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resumen Introducción: Se sabe que la falta de adherencia a los medicamentos psiquiátricos tiene consecuencias perjudiciales tanto para los pacientes como para la sociedad. Objetivo: Recopilar información sobre la incidencia de falta de adherencia, los factores y las causas que afectan a la adherencia al tratamiento psicofarmacológico de los pacientes con trastornos mentales graves y persistentes. Métodos: Revisión sistemática de artículos científicos en pacientes adultos (edad > 17 arios), publicados en los últimos 5 años (2015-2020) en bases de datos especializadas como Pub-Med, Scopus, Scielo y BioMed. Se incluyeron artículos de revistas indexadas con factor de impacto > 0,5 en inglés o español, originales, con diseño analítico, prospectivo, retrospectivo, transversal y aleatorizados. Una vez identificados los artículos, se procedió a su análisis, extrayendo la información necesaria para responder las preguntas de investigación. Resultados: Se incluyeron 15 artículos, el 40% (n = 6) publicados en 2020, el 20% (n = 3) realizados en China y el 53,3% (n = 8) de diseño observacional. Se incluyó una población total de 5.837 pacientes, varones el 50,6% (n = 2.955). Reportaron adherencia moderada 10 investigaciones (66,7%). La falta de adherencia varía desde el 7,7 al 60,6%. Los factores que afectan a la adherencia son propios del paciente (edad y sexo) o su red de apoyo familiar, relacionados con la enfermedad o el tratamiento. La principal causa de la falta de adherencia es la ausencia de insight. Conclusiones: La adherencia al tratamiento con psicofármacos es multifactorial. Se debería mejorar el acceso a los servicios de salud mental, poner énfasis en la formación del paciente y aportar mayor conocimiento de la enfermedad mental; la formación y la interacción con el psiquiatra podrían ser intervenciones beneficiosas.

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abstract Introduction: It is known that non-adherence to psychiatric medications has harmful consequences for both patients and society. Objective: To collect information on the incidence of non-adherence, and the factors and causes affecting adherence to psychopharmacological treatment in patients with severe and persistent mental disorders. Methods: A systematic review of scientific articles on adult patients (>17 years) published in the last five years (2015-2020) on specialized databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Scielo and BioMed. Original articles from indexed journals with an impact factor>0.5, in English or Spanish, with an analytical, prospective, retrospective, cross-sectional and randomized design were included. Once the articles were identified, they were analyzed, extracting the information necessary to answer the research questions. Results: Fifteen articles were included. Of these, 40% (n = 6) were published in 2020, 20% (n = 3) were produced in China and 53.3% (n = 8) had an observational design. A total of 5,837 patients were included, of which 50.6% were men (n = 2,955), with moderate adherence (n = 10; 66.7%) reported in 10 investigations. Non-adherence varies from 7.7% to 60.6%. The factors that affect adherence are specific to the patient (age and sex), their family support network, and related to the disease or the treatment. The main cause of non-adherence is lack of insight. Conclusions: Adherence to treatment with psychotropic drugs is multifactorial. Access to mental health services should be improved, with an emphasis placed on patient education and providing greater knowledge of mental illness. Interventions to promote education and interaction with the psychiatrist could be beneficial.

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INTRODUCTION: Since the emergence of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), the world has faced a pandemic with consequences at all levels. In many countries, the health systems collapsed and healthcare professionals had to be on the front line of this crisis. The adverse effects on the mental health of healthcare professionals have been widely reported. This research focuses on identifying the main factors associated with adverse psychological outcomes. METHODS: Descriptive, cross-sectional study based on surveys, applying the PHQ-9, GAD-7, ISI and EIE-R tests to healthcare professionals from Ecuador during the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS: 1,028 participants, distributed in: 557 physicians (54.18%), 349 nurses (33.94%), 29 laboratory workers (2.82%), 27 paramedics (2.62%), 52 psychologists (5.05%) and 14 respiratory therapists (1.36%), from 16 of the 24 provinces of Ecuador. Of these, 27.3% presented symptoms of depression, 39.2% anxiety symptoms, 16.3% insomnia and 43.8% symptoms of PTSD, with the 4 types of symptoms ranging from moderate to severe. The most relevant associated factors were: working in Guayas (the most affected province) (OR = 2.18 for depressive symptoms and OR = 2.59 for PTSD symptoms); being a postgraduate doctor (OR = 1.52 for depressive symptoms and OR = 1.57 for insomnia), perception of not having the proper protective equipment (OR = 1.71 for symptoms of depression and OR = 1.57 for symptoms of anxiety) and being a woman (OR = 1.39 for anxiety). CONCLUSIONS: Healthcare professionals can suffer a significant mental condition that may require psychiatric and psychological intervention. The main associated factors are primarily related to living and working in cities with a higher number of cases and the characteristics of the job, such as being a postgraduate doctor, as well as the perception of security. The main risk factors are primarily related to geographical distribution and job characteristics, such as being a resident physician and self-perception of safety. Further studies are required as the pandemic evolves.

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Since the emergence of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), the world has faced a pandemic with consequences at all levels. In many countries, the health systems collapsed and healthcare professionals had to be on the front line of this crisis. The adverse effects on the mental health of healthcare professionals have been widely reported. This research focuses on identifying the main factors associated with adverse psychological outcomes. METHODS: Descriptive, cross-sectional study based on surveys, applying the PHQ-9, GAD-7, ISI and EIE-R tests to healthcare professionals from Ecuador during the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS: 1028 participants, distributed in: 557 physicians (54.18%), 349 nurses (33.94%), 29 laboratory workers (2.82%), 27 paramedics (2.62%), 52 psychologists (5.05%) and 14 respiratory therapists (1.36%), from 16 of the 24 provinces of Ecuador. Of these, 27.3% presented symptoms of depression, 39.2% anxiety symptoms, 16.3% insomnia and 43.8% symptoms of PTSD, with the 4 types of symptoms ranging from moderate to severe. The most relevant associated factors were: working in Guayas (the most affected province) (OR = 2.18 for depressive symptoms and OR = 2.59 for PTSD symptoms); being a postgraduate doctor (OR = 1.52 for depressive symptoms and OR = 1.57 for insomnia), perception of not having the proper protective equipment (OR = 1.71 for symptoms of depression and OR = 1.57 for symptoms of anxiety) and being a woman (OR = 1.39 for anxiety). CONCLUSIONS: Healthcare professionals can suffer a significant mental condition that may require psychiatric and psychological intervention. The main associated factors are primarily related to living and working in cities with a higher number of cases and the characteristics of the job, such as being a postgraduate doctor, as well as the perception of security. The main risk factors are primarily related to geographical distribution and job characteristics, such as being a resident physician and self-perception of safety. Further studies are required as the pandemic evolves.

Assuntos

COVID-19/psicologia , Pessoal de Saúde/psicologia , Transtornos Mentais/etiologia , Doenças Profissionais/etiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Estudos Transversais , Equador/epidemiologia , Feminino , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Transtornos Mentais/diagnóstico , Transtornos Mentais/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doenças Profissionais/diagnóstico , Doenças Profissionais/epidemiologia , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , Testes Psicológicos , Fatores de Risco , Adulto Jovem

RESUMO

RESUMEN Introducción: Desde la aparición de la enfermedad por el nuevo coronavirus de 2019 (COVID-19), el mundo se enfrentó a una pandemia con consecuencias a todo nivel. En muchos países los sistemas de salud se han visto colapsados y el personal de salud ha tenido que enfrentarse a esta crisis en primera línea. Los efectos adversos sobre la salud mental del personal sanitario han sido ampliamente reportados. La presente investigación se enfoca en identificar los principales factores asociados con efectos adversos psicológicos. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, basado en encuestas, aplicando los test PHQ-9, GAD-7, ISI y EIE-R a personal de salud de Ecuador durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Resultados: Participaron 1.028 personas, distribuidas en: 557 médicos (54,18%), 349 enfermeras (33,94%), 29 laboratoristas (2,82%), 27 paramédicos (2,62%), 52 psicólogos (5,05%) y 14 terapeutas respiratorios (1,36%), de 16 de las 24 provincias de Ecuador. El 27,3% tenía síntomas de depresión; el 39,2%, síntomas de ansiedad; el 16,3%, insomnio y el 43,8%, síntomas de TEPT; los 4 tipos de síntomas iban de moderados a graves. Los factores asociados más relevantes fueron: trabajar en Guayas (la provincia más afectada) (OR = 2,18 para síntomas depresivos y OR = 2,59 para síntomas de TEPT); ser médico posgradista (OR = 1,52 para síntomas depresivos y OR = 1,57 para insomnio), percepción de no contar con el equipo de protección adecuado (OR = 1,71 para síntomas de depresión y OR = 1,57 para síntomas de ansiedad) y ser mujer (OR = 1,39 para ansiedad). Conclusiones: El personal de salud puede tener una afección mental importante que puede requerir intervención médica psiquiátrica y psicológica. Los principales factores asociados se relacionan sobre todo con vivir y trabajar en ciudades con mayor número de casos y las características del trabajo, como ser médico posgradista, así como la percepción propia de seguridad. Se requiere realizar más estudios según evolucione la pandemia.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: Since the emergence of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), the world has faced a pandemic with consequences at all levels. In many countries, the health systems collapsed and healthcare professionals had to be on the front line of this crisis. The adverse effects on the mental health of healthcare professionals have been widely reported. This research focuses on identifying the main factors associated with adverse psychological outcomes. Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study based on surveys, applying the PHQ-9, GAD-7, ISI and EIE-R tests to healthcare professionals from Ecuador during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results:1,028 participants, distributed in: 557 physicians (54.18%), 349 nurses (33.94%), 29 laboratory workers (2.82%), 27 paramedics (2.62%), 52 psychologists (5.05%) and 14 respiratory therapists (1.36%), from 16 of the 24 provinces of Ecuador. Of these, 27.3% presented symptoms of depression, 39.2% anxiety symptoms, 16.3% insomnia and 43.8% symptoms of PTSD, with the 4 types of symptoms ranging from moderate to severe. The most relevant associated factors were: working in Guayas (the most affected province) (OR = 2.18 for depressive symptoms and OR = 2.59 for PTSD symptoms); being a postgraduate doctor (OR = 1.52 for depressive symptoms and OR = 1.57 for insomnia), perception of not having the proper protective equipment (OR = 1.71 for symptoms of depression and OR = 1.57 for symptoms of anxiety) and being a woman (OR = 1.39 for anxiety). Conclusions: Healthcare professionals can suffer a significant mental condition that may require psychiatric and psychological intervention. The main associated factors are primarily related to living and working in cities with a higher number of cases and the characteristics of the job, such as being a postgraduate doctor, as well as the perception of security. The main risk factors are primarily related to geographical distribution and job characteristics, such as being a resident physician and self-perception of safety. Further studies are required as the pandemic evolves.

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Although the functional and clinical alterations occurring in patients with obstructive uropathy are not well understood, it has been suggested that oxidative stress could contribute in the mechanism responsible for the impairment of sodium and water balance. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that red wine administration causes an amelioration of both the renal damage and impairment of renal Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity occurring after ureteral obstruction in the rat. Twenty-four male Wistar adult rats weighting 200-250 g were used. Half of them received a 10-week treatment with wine as the sole fluid source, while the other group received water. Both groups were subjected to 24-h unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Kidney tissue was collected following the relief of the ligature to perform the biochemical assessments. Urine and blood samples were taken at baseline and after the relief. Results show that the treatment with red wine significantly enhances the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and thus reduces renal lipid peroxidation secondary to UUO, which correlated negatively with Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity. Based on this and other previous data, it could be suggested that red wine administration may prevent renal damage secondary to UUO by inducing enhanced antioxidant potential.

Assuntos

Obstrução Ureteral/fisiopatologia , Animais , Antioxidantes/administração & dosagem , Catalase/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Glutationa Peroxidase/metabolismo , Humanos , Rim/lesões , Rim/metabolismo , Cálculos Renais/complicações , Peroxidação de Lipídeos , Masculino , Estresse Oxidativo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , ATPase Trocadora de Sódio-Potássio/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo , Obstrução Ureteral/etiologia , Obstrução Ureteral/terapia , Vinho

RESUMO

Se realizó un estudio epidemiológico en el Distrito Sanitario Juan Griego a fin de caracterizar las ETA. Este estudio arrojó que el mayor número de casos de intoxicación por alimentos provenían del Barrio "Tari-Tari" y especialmente los menores de 5 años (57%) eran quienes se enfermaban y de ellos el 40% eran menores de un (1) año. Las condiciones higiénico-sanitarias del Distrito no son las más adecuadas ya que presentan graves fallas en los servicios básicos (agua, basura, eliminación de excretas. etc.); además, en los últimos años han venido creciendo barrios marginales que agravan la situación del Distrito, tal es el caso del Barrio "Francisco Adrián", ubicado cerca de uno de los basureros. Esto motivó la aplicación de la metodología de Análisis de Riesgos y Puntos Críticos de Control en los barrios mencionados. El trabajo fue dirigido a la aplicación del RPCC en la preparación de fórmulas lácteas para los menores de un (1) año. Se estudiaron 18 familias (9 en cada barrio) en las cuales había 20 niños menores de un (1) año. En muestreo se llevó acabo durante 7 semanas. Se realizaron análisis de Laboratorio para la determinación de salmollas, Staphylococcus aureus, coliformes totales y fecales en materia prima, alimentos y equipos usados durante la preparación de los teteros; así como también medición de la temperatura ambiente, de neveras y de la mezcla de harina para la preparación de teteros. Los resultados indicaron que en las materias primas empleadas (leche, harina, cereal) no se detectó salmonella; en las muestras de teteros hervidos, ,manos, pezones, agua, se identificaron Staphylococcus aureus y cifras elevadas de NMP Coliformes totales y fecales. Estos resultados microbiológicos en general indican deficiente higiene sanitaria de los habitantes fallas en la manipulación y conservación de los teteros, situación favorecida por la presencia de altas temperaturas ambientales y deficiente refrigeración que permite el crecimiento de los microorganismos

Assuntos

Lactente , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Substitutos do Leite Humano , Risco , Intoxicação Alimentar por Salmonella