RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Allergic respiratory diseases such as asthma and allergic rhinitis have increased considerably in the last decades. OBJECTIVE: The present study estimates prevalence trends of asthma, allergic rhinitis and pollinosis in the population of a city of Southern Brazil, without restriction of age, from 2011 to 2018, using the ISAAC standardized questionnaire. METHODS: Data was collected from March to June of 2011 and during the same months in 2018, in order to verify trends in the prevalence of these allergic conditions. The total sample consisted of 3132 individuals of both sexes living in the municipality of Santo Ângelo, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. RESULTS: No differences were observed in the prevalence of asthma diagnosis (15.1% in 2011 and 13.8% in 2018), however the prevalence of current wheeze was significantly reduced from 24.7% in 2011 to 21.2% in 2018 (p<0.05). Regarding allergic conditions in 2011 and in 2018, a significant reduction was observed (p<0.001) in reported current rhinitis (63.3% vs. 50.5%), rhinoconjunctivitis (48.9% vs. 38.8%), hay fever (52.0% vs. 43.3%), and pollinosis (29.0% vs 17.0%). Moreover, we observed an inverse relation between age and rhinoconjunctivitis and hay fever, and all symptoms were more frequent in females. Rhinoconjunctivitis and hay fever, as well as current rhinitis and pollinosis were highly prevalent among 30-39 years-old individuals, whereas current wheeze affected mainly the age group 10-19 years-old. CONCLUSION: While the prevalence of asthma remained similar after seven years, allergic rhinitis and pollinosis declined between 2011 and 2018.
Assuntos
Asma/epidemiologia , Conjuntivite Alérgica/epidemiologia , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Monitoramento Ambiental/estatística & dados numéricos , Rinite Alérgica Sazonal/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Alérgenos/efeitos adversos , Alérgenos/imunologia , Asma/imunologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Criança , Cidades/estatística & dados numéricos , Conjuntivite Alérgica/imunologia , Estudos Transversais , Exposição Ambiental/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Prevalência , Rinite Alérgica Sazonal/imunologia , Fatores de Risco , Autorrelato/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
During the 2009 influenza A pH1N1 pandemics in Brazil, the state that was most affected was Rio Grande do Sul (RS), with over 3,000 confirmed cases, including 298 deaths. While no cases were confirmed in 2010, 103 infections with 14 deaths by pH1N1 were reported in 2011. Genomic analysis of the circulating viruses is fundamental for understanding viral evolution and supporting vaccine development against these pathogens. This study investigated whole genomes of six pH1N1 virus isolates from pandemic and post-pandemic periods in RS, Brazil. Phylogenetic analysis using the concatenated genome segments demonstrated that at least two lineages of the virus co-circulated in RS during the 2009 pandemic period. Moreover, our analysis showed that the post-pandemic pH1N1 virus from 2011 constitutes a distinct clade whose ancestor belongs to clade 7. All six isolates contained amino acid substitutions in their proteins when compared to the archetype strains California/04/2009 and California/07/2009. The 2011 isolates contained more amino acid substitutions, and most of their genes were under purifying selection. Based on the amino acid substitutions in HA epitopes from strains isolated in RS, Brazil, in silico analysis predicted a decrease in vaccine efficacy against post-pandemic strains (median 31.562 %) in relation to pandemic ones (median 39.735 %).
Assuntos
Genoma Viral , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/genética , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/isolamento & purificação , Influenza Humana/virologia , Substituição de Aminoácidos , Brasil , Análise por Conglomerados , Genótipo , Glicoproteínas de Hemaglutininação de Vírus da Influenza/genética , Glicoproteínas de Hemaglutininação de Vírus da Influenza/imunologia , Humanos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/imunologia , Vacinas contra Influenza/imunologia , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Mutação de Sentido Incorreto , Filogenia , RNA Viral/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
The control of viral infections, mainly those caused by influenza viruses, is of great interest in Public Health. Several studies have shown the presence of active properties in the hemolymph of arthropods, some of which are of interest for the development of new pharmacological drugs. Recently, we have demonstrated the existence of a potent antiviral property in the hemolymph of Lonomia obliqua caterpillars. The aim of this study was to produce an antiviral protein in a baculovirus/Sf9 cell system. The resulting bacmid contains the sequence coding for the antiviral protein previously described by our group. Total RNA from L. obliqua caterpillars was extracted with Trizol and used in the reverse transcription assay with oligo(d)T primer followed by polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR) with specific primers for the cDNA coding for the antiviral protein, based on the sequence deposited in the GenBank database. Restriction sites were inserted in the cDNA for ligation in the donor plasmid pFastBac1™. The recombinant plasmid was selected in Escherichia coli DH5α and subsequently used in the transformation of E. coli DH10Bac for the construction of the recombinant bacmid. This bacmid was used for the expression of the antiviral protein in the baculovirus/Sf9 cell system. After identifying the protein by western blot, activity tests were performed, showing that the purified recombinant protein was able to significantly reduce viral replication (about 4 logs). Studies on the optimization of the expression system for the production of this antiviral protein in insect cells are in progress.
Assuntos
Antivirais/farmacologia , Produtos Biológicos/farmacologia , Hemolinfa/química , Hemolinfa/imunologia , Proteínas de Insetos/biossíntese , Proteínas de Insetos/farmacologia , Lepidópteros/imunologia , Animais , Antivirais/isolamento & purificação , Baculoviridae/genética , Produtos Biológicos/isolamento & purificação , Linhagem Celular , Clonagem Molecular , Escherichia coli/genética , Expressão Gênica , Vetores Genéticos , Proteínas de Insetos/genética , Lepidópteros/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/farmacologiaRESUMO
Chronic heart failure (CHF) is characterized by left ventricular dysfunction, resulting in hemodynamic changes, sustained inflammatory state, as well as increase in oxidative stress. Physical exercise has been described as an important nonpharmacological procedure in the treatment of CHF, contributing to the improvement of the clinical outcomes in this disease. This study evaluated the effects of physical training on hemodynamics, muscle lipid peroxidation, and plasmatic levels of IL-10 in CHF rats. The left coronary artery was ligated to induce CHF, or sham operation was performed in control groups. Rats were assigned to one of four groups: trained CHF (T-CHF, n = 10), sedentary CHF (S-CHF, n = 10), trained sham (T-Sham, n = 10), or sedentary sham (S-Sham, n = 10). Trained animals had carried out a swimming protocol, 60 min/day, 5 days/wk, during 8 wk, whereas sedentary animals remained without training. Eight weeks of physical training promoted an improvement of diastolic function represented by a reduction of the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure in the T-CHF group compared with the S-CHF group (P < 0.05). Lipid peroxidation evaluated in gastrocnemius muscle using thiobarbituric acid reactive substance assay was higher in the S-CHF group compared with all other groups (P < 0.05). However, there were no differences between T-CHF compared with S-Sham and T-Sham groups. The plasmatic levels of IL-10 were lower in the S-CHF group compared with all other groups (P < 0.05). These findings demonstrate that regular physical training using a swimming protocol, with duration of 8 wk, improves the cardiac function and the anti-inflammatory response and reduces muscle cellular damage.
Assuntos
Terapia por Exercício , Insuficiência Cardíaca/terapia , Interleucina-10/sangue , Peroxidação de Lipídeos , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Infarto do Miocárdio/complicações , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda/terapia , Pressão Ventricular , Animais , Doença Crônica , Diástole , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Insuficiência Cardíaca/etiologia , Insuficiência Cardíaca/metabolismo , Insuficiência Cardíaca/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Infarto do Miocárdio/metabolismo , Infarto do Miocárdio/fisiopatologia , Infarto do Miocárdio/terapia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Natação , Substâncias Reativas com Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/metabolismo , Fatores de Tempo , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda/etiologia , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda/metabolismo , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
The number of accidents caused by injection of the venom of Lonomia obliqua caterpillars in Southern Brazil has increased in the last years. Even though this kind of envenomation has an important social and medical impact, nothing is known about the cellular structures responsible for the production and secretion of this venom. Here we identify and analyse morphological structures possibly responsible for the production and secretion of the active principles of the venom, as well as the histological relationship of these structures with the urticating spines of L. obliqua. Detailed microscopic observations showed that: (a) L. obliqua has a complex tegument, with several cuticular specializations, (b) there are no pores along the tegument neither in the spines and (c) the spines bear a hollow canal--where the venom is deposited--and an area that can be easily broken when touched, releasing the venom. Histological and histochemical techniques revealed that: (a) there is no single gland cell that produces the venom, (b) a secretory epithelium, composed of cells containing vesicles that increase in size and number as they reach the apical region, underlies the tegument and the spines and is responsible for secretion of the venomous substances and (c) the venom is deposited in the subcuticular space and at the tips of the spines.