RESUMO
World trade has facilitated the spread of non-native pest species, presenting new challenges for food production. In the Global South, linking worker social protection programs with invasive pest management can, at the same time, contribute to food security and empower workers. The spotted wing Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) (SWD) recent invasion in the Global South case study illustrates how science-based policies integrated with agricultural worker-based social organizations can contribute toward economic and environmental sustainability.
Assuntos
Drosophila , Controle de Pragas , Animais , Agricultura , Espécies Introduzidas , Segurança AlimentarRESUMO
The ecotoxic effect of Zn species arising from the weathering of the marmatite-like sphalerite ((Fe, Zn)S) in Allium cepa systems was herein evaluated in calcareous soils and connected with its sulfide oxidation mechanism to determine the chemical speciation responsible of this outcome. Mineralogical analyses (X-ray diffraction patterns, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy), chemical study of leachates (total Fe, Zn, Cd, oxidation-reduction potential, pH, sulfates and total alkalinity) and electrochemical assessments (chronoamperometry, chronopotentiometry, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) were carried out using (Fe, Zn)S samples to elucidate interfacial mechanisms simulating calcareous soil conditions. Results indicate the formation of polysulfides (Sn2-), elemental sulfur (S0), siderite (FeCO3)-like, hematite (Fe2O3)-like with sorbed CO32- species, gunningite (ZnSO4·H2O)-like phase and smithsonite (ZnCO3)-like compounds in altered surface under calcareous conditions. However, the generation of gunningite (ZnSO4·H2O)-like phase was predominant bulk-solution system. Quantification of damage rates ranges from 75 to 90% of bulb cells under non-carbonated conditions after 15-30 days, while 50-75% of damage level is determined under neutral-alkaline carbonated conditions. Damage ratios are 70.08 and 30.26 at the highest level, respectively. These findings revealed lower ecotoxic damage due to ZnCO3-like precipitation, indicating the effect of carbonates on Zn compounds during vegetable up-taking (exposure). Other environmental suggestions of the (Fe, Zn)S weathering and ecotoxic effects under calcareous soil conditions are discussed.
Assuntos
Cebolas , Poluentes do Solo , Compostos de Zinco , Solo/química , Sulfetos/química , Tempo (Meteorologia) , Poluentes do Solo/análiseRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Sirex noctilio is an invasive forest wasp that affects pines and can result in severe economic losses. The use of semiochemicals offers an opportunity to develop sensitive and specific capturing systems to mitigatenegative impacts. Previous research showed that female S. noctilio would use volatiles emitted by its fungal symbiont, Amylostereum areolatum, but little is known about how these modulate behaviour when combined with pine-wood emissions. Our aim was to understand the relevance of fungal volatiles grown on artificial media and wood from two hosts trees, Pinus contorta and Pinus ponderosa, on behavioural and electroantennographic responses of wasp females. Because background odours can modify an insect's response towards resource-indicating semiochemicals, we propose that the behaviour towards the symbiont (resource) will be modulated by host pine emissions (background odours). RESULTS: Olfactometric assays showed that both host species with fungus were attractive when contrasted against air (P. contorta versus Air, χ2 = 12.19, P < 0.001; P. ponderosa versus Air, χ2 = 20.60, P < 0.001) and suggest a clear hierarchy in terms of female preferences towards the tested stimuli, with response highest towards the fungus grown on P. contorta (olfactory preference index: 5.5). Electrophysiological analyses indicate that females detect 62 volatile compounds from the tested sources. CONCLUSION: Results indicate a strong synergy between symbiont and host semiochemicals, suggesting that the pine species could play a fundamental role in the interaction. Further understanding of the chemical basis of this, could guide the development of specific and attractive lures, in order to maximize attraction of wasps in surveillance programmes. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Assuntos
Pinus , Vespas , Animais , Feminino , Árvores , Oviposição , Sinais (Psicologia) , Simbiose , Vespas/fisiologiaRESUMO
The transition from the conventional global agriculture to an agroecological model poses a teaching and learning challenge to facilitate the wide variety of practices and the many biological processes involved. Games, such as board games, video-games, or mobile apps, are elements that may be used for teaching agroecology, environmental education, or animal conservation. Here, we present a video-game designed to contribute to integrated pest management education. The Spotted-Stop-It video-game is a single-player game which encourages participation, disseminates knowledge on the pest problem and its potential solutions (i.e., harvest frequency, sanitation, and management of alternative non-crop plants), and highlights the importance of good practices from an agroecological perspective at the farmer scale. In a farm-tech regional fair, we presented the game to its users and performed a simple retrospective survey. The survey results showed that most participants did not know about the fly prior to playing the game (34 ind., 68%), but were able to recognize the species among other flies after playing (23 ind., ~ 65%). Also, 21 individuals correctly responded about the effects of this pest on soft-skin fruits ("the fly lays eggs inside the fruit"). The training of future generations on new insect invasions and IPM practices with elements of their own environment may prove to be important to transmit concepts and practices at the service of sustainable crop protection.
Assuntos
Drosophila , Jogos de Vídeo , Animais , Frutas , Controle de Insetos/métodos , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
To ensure a reliable verification of a radiation detector, the right parameters for this response verification must be determined and a specific characterization on the detectors of interest must be performed. These were the main pillars of this study, where four Geiger-Müller at the University of Costa Rica's Cyclotron Facilities' main laboratories were studied and characterized using a 137Cs source. First, a verification of the inverse-square law was performed to corroborate the correct measurement by the detectors as the distance from a 137Cs source to the detectors was varied using a new design for a positioner support to ensure repeatability. This verification yielded a potential fit curve with and equation D=670635 x-1.961 (error percentage of 1.95%) and an R2 value of 0.9836. Then, using combinations of copper plates of widths 1.0 mm and 2.0 mm as attenuators between the source and the detectors, the mass attenuation coefficient for copper was obtained only as a reference value for future calibrations of the detectors. The result for this value was 0.040 cm2 /g. The results obtained in this study and the method developed to achieve these results will serve as a base for calibrations of the detectors at these facilities, which will ensure the safety of the patients and personnel in this building.
Para asegurar respuesta correcta de un detector de radiación, se deben determinar los parámetros correctos para esta verificación y debe realizarse una caracterización específica de los detectores de interés. Estos fueron los pilares principales de este estudio, donde se estudiaron y caracterizaron 4 detectores Geiger-Müller en los laboratorios principales del Ciclotrón de la Universidad de Costa Rica utilizando una fuente radiactiva de 137Cs. Primero, se realizó una verificación de la ley del inverso-cuadrado para corroborar la medición correcta de los detectores según se varía la distancia entre la fuente de 137Cs al detector utilizando un diseño nuevo de un soporte posicionador para la fuente que asegura la repetibilidad entre experimentos. Esta verificación resultó en una curva de ajuste potencial de ecuación D=670635x-1,961 (porcentaje de error de 1,95%) y un valor de R2 de 0,9836. Luego, utilizando combinaciones de placas de cobre de espesores 1,0 mm y 2,0 mm como atenuadores entre la fuente y los detectores, se obtuvo el coeficiente de atenuación másico para el cobre como un valor de referencia para futuras calibraciones de los detectores. Este resultado fue de 0,040 cm2/g. Los resultados obtenidos en esta investigación y el método desarrollado para lograr estos resultados servirán como una base para una futura confirmación metrológica calibraciones de los detectores en estos laboratorios, lo cual colaborará con la seguridad y protección radiológica de pacientes y trabajadores en este edificio.
Assuntos
Monitoramento de Radiação/instrumentação , Monitoramento de Radiação/métodos , Radiometria/instrumentação , Radiometria/métodos , Universidades , Calibragem , Radioisótopos de Césio , Ciclotrons , Exposição à Radiação/análise , Exposição à Radiação/prevenção & controle , Costa RicaRESUMO
This study identified and determined organochloride pesticide (OCs) concentrations in hair samples from children at two elementary schools: one exposed to fumigations in agricultural fields, the other unexposed. Three concentrations of OCs levels in the hair were compared (high, medium, low), and total nuclear abnormalities in buccal cells were determined: micronuclei (MNi), condensed chromatin, karyorrhexis, pyknosis, binucleate cells, karyolysis, lobed nuclei, and apoptosis. No significant differences were found for the presence of MNi between the schoolchildren from the exposed and unexposed schools, but the prevalence of OCs in both schools was over 50%, as well as the frequencies of MNi in the children were over 58%. Findings show a significant difference between the frequency of MNi in the total sample of schoolchildren (exposed school + unexposed school) in relation to the concentration of OCs detected in their hair. The children from exposed school that showed the higher concentrations of OCs in hair had higher levels of genotoxic damage in the buccal cells; compared against children with lower concentrations of OCs. The most frequent nuclear abnormalities in the exposed children were lobed nuclei (79.4%), binucleate cells (66.66%), apoptosis (65.07), and MNi (58.7%). We determined the prevalence ratio (PR) and prevalence odds ratio (POR) for the presence of MNi in buccal cells in relation to the OCs concentrations in the hair samples. Both ratios were high for MNi [PR 3.93, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.97-7.84, p = 0.0003; and POR 7.97, 95% CI 2.62-24.28, p = 0.0003], indicating a 7.97 times greater risk that the exposed children will present > 0.2% of MNi when OCs concentrations exceed 0.447 µg/g. These indicators may be useful biomarkers of genotoxic damage in children exposed to persistent, highly-toxic compounds. Results suggest the potential risk to which those schoolchildren are exposed on a daily basis due to fumigations in nearby agricultural fields.
Assuntos
Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/toxicidade , Micronúcleos com Defeito Cromossômico/estatística & dados numéricos , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Morte Celular , Núcleo Celular , Criança , Cromatografia Gasosa/métodos , Dano ao DNA , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Exposição Ambiental/análise , Feminino , Cabelo/química , Cabelo/metabolismo , Humanos , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/efeitos adversos , Masculino , Testes para Micronúcleos/métodos , Mucosa Bucal/química , Mucosa Bucal/metabolismo , Praguicidas/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Background: The human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most frequent etiological agent driving development of cervical cancer (CC); therefore typing and classifying the status of these infections are of great importance for treatment. The frequency of the various HPV types may change in relation to low-grade lesions and have the potential to cause more severe lesions. Objective: The purpose of this study was the identification and typing of HPV in a rural population in Mexico. Methods: Detection and typing were determined by PCR-RFLPs and confirmed by viral DNA sequencing. Results: HPV was detected in 17.28% of the samples, this was 3.58% higher than had been determined in a rural population in Central Mexico. Viral types 16, 18 and 52 were found most frequently. Analysis of all HPV-positive samples revealed that 14.3% had a single infection; 57.1% had a double infection; and 28.6% had a triple infection. Thus, 85.7% of positive cases presented with multiple infections with HPV16 being the most prevalent. Only the lifetime number of sexual partners was found to have an association with the colposcopic diagnoses (OR = 7.08; 95% CI: 1.68-29.8; p > 0.008). Conclusion: A higher frequency of multiple HPV infections was found among our test population compared to other rural populations in Durango and Central Mexico. HPV type 16 was the most frequent infection.
Assuntos
Papillomaviridae/genética , Infecções por Papillomavirus/diagnóstico , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/diagnóstico , Adulto , Alphapapillomavirus/genética , Alphapapillomavirus/patogenicidade , DNA Viral/genética , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infecções por Papillomavirus/metabolismo , População Rural , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/genéticaRESUMO
Introducción: El edentulismo parcial es una condición final a la presencia de caries dental relacionado con diversos factores sociales, demográficos y culturales. Actualmente, existen escasos estudios que valoren el estado de edentulismo parcial y su asociación con el nivel socioeconómico-cultural. Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia del tipo de edentulismo parcial bimaxilar según la Clase de Kennedy y su posible asociación con el nivel socioeconómico-cultural en los pacientes de la clínica de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos del año 2016. Material y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, observacional y transversal. La muestra estuvo conformada por 100 pacientes adultos edéntulos parciales seleccionados aleatoriamente que fueron evaluados mediante una encuesta y un examen clínico oral. La encuesta estuvo conformada por los datos sobre el nivel socioeconómico-cultural. El examen clínico se evaluó con un odontograma para determinar el tipo de edentulismo según la clasificación de Kennedy. Resultados: El tipo de edentulismo parcial más frecuente fue la Clase III de Kennedy en la arcada maxilar (50 por ciento) y en la mandibular (49 por ciento), los portadores pertenecían en gran medida al nivel socioeconómico-cultural medio (83 por ciento). No se evidenció una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre el nivel socioeconómico-cultural y el tipo de edentulismo parcial según la Clase de Kennedy en ambas arcadas dentarias. Conclusiones: En la población estudiada existe una mayor frecuencia de edentulismo parcial bimaxilar Clase III de Kennedy y una preponderancia del nivel socioeconómico-cultural medio. Sin embargo, no existe asociación entre el tipo de edentulismo parcial según la Clase de Kennedy y el nivel socioeconómico-cultural(AU)
Introduction: Partial edentulism is a final condition to the presence of dental caries related to various social, demographic and cultural factors. Currently, there are few studies that assess the state of partial edentulism and its association with the socioeconomic cultural level. Objective: To determine the frequency of the type of bimaxillary partial edentulism according to Kennedy´s Class and its possible association with the socioeconomic cultural level in patients treated in the clinic of the Faculty of Dentistry of the National University of San Marcos in 2016. Material and methods: A descriptive, observational and cross-sectional study was conducted. The sample consisted of 100 randomly selected partial edentulous adult patients who were evaluated by means of a survey and an oral clinical examination. The survey was made up of the data that relate socioeconomic cultural level. The clinical examination was evaluated with an odontogram to determine the type of edentulism according to Kennedy´s classification. Results: The most frequent type of partial edentulism was Kennedy's Class III in the maxillary arch (50 percent) and in the mandible (49 percent), which was mainly present in patients that belonged to the average socioeconomic cultural level (83 percent). There was no statistically significant association between the socioeconomic cultural level and the type of partial edentulism according to Kennedy´s Class in both dental arches. Conclusions: In the studied population, there is a greater frequency of partial bimaxilar edentulism according to Kennedy's Class III and a preponderance of the socioeconomic cultural level. However, there is no association between the type of partial edentulism according to Kennedy´s Class and the socioeconomic cultural level(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Arcada Parcialmente Edêntula/etiologia , Arcada Parcialmente Edêntula/psicologia , Arcada Parcialmente Edêntula/epidemiologia , Classe Social , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estudos Transversais , Estudo ObservacionalRESUMO
Temperature is recognized as the most influential abiotic factor on the distribution and dispersion of most insect species including Rhodnius prolixus (Stål, 1859) and Triatoma infestans (Klug, 1834), the two most important Chagas disease vectors. Although, these species thermotolerance range is well known their plasticity has never been addressed in these or any other triatomines. Herein, we investigate the effects of acclimation on thermotolerance range and resistance to stressful low temperatures by assessing thermal critical limits and 'chill-coma recovery time' (CCRT), respectively. We found positive effects of acclimation on thermotolerance range, especially on the thermal critical minimum of both species. In contrast, CCRT did not respond to acclimation in either. Our results reveal the plasticity of these Triatomines thermal tolerance in response to a wide range of acclimation temperatures. This presumably represents a physiological adaptation to daily or seasonal temperature variation with concomitant improvement in dispersion potential.
Assuntos
Rhodnius/fisiologia , Termotolerância , Triatoma/fisiologia , Animais , Mudança ClimáticaRESUMO
El virus de inmunodeficiencia humana, conocido por su impacto en el sistema inmunológico, ocasionamanifestacionesneurológicas progresivas con afectación cognitiva, perturbando funciones de atención, memoria, lenguaje, ejecución y procesamiento de la información, lo cual interfiere de forma negativa en la vida social, laboral y familiar del paciente. Objetivos: Evaluar las alteraciones de diferentes funciones neurocognitivas de los pacientes con infección por el virusde inmunodeficienciahumana, en una institución prestadora de servicios de salud de la cuidad de Ibagué - Colombia. Método: Se utilizó la Evaluación Cognitiva Montreal (MoCA), la cual fue diseñada como un instrumento ágil para determinar alteraciones cognitivas leves. La población objeto de estudio la constituyeron 44 pacientes portadores de virus de inmunodeficiencia humana, seleccionados dentro de un marco de muestreo no-probabilístico con muestra intencional o de conveniencia, entre los 14 y 75 años de edad. Resultados: Mayor deterioro neurocognitivo en los pacientes diagnosticados con virus de inmunodeficiencia humana de mayor edad; datos epidemiológicos indican que la edad más avanzada se asocia a una mayor prevalencia de desorden neurocognitivo asociado al virus de inmunodeficiencia humana. Conclusiones: El estudio de los mecanismos del deterioro neurocognitivo en pacientes con virus de inmunodeficiencia humana se hace cada vez más relevante, porque cada día aumenta su esperanza de vida, pero a su vez genera complicaciones con mayor predominio de la comorbilidad médica, psiquiátrica y neurológica(AU)
Introduction: The Human Immunodeficiency Virus, known for its impact on the immune system, causes progressive neurologic manifestations with cognitive impairment, disrupting attention functions, memory, language, execution and processing of information. The latter negatively interferes in social, work and family life of the patient. Objectives: To evaluate alterations in varied neurocognitive functions on patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virusinfection, at a health institution in Ibague, Colombia. Method: The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was used. It was designed as a tool to determine mild cognitive alterations. The study population was made up of 44 carriers of Human Immunodeficiency Virus who were selected within a framework of non-probabilistic sampling and with purposive sample or convenience, between 14 and 75 years old. Results: Greater neurocognitive impairment in patients diagnosed with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in legal age; someepidemiological data indicate that the older age is associated with a higher prevalence of neurocognitive disorder associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Conclusions: The study of the neurocognitive impairment mechanisms in patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus becomes increasingly more relevant, as their life expectancy increases daily. On the other hand, it causes complications with greater prevalence of medical psychiatric and neurological comorbidity(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Sistema Nervoso Central/fisiopatologia , Complexo AIDS Demência/diagnóstico , HIV/patogenicidade , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Antirretrovirais/administração & dosagem , Plasma/química , Terapêutica/psicologia , Venezuela , Emtricitabina/farmacologiaRESUMO
Small ectotherms, such as insects, with high surface area-to-volume ratios are usually at risk of dehydration in arid environments. We hypothesize that desiccation tolerance in insects could be reflected in their distribution, which is limited by areas with high relative values of water vapor pressure deficit (VPD) (e.g., hot and dry). The main goal of this study was to explore whether incorporation of eco-physiological traits such as desiccation tolerance in arid environments can improve our understanding of species distribution models (SDM). We use a novel eco-physiological approach to understand the distribution and the potential overlap with their fundamental niche in triatomine bugs, Chagas disease vectors. The desiccation dimension for T. infestans, T. delpontei, T. dimidiata, and T. sordida niches seems to extend to very dry areas. For T. vitticeps, xeric areas seem to limit the geographical range of their realized niche. The maximum VPD limits the western and southern distributions of T. vitticeps, T. delpontei, and T. patagonica. All species showed high tolerance to desiccation with survival times (35 °C-RH ~ 15%) ranging from 24 to 38 days, except for T. dimidiata (9 days), which can be explained by a higher water-loss rate, due to a higher cuticular permeability along with a higher critical water content. This approach indicates that most of these triatomine bugs could be exploiting the dryness dimension of their fundamental niche. Incorporating such species-specific traits in studies of distribution, range, and limits under scenarios of changing climate could enhance predictions of movement of disease-causing vectors into novel regions.
Assuntos
Doença de Chagas/transmissão , Rhodnius/classificação , Rhodnius/fisiologia , Triatoma/classificação , Triatoma/fisiologia , Água/metabolismo , Animais , Doença de Chagas/epidemiologia , Desidratação , Insetos Vetores/fisiologia , México/epidemiologia , América do Sul/epidemiologia , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
Long-term exposure to low temperatures during adult maturation might decrease fertility after cold recovery as a consequence of carry-over effects on reproductive tissues. This pattern should be more pronounced in tropical than in temperate species as protective mechanisms against chilling injuries are expected to be more effective in the latter. We initially determined the lower thermal thresholds to induce ovarian maturation in four closely related Drosophila species, two inhabiting temperate regions and the other two tropical areas of South America. As expected, only temperate species regularly experience cold-inducing conditions for reproductive arrest during winter in their natural environment. Subsequently, we exposed reproductively arrested and mature females to cold-inducing conditions for reproductive arrest over a long period. Following cold exposure, tropical species exhibited a dramatic fertility decline, irrespective of reproductive status. In contrast, not only were temperate females fecund and fertile but also fertility was superior in females that underwent cold-induced reproductive arrest, suggesting that it might act as a protecting mechanism ensuring fertility after cold recovery. Based on these findings, we decided to evaluate the extent to which reproductive status affects cold tolerance and energy metabolism at low temperature. We found a lower metabolic rate and a higher cold tolerance in reproductively arrested females, although only temperate species attained high levels of chill tolerance. These findings highlight the role of cold-induced reproductive arrest as part of an integrated mechanism of cold adaptation that could potentially contribute to the spread of temperate species into higher latitudes or altitudes.
Assuntos
Aclimatação , Drosophila/fisiologia , Animais , Metabolismo Basal , Temperatura Baixa , Metabolismo Energético , Feminino , Fertilidade , Ovário/fisiologia , Estações do Ano , América do Sul , Triglicerídeos/metabolismo , Clima TropicalRESUMO
New approaches aimed at neutralizing the primary toxic components present in scorpion venoms, represent a promising alternative to the use of antivenoms of equine origin in humans. New potential therapeutics developed by these approaches correspond to neutralizing antibody fragments obtained by selection and maturation processes from libraries of human origin. The high sequence identity shared among scorpion toxins is associated with an important level of cross reactivity exhibited by these antibody fragments. We have exploited the cross reactivity showed by single chain variable antibody fragments (scFvs) of human origin to re-direct the neutralizing capacity toward various other scorpion toxins. As expected, during these evolving processes several variants derived from a parental scFv exhibited the capacity to simultaneously recognize and neutralize different toxins from Centruroides scorpion venoms. A sequence analyses of the cross reacting scFvs revealed that specific mutations are responsible for broadening their neutralizing capacity. In this work, we generated a set of new scFvs that resulted from the combinatorial insertion of these point mutations. These scFvs are potential candidates to be part of a novel recombinant antivenom of human origin that could confer protection against scorpion stings. A remarkable property of one of these new scFvs (ER-5) is its capacity to neutralize at least three different toxins and its complementary capacity to neutralize the whole venom from Centruroides suffusus in combination with a second scFv (LR), which binds to a different epitope shared by Centruroides scorpion toxins.
Assuntos
Testes de Neutralização , Venenos de Escorpião/química , Toxinas Biológicas/toxicidade , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Evolução Molecular Direcionada , México , Homologia de Sequência de Aminoácidos , Ressonância de Plasmônio de Superfície , Toxinas Biológicas/genética , Toxinas Biológicas/imunologiaRESUMO
Pesticides and heavy metals were analyzed in sentinel Crassostrea gigas oysters placed in six aquaculture sites close to a contaminated agricultural region. Each site was sampled twice. Tests revealed the presence of organochlorine (OC) pesticides in the oysters at concentrations varying from 31.8 to 72.5 µg/kg for gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH); from 1.2 to 3.1 µg/kg for dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (4,4-DDE); from 1.6 to 2.3 µg/kg for endosulfan I; and from 1.4 to 41.2 µg/kg for endosulfan II, as well as heavy metals in concentrations that exceeded Mexican tolerance levels (405.5 to 987.8 µg/g for zinc; 4.2 to 7.3 µg/g for cadmium; and 7.2 to 9.9 µg/g for lead). Significant levels of DNA damage in oyster hemocytes were also detected. There was a significant, positive correlation between genotoxic damage and concentration of nickel or the presence of endosulfan II. Cellular viability evaluated by cytotoxic analyses was found to be high at 80%. Marked inhibition in activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE ) and induction of glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity was noted. Data demonstrated a significant relation between AChE activity inhibition and presence of endosulfan II, γ-HCH, copper, lead, and 4,4-DDE, as well as between AChE and GST activity at different sites.
Assuntos
Crassostrea/química , Dano ao DNA , Metais Pesados/análise , Mutagênicos/análise , Resíduos de Praguicidas/análise , Praguicidas/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Animais , Aquicultura , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Inibidores da Colinesterase/análise , Inibidores da Colinesterase/farmacologia , Ensaio Cometa , Crassostrea/citologia , Crassostrea/efeitos dos fármacos , Crassostrea/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Indução Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , Contaminação de Alimentos , Glutationa Transferase/biossíntese , Glutationa Transferase/genética , Glutationa Transferase/metabolismo , Hemócitos/citologia , Hemócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Hemócitos/metabolismo , Metais Pesados/farmacologia , Mutagênicos/farmacologia , Resíduos de Praguicidas/farmacologia , Praguicidas/farmacologia , Vigilância de Evento Sentinela , Frutos do Mar/análise , Frutos do Mar/normas , Poluentes Químicos da Água/farmacologia , Abastecimento de Água/análiseRESUMO
Oysters Crassostrea gigas were placed at water supply canals of three shrimp farms in Guasave, Mexico where WSSV outbreaks occur. Animals were sampled through April-August and September-December to detect WSSV DNA. By using three different PCR protocols, only oysters from a farm undergoing a WSSV outbreak were found WSSV-positive in gills and digestive gland. Two WSSV amplicons were sequenced and they corresponded over 99% to WSSV genome segments. Results showed that oysters can capture WSSV particles suspended in water. Susceptibility of oysters to WSSV infection and their role as a carrier remain to be determined.
Assuntos
Crassostrea/virologia , Infecções por Vírus de DNA/veterinária , Frutos do Mar/virologia , Vírus da Síndrome da Mancha Branca 1/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Portador Sadio/veterinária , Portador Sadio/virologia , Infecções por Vírus de DNA/diagnóstico , Infecções por Vírus de DNA/transmissão , DNA Viral/genética , Sistema Digestório/virologia , Brânquias/virologia , Alinhamento de Sequência , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Homologia de Sequência do Ácido Nucleico , Microbiologia da Água , Abastecimento de Água/análiseRESUMO
Introducción: La diabetes mellitus es una enfermedad crónica caracterizada por la perturbación del mecanismo de la glucosa en sangre, relacionada con estilos de vida alimentarios y de actividad física. La práctica de estilos de vida saludables son los pilares en la prevención y control de esta enfermedad. Objetivo: Identificar los estilos de vida no saludables en personas diagnosticadas con diabetes mellitus menor de 39 años. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio transversal en una muestra de 91 pacientes diabéticos menores de 39 años de edad, diagnosticados en el último año. A través de la valoración de los estilos de vida que comprenden ejercicio, alimentación, higiene, sueño, descanso, auto responsabilidad y control de estrés. Los datos se analizaron con estadística descriptiva. Resultados: En el grupo de estudio, se identificaron estilos de vida no saludables principalmente en alimentación 67%, práctica de ejercicio 92%, descanso y relajación 71 % y auto responsabilidad 50%. Discusión: De los estilos de vida no saludables encontrados en este grupo pone de manifiesto el alto riesgo de presentar tempranamente complicaciones relacionadas con la diabetes en población joven y económicamente productiva, esto significa la alta predisposición en las personas que tienen vínculos familiares con ellos. Por ello, la modificación en los estilos de vida, juega un papel importante en el adecuado control metabólico de la diabetes. Sin embargo, a pesar que más del 50% de los pacientes diabéticos que tienen información sobre su padecimiento y los factores que pueden mejorar su nivel de vida, no la aplican en el cuidado propio, por lo que es necesario reforzar de manera permanente los aspectos educativos en este grupo de pacientes.
Introduction: The Mellitus Diabetes is a chronic illness characterized by the interference of the mechanism of the glucosa, considering the diet, the exercise and the medication the pillars of the treatment. What you/he/she/it imply a change in the style of life of the patients. Objective: Identifying the styles of life not healthy in people with diabetes mellitus minor of 39 years. Methodology: I am carried out a traverse study in August and September of the 2002, with 91 patients' sample minor diabetics of 39 years diagnosed in the last year. Valuing the variable of the styles of life thatthey understand exercise, feeding, hygiene, dream, rest, auto responsibility, control of stress and I am analyzed by means of the descriptive statistics. Results: I am observed that the feeding in 67.1%, the exercise in 91.8%, the rest and the relaxation in 71.4%, as well as the auto responsibility in a 50.5% they are the main styles of life not healthy present in these patients. Discussion: I identify like styles of life not healthy the feeding, rest,| relaxation, control of stress and auto responsibility in health that they perhaps participate in the appearance of the diabetes to early age.it like him mention Lozano Flowers (1) and that it in turn predisposes to early complications since it like him mention (14) the style of life plays a very important paper in the handling and control of the Diabetes. That even when more than the 50% they of the patients know and they have information on the suffering and the factors thatthey could improve their level of life they don't carry out no activity for this for what it is necessary reinforce the educational aspects.
Assuntos
Humanos , Doença Crônica , Estudos Transversais , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Adulto , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Adulto Jovem , Glucose , Estilo de Vida , MéxicoRESUMO
Se resaltan las características que deben tener las pacientes sometidas a inducción de ovulación con gondotropina menopáusica humana, debido a que es un buen método para el logro de embarazo en pacientes con anovulación crónica en las que se han descartado otras causas de esterilidad. Se incluyeron 32 pacientes que ingresaron al Departamento de Ginecología Endocrinológica, Hospital de Ginecoobstetricia Núm. 3 del Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, durante un año. Se obtuvo la ovulación esperada en todas las pacientes incluidas (100 por ciento), con un total de 13 embarazos (40.6 por ciento), lo que concuerda con otros trabajos informados previamente. Se formaron dos grupos. En el grupo I, se incluyeron 12 pacientes candidatas ideales, menores de 30 años de edad, peso adecuado, sin otros factores de esterilidad. En el grupo II, se incluyeron 20 pacientes con el mismo diagnóstico, mayores de 30 años de edad, con obesidad y algún otro factor de esterilidad agregado. En el grupo I, se lograron nueve embarazos (75 por ciento); en el grupo II, cuatro (20 por ciento). Se considera que las características que deben predominar en las pacientes atendidas por esterilidad para asegurar un mayor éxito son: mujeres con disfunción del factor neuroendocrino puro, índice de masa corporal normal o bajo (15 a 20 por ciento) y edad entre 25 a 29 años. No se encontró diferencia significativa en la influencia del grosor endometrial.
Assuntos
Adulto , Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez/fisiologia , Gonadotropinas/uso terapêutico , Infertilidade Feminina/terapia , Menotropinas/uso terapêutico , Manutenção da Gravidez/fisiologia , Indução da Ovulação/métodos , Ovulação , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisário/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Se comunica la experiencia del Hospital ABC en la práctica de la colecistectomía laparoscópica en pacientes mayores de 60 años operados en un periodo de tres años. Se incluyen 187 casos, con múltiples padecimientos asociados y sus consecuentes factores de riesgo. En 60 por ciento de los casos la cirugía fue electiva y en 40 por ciento, de urgencia. Hubo 22 casos de complicaciones de los cuales siete requirieron re-operación y en cinco (2.6 por ciento) fue necesario convertir a cirugía abierta. La mortalidad fue de 1.6 por ciento. El 73.2 por ciento de los pacientes abandonó el hospital al trascurrir 48 horas. Al comparar esta cifras con las reportadas en la literatura nacional e internacional para colecistectomía tradicional en pacientes de edad avanzada, se observa que los resultados de la cirugía laparoscópica son claramente superiores
Assuntos
Idoso , Humanos , Idoso , Colecistite/cirurgia , Colecistectomia Laparoscópica/efeitos adversos , Colecistectomia Laparoscópica , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/mortalidade , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Se presenta nuestra experiencia en la colecistectomía laparoscópica con 46 pacientes mayores de 60 años sometidos a cirugía de vesícula y vías biliares, en un periodo de tres años. En 74 por ciento de los casos la cirugía fue electiva y de emergencia en 26 por ciento. Hubo morbilidad en dos casos (4.34 por ciento) y una cifra similar de conversiones a cirugía abierta. El 76 por ciento de los pacientes abandonó el hospital en 48 horas en buen estado. Al comparar este estudio con los resultados de cirugía tradicional de vesícula y vías biliares en pacientes de edad avanzada, se ve que la colecistectomía por laparoscopia ofrece resultados muy superiores en cuanto a morbilidad, periodo de hospitalización e incapacidad. Se concluye que la edad avanzada no debería ser obstáculo para privar a estos pacientes de una intervención quirúrgica que les resolverá sus problemas de patología vesicular