those 20-29 years of age. These individuals were likely initially infected with HIV in adolescence. The objectives of this study are to describe and compare the prevalence of the sociodemographic, risk-behavior, and substance-use profile among patients infected with HIV during their adolescence (early) and compare them with patients infected at an older age (non-early). METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study of 3151 HIV/AIDS patients admitted to the retrovirus research center of our institution between 1992 and 2002. The variables we studied include the presence or absence of early infection, sociodemographic variables, risk-behavior variables, and substance-use variables. An early-infected patient was defined as a patient with HIV/AIDS that reported his or her first positive HIV test result before the age of 21 years. Descriptive and differential analyses were performed. RESULTS: Five percent of our patients were early-infected (157/3151). A significantly higher proportion (P < or = .05) among the early-infected patients as compared to the older group was females, required inpatient hospital care at the time of study entry, and had less than a 12th-grade education. In the interview a significantly higher proportion had antisocial behavior, had been in prison at some point in their life, and had used crack-cocaine. CONCLUSIONS: The early HIV-infected patients showed a different sociodemographic, risk-behavior, and substance-use profile. Knowledge of the specific characteristics of early HIV-infected patients could be used to develop primary prevention programs directed toward reducing HIV infection among young Puerto Ricans.

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Introducción: las ideas que las personas tienen de la cirugía están impregnadas de fantasías con una excesiva carga de ansiedad que impiden un control emocional y recuperación adecuados. La hipótesis del presente trabajo es demostrar que la psicoprofilaxis quirúrgica permite poner en funcionamiento mecanismos defensivos que amortiguan el impacto que implica la cirugía. Objetivo: demostrar el beneficio de la psicoprofilaxis quirúrgica en niños de edad escolar enfrentados a una cirugía de coordinación. Material y métodos: se estudiaron 30 pacientes del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell (CHPR) con edades entre 5 y 12 años divididos en dos grupos de 15 niños: un grupo testigo, que recibió información básica, sin intervención psicológica; y un grupo muestra, que recibió información detallada, con intervención psicológica. El estudio comparativo entre ambos grupos se realizó a través de la valoración psicológica y de la variación de parámetros biológicos. Resultados y conclusiones: la psicoprofilaxis quirúrgica facilitó en este grupo de niños la creación de defensas eficaces permitiendo una conducta adaptativa con un monto de ansiedad que el Yo pudo controlar, disminuyendo el potencial efecto traumático de la vivencia, demostrando ser efectiva para disminuir el impacto psicobiológico y sus efectos deletéreos en la etapa de superación postoperatoria inmediata. (AU)

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Introducción: las ideas que las personas tienen de la cirugía están impregnadas de fantasías con una excesiva carga de ansiedad que impiden un control emocional y recuperación adecuados. La hipótesis del presente trabajo es demostrar que la psicoprofilaxis quirúrgica permite poner en funcionamiento mecanismos defensivos que amortiguan el impacto que implica la cirugía. Objetivo: demostrar el beneficio de la psicoprofilaxis quirúrgica en niños de edad escolar enfrentados a una cirugía de coordinación. Material y métodos: se estudiaron 30 pacientes del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell (CHPR) con edades entre 5 y 12 años divididos en dos grupos de 15 niños: un grupo testigo, que recibió información básica, sin intervención psicológica; y un grupo muestra, que recibió información detallada, con intervención psicológica. El estudio comparativo entre ambos grupos se realizó a través de la valoración psicológica y de la variación de parámetros biológicos. Resultados y conclusiones: la psicoprofilaxis quirúrgica facilitó en este grupo de niños la creación de defensas eficaces permitiendo una conducta adaptativa con un monto de ansiedad que el Yo pudo controlar, disminuyendo el potencial efecto traumático de la vivencia, demostrando ser efectiva para disminuir el impacto psicobiológico y sus efectos deletéreos en la etapa de superación postoperatoria inmediata.

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OBJECTIVES: To compare the occurrence of AIDS as well as the sociodemographic and clinical profiles of AIDS patients in Puerto Rico before and after the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and the privatization of the island's public health care system. METHODS: We compared the incident AIDS cases for two three-year periods, 1992-1994 and 1998-2000, in four populations: (1) entire United States, (2) Puerto Rico, (3) Bayamón Health Region (located in north-central Puerto Rico, it includes 11 of the island's 78 municipalities), and (4) an HIV cohort enrolled at the Universidad Central del Caribe (UCC) School of Medicine. The UCC is located in Bayamón, Puerto Rico, within an academic medical complex that houses the teaching hospital (Ramón Ruíz Arnaú University Hospital), the ambulatory health care facilities (Immunology Clinics) for patients with HIV, and administrative buildings. This represents the major government-sponsored health care infrastructure within the Bayamón Health Region. RESULTS: Incident AIDS declined substantially between the two periods in each of the four populations studied. The 48.1% decline in Puerto Rico exceeded the 40.9% decline in the United States. The decline in Puerto Rico likely resulted from increased availability and implementation of HAART and the delivery of health care to HIV/AIDS patients in an integrated fashion within each regional ambulatory clinic. In spite of this improvement, the absolute number of patients with AIDS on the island remains high. Substantial resources for treatment and prevention are required. The proportion of new AIDS cases was lower among women, persons 40 years of age or older, the less educated, and those living alone. Injection drug use remains the predominant mode of transmission in Puerto Rico. CONCLUSIONS: Further gains in Puerto Rico's fight against AIDS will depend on the island's ability to reduce the transmission that occurs through injection drug use; the use of HAART on a larger number of vulnerable patients, particularly intravenous drug users; educational interventions to improve medication compliance in certain risk groups; and specific measures aimed at decreasing the rate of injection drug use.

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Objetivos. Comparar la frecuencia de casos de sida, así como las características sociodemográficas y clínicas de los pacientes de sida en Puerto Rico, antes y después de la introducción de la terapia antirretrovírica de gran actividad (TARGA) y la privatización del sistema de salud de la isla. Métodos. Comparamos los nuevos casos de sida durante dos períodos de tres años, 1992­1994 y 1998­2000, en cuatro poblaciones: 1) todos los Estados Unidos, 2) Puerto Rico, 3) la Región de Salud de Bayamón (que se sitúa en la parte norte del centro de Puerto Rico y contiene 11 de las 78 municipalidades de la isla) y una cohorte de pacientes infectados por el VIH y atendidos en la Escuela de Medicina de la Universidad Central del Caribe (UCC). La UCC está en Bayamón, Puerto Rico, dentro de un complejo médico universitario donde se encuentran el hospital escuela (Hospital Universitario Ramón Ruíz Arnaú), las clínicas ambulatorias (Clínicas de Inmunología) para pacientes infectados por el VIH y los edificios administrativos. Todo ello en conjunto representa la principal infraestructura de atención sanitaria de carácter público en la Región de Salud de Bayamón. Resultados. La frecuencia de nuevos casos de sida se redujo notablemente entre los dos períodos en cada una de las cuatro poblaciones estudiadas. La reducción de 48,1% observada en Puerto Rico superó a la de 40,9% observada en los Estados Unidos en general. La reducción en Puerto Rico obedeció probablemente a la mayor disponibilidad y aplicación de la TARGA y a la provisión de atención sanitaria de manera integrada a pacientes de sida o con infección por el VIH en cada clínica ambulatoria regional. A pesar de estas mejoras, sin embargo, el número absoluto de pacientes de sida en la isla sigue siendo elevado. Hacen falta cuantiosos recursos para proporcionar tratamiento y aplicar medidas de prevención. La proporción de casos de sida nuevos fue menor entre las mujeres, las personas de 40 años de edad o mayores, las personas con menos escolaridad y las que vivían solas. El uso de drogas inyectadas sigue siendo la principal vía de transmisión en Puerto Rico. Conclusiones. En Puerto Rico, cualquier adelanto futuro en la lucha contra el sida dependerá de la capacidad de la isla para reducir la transmisión ocasionada por el uso de drogas inyectadas; de la administración de la TARGA a un gran número de pacientes vulnerables, especialmente a usuarios de drogas intravenosas; de intervenciones educativas para mejorar la observancia del tratamiento en ciertos grupos en riesgo; y de medidas orientadas a reducir la frecuencia del uso de drogas inyectadas

Objectives. To compare the occurrence of AIDS as well as the sociodemographic and clinical profiles of AIDS patients in Puerto Rico before and after the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and the privatization of the island's public health care system. Methods. We compared the incident AIDS cases for two three-year periods, 1992­1994 and 1998­2000, in four populations: (1) entire United States, (2) Puerto Rico, (3) Bayamón Health Region (located in north-central Puerto Rico, it includes 11 of the island's 78 municipalities), and (4) an HIV cohort enrolled at the Universidad Central del Caribe (UCC) School of Medicine. The UCC is located in Bayamón, Puerto Rico, within an academic medical complex that houses the teaching hospital (Ramón Ruíz Arnaú University Hospital), the ambulatory health care facilities (Immunology Clinics) for patients with HIV, and administrative buildings. This represents the major government-sponsored health care infrastructure within the Bayamón Health Region. Results. Incident AIDS declined substantially between the two periods in each of the four populations studied. The 48.1% decline in Puerto Rico exceeded the 40.9% decline in the United States. The decline in Puerto Rico likely resulted from increased availability and implementation of HAART and the delivery of health care to HIV/AIDS patients in an integrated fashion within each regional ambulatory clinic. In spite of this improvement, the absolute number of patients with AIDS on the island remains high. Substantial resources for treatment and prevention are required. The proportion of new AIDS cases was lower among women, persons 40 years of age or older, the less educated, and those living alone. Injection drug use remains the predominant mode of transmission in Puerto Rico. Conclusions. Further gains in Puerto Rico's fight against AIDS will depend on the island's ability to reduce the transmission that occurs through injection drug use; the use of HAART on a larger number of vulnerable patients, particularly intravenous drug users; educational interventions to improve medication compliance in certain risk groups; and specific measures aimed at decreasing the rate of injection drug use

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