RESUMO

Background: The characterisation of individual exposure to air pollution in urban scenarios is a challenge in environmental epidemiological studies. We investigated if the city's pollution monitoring stations over or underestimate the exposure of individuals depending on their socioeconomic conditions and daily commuting times. Methods: The amount of black carbon accumulated in the lungs of 604 deceased who underwent autopsy in São Paulo was considered as a proxy for PM10. The concentrations of PM10 in the residence of the deceased were estimated by interpolating an ordinary kriging model. These two-exposure metrics allowed us to construct an environmental exposure misclassification index ranging from -1 to 1. The association between the index and daily commuting, socioeconomic context index (GeoSES), and street density as predictors was assessed by means of a multilevel linear regression model. Findings: With a decrease of 0.1 units in GeoSES, the index increases, on average, by 0.028 units and with an increase of 1 h in daily commuting, the index increases, on average, by 0.022 units indicating that individual exposure to air pollution is underestimated in the lower GeoSES and in people with many hours spent in daily commuting. Interpretation: Reduction of health consequences of air pollution demands not only alternative fuel and more efficient mobility strategies, but also should include profound rethink of cities. Funding: São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP-13/21728-2) and National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-304126/2015-2, 401825/2020-5).

RESUMO

Colorectal cancer (CRC) commonly arises in individuals with premalignant colon lesions known as polyps, with both conditions being influenced by gut microbiota. Host-related factors and inherent characteristics of polyps and tumors may contribute to microbiome variability, potentially acting as confounding factors in the discovery of taxonomic biomarkers for both conditions. In this study we employed shotgun metagenomics to analyze the taxonomic diversity of bacteria present in fecal samples of 90 clinical subjects (comprising 30 CRC patients, 30 with polyps and 30 controls). Our findings revealed a decrease in taxonomic richness among individuals with polyps and CRC, with significant dissimilarities observed among the study groups. We identified significant alterations in the abundance of specific taxa associated with polyps (Streptococcaceae, Lachnoclostridium, and Ralstonia) and CRC (Lactobacillales, Clostridiaceae, Desulfovibrio, SFB, Ruminococcus, and Faecalibacterium). Clostridiaceae exhibited significantly lower abundance in the early stages of CRC. Additionally, our study revealed a positive co-occurrence among underrepresented genera in CRC, while demonstrating a negative co-occurrence between Faecalibacterium and Desulfovibrio, suggesting potential antagonistic relationships. Moreover, we observed variations in taxonomic richness and/or abundance within the polyp and CRC bacteriome linked to polyp size, tumor stage, dyslipidemia, diabetes with metformin use, sex, age, and family history of CRC. These findings provide potential new biomarkers to enhance early CRC diagnosis while also demonstrating how intrinsic host factors contribute to establishing a heterogeneous microbiome in patients with CRC and polyps.

RESUMO

Cocoa beans fermentation is a spontaneous process, essential for the generation of quality starting material for fine chocolate production. The understanding of this process has been studied by the application of high-throughput sequencing technologies, which grants a better assessment of the different microbial taxa and their genes involved in this microbial succession. The present study used shotgun metagenomics to determine the enzyme-coding genes of the microbiota found in two different groups of cocoa beans varieties during the fermentation process. The statistical evaluation of the most abundant genes in each group and time studied allowed us to identify the potential metabolic pathways involved in the success of the different microorganisms. The results showed that, albeit the distinction between the initial (0 h) microbiota of each varietal group was clear, throughout fermentation (24-144 h) this difference disappeared, indicating the existence of selection pressures. Changes in the microbiota enzyme-coding genes over time pointed to the distinct ordering of fermentation at 24-48 h (T1), 72-96 h (T2), and 120-144 h (T3). At T1, the significantly more abundant enzyme-coding genes were related to threonine metabolism and those genes related to the glycolytic pathway, explained by the abundance of sugars in the medium. At T2, the genes linked to the metabolism of ceramides and hopanoids lipids were clearly dominant, which are associated with the resistance of microbial species to extreme temperatures and pH values. In T3, genes linked to trehalose metabolism, related to the response to heat stress, dominated. The results obtained in this study provided insights into the potential functionality of microbial community succession correlated to gene function, which could improve cocoa processing practices to ensure the production of more stable quality end products.

RESUMO

The rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis, is a neotropical Amazonian species. Despite its high economic value and fungi associated with native individuals, in its original area in Brazil, it has been scarcely investigated and only using culture-dependent methods. Herein, we integrated in silico approaches with novel field/experimental approaches and a case study of shotgun metagenomics and small RNA metatranscriptomics of an adult individual. Scientific literature, host fungus, and DNA databases are biased to fungal taxa, and are mainly related to rubber tree diseases and in non-native ecosystems. Metabarcoding retrieved specific phyllospheric core fungal communities of all individuals, adults, plantlets, and leaves of the same plant, unravelling hierarchical structured core mycobiomes. Basidiomycotan yeast-like fungi that display the potential to produce antifungal compounds and a complex of non-invasive ectophytic parasites (Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck fungi) co-occurred in all samples, encompassing the strictest core mycobiome. The case study of the same adult tree (previously studied using culture-dependent approach) analyzed by amplicon, shotgun metagenomics, and small RNA transcriptomics revealed a high relative abundance of insect parasite-pathogens, anaerobic fungi and a high expression of Trichoderma (a fungal genus long reported as dominant in healthy wild rubber trees), respectively. Altogether, our study unravels new and intriguing information/hypotheses of the foliar mycobiome of native H. brasiliensis, which may also occur in other native Amazonian trees.

RESUMO

Cocoa beans used for chocolate production are fermented seeds of Theobroma cacao obtained by a natural fermentation process. The flavors and chemical compounds produced during the fermentation process make this step one of the most important in fine chocolate production. Herein, an integrative analysis of the variation of microbial community structure, using a shotgun metagenomics approach and associated physicochemical features, was performed during fermentation of fine cocoa beans. Samples of Forastero variety (FOR) and a mixture of two hybrids (PS1319 and CCN51) (MIX) from Bahia, Brazil, were analyzed at 7 different times. In the beginning (0 h), the structures of microbial communities were very different between FOR and MIX, reflecting the original plant-associated microbiomes. The highest change in microbial community structures occurred at the first 24 h of fermentation, with a marked increase in temperature and acetic acid concentration, and pH decrease. At 24-48 h both microbial community structures were quite homogenous regarding temperature, acetic acid, succinic acid, pH, soluble proteins and total phenols. During 72-96 h, the community structure resembles an acidic and warmer environment, prevailing few acetic acid bacteria. Taxonomic richness and abundance at 72-144 h exhibited significant correlation with temperature, reducing sugars, succinic, and acetic acids. Finally, we recommend that dominant microbial species of spontaneous fine cocoa fermentations should be considered as inoculum in accordance with the farm/region and GMP to maintain a differential organoleptic feature for production of fine chocolate. In our study, a starter inoculum composed of Acetobacter pausterianus and Hanseniaspora opuntiae strains is indicated.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The true myrtle, Myrtus communis, is a small perennial evergreen tree that occurs in Europe, Africa, and Asia with a circum-Mediterranean geographic distribution. Unfortunately, the Mediterranean Forests, where M. communis occurs, are critically endangered and are currently restricted to small fragmented areas in protected conservation units. In the present work, we performed, for the first time, a metabarcoding study on the spatial variation of fungal community structure in the foliar endophytome of this endemic plant of the Mediterranean biome, using bipartite network analysis as a model. The local bipartite network of Myrtus communis individuals and their foliar endophytic fungi is very low connected, with low nestedness, and moderately high specialization and modularity. Similar network patterns were also retrieved in both culture-dependent and amplicon metagenomics of foliar endophytes in distinct arboreal hosts in varied biomes. Furthermore, the majority of putative fungal endophytes species were basidiomycete woody saprotrophs of the orders Polyporales, Agaricales, and Hymenochaetales. Altogether, these findings suggest a possible adaptation of these wood-decaying fungi to cope with moisture limitation and spatial scarcity of their primary substrate (dead wood), which are totally consistent with the predictions of the viaphytism hypothesis that wood-decomposing fungi inhabit the internal leaf tissue of forest trees in order to enhance dispersal to substrates on the forest floor, by using leaves as vectors and as refugia, during periods of environmental stress.

RESUMO

This study presents the indicators of behavior, anxiety and social skills of 38 kindergarteners (52.6% girls, mean age 5.34 years; SD = 0.48) enrolled in a municipal school located in the southeastern region of Brazil. The children's parents/caregivers (86.4% mothers) and teachers completed the instruments: Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), Preschool Anxiety Scale (PAS) and Preschool Kindergarten Behavior Scale (PKBS-BR). Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Most children were classified in the non-clinical range for behavior problems and anxiety. The perceptions of the children's parents/caregivers and teachers diverged, with guardians more frequently identifying deficits in Total Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders, Fear of Physical Harm and Separation Anxiety (PAS); External Problems and Hyperactivity (SDQ); and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems (PKBS). A correlation was found between anxiety, behavior problems and social skills, reinforcing that there is interdependence between aspects of social-emotional development. These findings can support interventions at schools intended to promote prosocial behaviors.

Este estudo descreveu indicadores comportamentais, ansiedade e habilidades sociais de 38 pré-escolares (52,6% meninas, média de idade de 5,34; DP = 0,48) matriculados em uma escola municipal, localizada na região sudeste do Brasil. Os responsáveis (86,4% mães) e professoras, responderam aos instrumentos: Questionário de Capacidades e Dificuldades (SDQ), Escala de Ansiedade Pré-Escolar (PAS) e Escala de Comportamentos Sociais de Pré-Escolares (PKBS-BR). Os dados foram analisados por estatística descritiva e inferencial. A maioria das crianças foi referida na faixa normal para problemas comportamentais e ansiedade. Responsáveis e professoras divergiram, com os primeiros atribuindo mais déficits em Ansiedade Total, Perturbações Obsessivo-Compulsivas, Medo de Dano Físico e Ansiedade de Separação (PAS); Problemas Externalizantes e Hiperatividade (SDQ); e Problemas Internalizantes e Externalizantes (PKBS). Verificou-se correlação entre ansiedade, problemas comportamentais e habilidades sociais, reforçando a interdependência entre aspectos do desenvolvimento socioemocional. Esses achados podem subsidiar propostas de intervenção para promoção de comportamentos pró-sociais na escola.

Este estudio describió indicadores conductuales, ansiedad y habilidades sociales de 38 preescolares (52,6% niñas, promedio de edad de 5,34, DP = 0,48), matriculados en una escuela municipal, ubicada en la región sudeste de Brasil. Los responsables (86,4% madres) y profesoras, respondieron a los instrumentos: Cuestionario de Capacidades y Dificultades (SDQ), Escala de Ansiedad Pre-Escolar (PAS) y Escala de Conductas Sociales de Pre-Escolares (PKBS-BR). Los datos fueron analizados por estadística descriptiva e inferencial. La mayoría de los niños fueron referidos en el rango normal para problemas de comportamiento y ansiedad. Los responsables y las profesoras divergieron, con los primeros asignando más déficits en Ansiedad Total, Trastornos obsesivos-compulsivos, miedos de daño físico y ansiedad de separación (PAS); Problemas Externos y Hiperactividad (SDQ); y Problemas Internalizantes y Externalizadores (PKBS). Se verificó correlación entre ansiedad, problemas conductuales y habilidades sociales, reforzando la interdependencia entre aspectos del desarrollo socioemocional. Estos hallazgos pueden subsidiar propuestas de intervención para promover comportamientos pro-sociales en la escuela.

Assuntos

RESUMO

O sistema de economia de fichas (SEF) foi usado em um jogo para avaliar seu efeito sobre a cooperação. Crianças de uma escola pública receberam fichas e optaram entre guardá-las ou doá-las anonimamente em uma urna; o número de fichas era triplicado e distribuído igualmente às crianças, que escolhiam, então, entre "comprar" itens ou economizar. O SEF teve efeito na cooperação: 60% das crianças adotaram mais a estratégia cooperativa do que a egoísta, ainda que os perfis individuais mostrem uma aparente exploração de estratégias diversas. O SEF mostrou-se uma alternativa viável e aponta caminhos para aplicação em contextos escolares.

The token economy system was used in a cooperative game to evaluate its effect on cooperation. Public school's children received tokens and chose to keep or donate them anonymously in an urn. The contents of the collective urn were tripled and distributed equally at the end of the session. Children could choose to "buy" items or save tokens. This system affected cooperative behavior: 60% of participants have adopted a more cooperative strategy than the free-rider, even though individual profiles show an apparent exploration of different strategies. These results indicate ways for application in scholar contexts.

El sistema de economía de fichas se utilizó como juego cooperativo para investigar la cooperación entre los niños. Los niños de una escuela pública recibieron fichas y optaron por guardarlas o donarlas de forma anónima en una urna. El contenido de la urna se triplicó y se distribuyó igualmente. Con la ficha que tenían, podían "comprar" artículos o ahorrar las fichas. La aplicación de este sistema parece haber afectado el comportamiento cooperativo, manteniéndolo prevalente entre los participantes (60% de los participantes), mismo que individualmente parecen haber explorado diferentes estrategias. Estos resultados indican formas de aplicación en contextos escolares.

RESUMO

Masseter traumatic myositis chondro-ossificans (TMCO) is a rare pathological condition that causes severe mandibular function restriction. The aim of the present study is to report a TMCO case after direct masseter muscle injury and correlate it to bone and cartilage biomarkers up-regulation. Caucasian male patient, 38 years old, seeks treatment nine days after trauma with severe mouth opening limitation. Physical examination revealed a circumscribed hardened area connected to masseter muscle on the left side. Cone beam tomography and ultrasonography of masseter region were requested. There was incomplete fracture between the posterior board of inferior jaw and coronoid process as well as calcification within masseter muscle. The proposed treatment was excisional biopsy of calcification, coronoid process removal to enhance mouth opening as well as incomplete condyle fracture monitoring. Material removed was sent for histological analysis in order to confirm diagnosis. Immuhistochemistry was conducted and it was found that chondro-ossification biomarkers such as TGF-b1, Indian Hegdehog (IHH), BMP2, osteopontin (OP) and osteocalcin (OC) were up-regulated. One-year follow-up showed that the patient is stable with increased mouth opening and satisfactory jaw movements. Pathologists and maxillofacial surgeons must be aware of differential diagnosis of TMCO. Understanding cellular mechanisms of muscle tissue after trauma is also important once cellular pathway modifications leads to clinical features that differ from previously described in literature.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Many aspects of the dynamics of tropical fungal endophyte communities are poorly known, including the influence of host taxonomy, host life stage, host defence, and host geographical distance on community assembly and composition. Recent fungal endophyte research has focused on Hevea brasiliensis due to its global importance as the main source of natural rubber. However, almost no data exist on the fungal community harboured within other Hevea species or its sister genus Micrandra. In this study, we expanded sampling to include four additional Hevea spp. and two Micrandra spp., as well as two host developmental stages. Through culture-dependent and -independent (metagenomic) approaches, a total of 381 seedlings and 144 adults distributed across three remote areas within the Peruvian Amazon were sampled. Results from both sampling methodologies indicate that host developmental stage had a greater influence in community assemblage than host taxonomy or locality. Based on FunGuild ecological guild assignments, saprotrophic and mycotrophic endophytes were more frequent in adults, while plant pathogens were dominant in seedlings. Trichoderma was the most abundant genus recovered from adult trees while Diaporthe prevailed in seedlings. Potential explanations for that disparity of abundance are discussed in relation to plant physiological traits and community ecology hypotheses.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Abstract Shared book reading favors incidental learning of vocabulary; however, studies indicate that the previous vocabulary level of the child interferes with learning. The aim of this study was to compare the learning relations between pseudowords and figures of children aged 3 and 7 years in a shared book reading situation and to investigate the possible occurrence of the Matthew Effect. A book with four pseudowords developed for this study was read three consecutive times to 10 children of each age group. Matching-to-sample, exclusion, naming, and description of the use probes were applied immediately after the reading and one week later. No significant differences were found between the performances of both groups, except for the exclusion probes, without incidence of the Matthew Effect. Learning words is a continuous process that involves frequency and contexts of exposure to the words.

Resumo A leitura compartilhada de histórias favorece a aprendizagem incidental de vocabulário, mas estudos indicam que o nível de vocabulário prévio da criança interfere nessa aprendizagem. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a aprendizagem de relações entre pseudopalavras e figuras por crianças de 3 e 7 anos em situação de leitura compartilhada de histórias e a possível ocorrência do Matthew Effect. Um livro especialmente elaborado para esta pesquisa foi lido por três vezes consecutivas para 10 crianças de cada grupo etário, apresentando quatro pseudopalavras. Sondas de emparelhamento ao modelo, exclusão, nomeação e descrição da utilidade foram aplicadas logo após a leitura e uma semana depois. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os desempenhos dos dois grupos, exceto nas sondas de exclusão, sem o registro de ocorrência do Matthew Effect. A aprendizagem de palavras é um processo contínuo e envolve condições como a frequência e os contextos de exposição às palavras.

Resumen La lectura compartida de libros favorece el aprendizaje incidental de vocabulario; sin embargo, los estudios apuntan que el nivel de vocabulario previo del niño interfiere en este aprendizaje. El presente estudio buscó comparar el aprendizaje de relaciones entre pseudopalabras y figuras en niños de entre 3 y 7 años en situación de lectura compartida de cuentos, así como la posible ocurrencia del Matthew Effect. Un libro no comercial se leyó tres veces consecutivas a 10 niños de cada grupo de edad, presentándoles cuatro pseudopalabras. Se aplicaron pruebas de igualación a la muestra, exclusión y denominación inmediatamente después de la lectura y una semana después de la misma. No se hallaron diferencias significativas en los desempeños de ambos grupos, a excepción de las pruebas de exclusión, y no se registró la ocurrencia del Matthew Effect. El aprendizaje de palabras es un proceso continuo e involucra condiciones como la frecuencia y los contextos de exposición a las palabras.

Assuntos

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Hevea brasiliensis is an important commercial crop due to the high quality of the latex it produces; however, little is known about viral infections in this plant. The only virus described to infect H. brasiliensis until now is a Carlavirus, which was described more than 30 years ago. Virus-derived small interfering RNA (vsiRNAs) are the product of the plant's antiviral defense triggered by dsRNA viral intermediates generated, during the replication cycle. These vsiRNAs are complementar to viral genomes and have been widely used to identify and characterize viruses in plants. METHODS: In the present study, we investigated the virome of leaf and sapwood samples from native H. brasiliensis trees collected in two geographic areas in the Brazilian Amazon. Small RNA (sRNA) deep sequencing and bioinformatic tools were used to assembly, identify and characterize viral contigs. Subsequently, PCR amplification techniques were performed to experimentally verify the presence of the viral sequences. Finally, the phylogenetic relationship of the putative new virus with related viral genomes was analyzed. RESULTS: Our strategy allowed the identification of 32 contigs with high similarity to viral reference genomes, from which 23 exhibited homology to viruses of the Tymoviridae family. The reads showed a predominant size distribution at 21 nt derived from both strands, which was consistent with the vsiRNAs profile. The presence and genome position of the viral contigs were experimentally confirmed using droplet digital PCR amplifications. A 1913 aa long fragment was obtained and used to infer the phylogenetic relationship of the putative new virus, which indicated that it is taxonomically related to the Grapevine fleck virus, genus Maculavirus. The putative new virus was named Hevea brasiliensis virus (HBrV) in reference to its host. CONCLUSION: The methodological strategy applied here proved to be efficient in detecting and confirming the presence of new viral sequences on a 'very difficult to manage' sample. This is the second time that viral sequences, that could be ascribed as a putative novel virus, associated to the rubber tree has been identified.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Hevea brasiliensis is a native hyperdiverse tree species in the Amazon basin with great economic importance since it produces the highest quality natural rubber. H. brasiliensis, in its natural habitat, may harbor fungal endophytes that help defend against phytopathogenic fungi. In this work, we investigated the fungal endophytic communities in two pristine areas in Eastern Amazon (Anavilhanas National Park - ANP and Caxiuanã National Forest - CNF) at different spatial scales: regional, local, individual (tree), and intra-individual (leaflet). Using a culture-based approach, 210 fungal endophytes were isolated from 240 sampling units and assigned to 46 distinct MOTUs based on sequencing of the nrITS DNA. The community compositions of the endophytomes are different at both regional and local scales, dominated by very few taxa and highly skewed toward rare taxa, with many endophytes infrequently isolated across hosts in sampled space. Colletotrichum sp. 1, a probably latent pathogen, was the most abundant endophytic putative species and was obtained from all individual host trees in both study areas. Although the second most abundant putative species differed between the two collection sites, Clonostachys sp. 1 and Trichoderma sp. 1, they are phylogenetically related (Hypocreales) mycoparasites. Thus, they probably exhibit the same ecological function in the foliar endosphere of rubber tree as antagonists of its fungal pathogens.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Mucositis is an inflammatory condition of the gut, caused by an adverse effect of chemotherapy drugs, such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). In an attempt to develop alternative treatments for the disease, several research groups have proposed the use of probiotics, in particular, Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB). In this context, the use of recombinant LAB, for delivering anti-inflammatory compounds has also been explored. In previous work, we demonstrated that either Lactococcus lactis NZ9000 or a recombinant strain expressing an antimicrobial peptide involved in human gut homeostasis, the Pancreatitis-associated Protein (PAP), could ameliorate 5-FU-induced mucositis in mice. However, the impact of these strains on the gut microbiota still needs to be elucidated. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to characterize the effects of both Lactococci strains in the gut microbiome of mice through a 16 S rRNA gene sequencing metagenomic approach. Our data show 5-FU caused a significant decrease in protective bacteria and increase of several bacteria associated with pro-inflammatory traits. The Lactococci strains were shown to reduce several potential opportunistic microbes, while PAP delivery was able to suppress the growth of Enterobacteriaceae during inflammation. We conclude the strain secreting antimicrobial PAP was more effective in the control of 5-FU-dysbiosis.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Herein, we present the draft genome of Trametes villosa isolate CCMB561, a wood-decaying Basidiomycota commonly found in tropical semiarid climate. The genome assembly was 57.98 Mb in size with an L50 of 691. A total of 16,711 putative protein-encoding genes was predicted, including 590 genes coding for carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZy), directly involved in the decomposition of lignocellulosic materials. This is the first genome of this species of high interest in bioenergy research. The draft genome of Trametes villosa isolate CCMB561 will provide an important resource for future investigations in biofuel production, bioremediation and other green technologies.

RESUMO

During a survey of carotenogenic yeasts from cold and oligotrophic environments in Patagonia, several yeasts of the genus Dioszegia (Tremellales, Agaricomycotina) were detected, including three strains that could not be assigned to any known taxa. Analyses of internal transcribed spacer and D1/D2 regions of the large subunit rRNA gene showed these strains are conspecific with several other strains found in the Italian Alps and in Antarctica soil. Phylogenetic analyses showed that 19 of these strains represent a novel yeast species of the genus Dioszegia. The name Dioszegia patagonica sp. nov. is proposed to accommodate these strains and CRUB 1147T (UFMG 195T=CBMAI 1564T=DBVPG 10618T=CBS 14901T; MycoBank MB 819782) was designated as the type strain. This Dioszegia species accumulates biotechnologically valuable compounds such as carotenoid pigments and mycosporines.

Assuntos

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Fungi are among the most abundant and diverse organisms on Earth. However, a substantial amount of the species diversity, relationships, habitats, and life strategies of these microorganisms remain to be discovered and characterized. One important factor hindering progress is the difficulty in correctly identifying fungi. Morphological and molecular characteristics have been applied in such tasks. Later, DNA barcoding has emerged as a new method for the rapid and reliable identification of species. The nrITS region is considered the universal barcode of Fungi, and the ITS1 and ITS2 sub-regions have been applied as metabarcoding markers. In this study, we performed a large-scale analysis of all the available Basidiomycota sequences from GenBank. We carried out a rigorous trimming of the initial dataset based in methodological principals of DNA Barcoding. Two different approaches (PCI and barcode gap) were used to determine the performance of the complete ITS region and sub-regions. RESULTS: For most of the Basidiomycota genera, the three genomic markers performed similarly, i.e., when one was considered a good marker for the identification of a genus, the others were also; the same results were observed when the performance was insufficient. However, based on barcode gap analyses, we identified genomic markers that had a superior identification performance than the others and genomic markers that were not indicated for the identification of some genera. Notably, neither the complete ITS nor the sub-regions were useful in identifying 11 of the 113 Basidiomycota genera. The complex phylogenetic relationships and the presence of cryptic species in some genera are possible explanations of this limitation and are discussed. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge regarding the efficiency and limitations of the barcode markers that are currently used for the identification of organisms is crucial because it benefits research in many areas. Our study provides information that may guide researchers in choosing the most suitable genomic markers for identifying Basidiomycota species.

Assuntos

RESUMO

A leitura compartilhada de histórias é uma forma eficiente de promover a aprendizagem de vocabulário por crianças, mas os processos básicos envolvidos nessa aprendizagem ainda precisam ser esclarecidos. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a influência de dicas sociais na aprendizagem de palavras durante a leitura de livros, e se as novas relações palavras-figuras apresentadas nas histórias sustentariam um desempenho por exclusão posterior, diante de figuras desconhecidas. Duas histórias ilustradas não comerciais, contendo duas pseudopalavras cada, foram lidas com e sem a apresentação de dicas sociais para 12 crianças de 3 anos, em um delineamento de medidas repetidas. Sondas de emparelhamento, exclusão e nomeação avaliaram a aprendizagem dessas pseudopalavras. O desempenho das crianças não diferiu em relação à aprendizagem das pseudopalavras nas duas condições de leitura (com apresentação de dica social e sem dicas), e todas apresentaram desempenho por exclusão nas sondas planejadas. Esses resultados confirmam que a situação de leitura compartilhada promove aprendizagem de novas relações entre palavras e figuras, mas deixam em aberto o papel de dicas sociais nesse processo.

Shared story reading is an effective way to promote the learning of vocabulary for children, however, the basic processes involved in this learning have yet to be clarified. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of social cues on word learning while reading books, and whether the new word-picture relationships presented in the stories sustain subsequent performance by exclusion, given unknown pictures. Two non-commercial illustrated stories, containing two pseudowords each, were read with and without the presentation of social cues for 12 children, 3 years of age, in a repeated measures design. Matching, exclusion and naming probes evaluated the learning of these pseudowords. The performance of the children did not differ in relation to the learning of the pseudowords in both reading conditions (with presentation of social cues and without cues), and all presented performance by exclusion in the planned probes. These results confirm that the shared reading situation promotes the learning of new relationships between words and pictures, however, do not verify the role of social cues in this process.

La lectura compartida de libros es una manera eficaz de promover el aprendizaje de vocabulario de los niños, pero los procesos básicos que intervienen en este aprendizaje todavía necesitan ser aclarado. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la influencia de pistas sociales en el aprendizaje de palabras durante la lectura de libros, y se nuevas relaciones nombre-figuras presentado en las historias, mantienen subsecuenteresponder por exclusión, delantenuevas figuras desconocidas. Dos historias ilustradas no comerciales, que contienen dos pseudopalabras cada uno, fueron leídas con y sin la presentación de pistas sociales a 12 niños de 3 años. Pruebas de aprendizaje, exclusión y respuesta verbal evaluaron el aprendizaje de estos pseudopalabras. El desempeño de los niños no difirió en relación al aprendizaje de la pseudopalabra, bajo dos condiciones de la lectura, pero todos mostraron respuesta de exclusión en las pruebas previstas. Estos resultados confirman que la situación lectura compartida promueve el aprendizaje de vocabulario, pero dejan abierta la función de laspistas sociales en este proceso.

RESUMO

A leitura compartilhada de histórias é uma forma eficiente de promover a aprendizagem de vocabulário por crianças, mas os processos básicos envolvidos nessa aprendizagem ainda precisam ser esclarecidos. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a influência de dicas sociais na aprendizagem de palavras durante a leitura de livros, e se as novas relações palavras-figuras apresentadas nas histórias sustentariam um desempenho por exclusão posterior, diante de figuras desconhecidas. Duas histórias ilustradas não comerciais, contendo duas pseudopalavras cada, foram lidas com e sem a apresentação de dicas sociais para 12 crianças de 3 anos, em um delineamento de medidas repetidas. Sondas de emparelhamento, exclusão e nomeação avaliaram a aprendizagem dessas pseudopalavras. O desempenho das crianças não diferiu em relação à aprendizagem das pseudopalavras nas duas condições de leitura (com apresentação de dica social e sem dicas), e todas apresentaram desempenho por exclusão nas sondas planejadas. Esses resultados confirmam que a situação de leitura compartilhada promove aprendizagem de novas relações entre palavras e figuras, mas deixam em aberto o papel de dicas sociais nesse processo.(AU)

Shared story reading is an effective way to promote the learning of vocabulary for children, however, the basic processes involved in this learning have yet to be clarified. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of social cues on word learning while reading books, and whether the new word-picture relationships presented in the stories sustain subsequent performance by exclusion, given unknown pictures. Two non-commercial illustrated stories, containing two pseudowords each, were read with and without the presentation of social cues for 12 children, 3 years of age, in a repeated measures design. Matching, exclusion and naming probes evaluated the learning of these pseudowords. The performance of the children did not differ in relation to the learning of the pseudowords in both reading conditions (with presentation of social cues and without cues), and all presented performance by exclusion in the planned probes. These results confirm that the shared reading situation promotes the learning of new relationships between words and pictures, however, do not verify the role of social cues in this process.(AU)

La lectura compartida de libros es una manera eficaz de promover el aprendizaje de vocabulario de los niños, pero los procesos básicos que intervienen en este aprendizaje todavía necesitan ser aclarado. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la influencia de pistas sociales en el aprendizaje de palabras durante la lectura de libros, y se nuevas relaciones nombre-figuras presentado en las historias, mantienen subsecuenteresponder por exclusión, delantenuevas figuras desconocidas. Dos historias ilustradas no comerciales, que contienen dos pseudopalabras cada uno, fueron leídas con y sin la presentación de pistas sociales a 12 niños de 3 años. Pruebas de aprendizaje, exclusión y respuesta verbal evaluaron el aprendizaje de estos pseudopalabras. El desempeño de los niños no difirió en relación al aprendizaje de la pseudopalabra, bajo dos condiciones de la lectura, pero todos mostraron respuesta de exclusión en las pruebas previstas. Estos resultados confirman que la situación lectura compartida promueve el aprendizaje de vocabulario, pero dejan abierta la función de laspistas sociales en este proceso.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

O fenômeno das interações medicamentosas constitui na atualidade um dos temas mais importantes relacionados ao consumo de medicamentos. O uso concomitante de fármacos principalmente entre os idosos é o principal fator envolvido em reações de interferência mútua de ações farmacológicas e toxicológicas, podendo resultar em inúmeros efeitos indesejáveis e até mesmo potencialmente perigosos. O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar prescrições de residentes em uma Instituição de Longa Permanência para Idosos. Foi realizado um estudo descritivo, transversal, por meio de uma abordagem quanti-qualitativa, sendo que as informações foram coletadas por meio do cartão de medicação que continha a relação dos medicamentos utilizados por cada paciente. Dessa forma, foi realizada uma avaliação farmacoterapêutica dos medicamentos prescritos, descrevendo-se as interações prevalentes, possíveis reações adversas e os fármacos inadequadamente indicados para essa população. Os dados obtidos após a realização do presente estudo podem ser considerados preocupantes, já que 91% das prescrições apresentavam pelo menos uma interação medicamentosa. Transformar essa prática de erros consecutivos acerca das prescrições é uma tarefa difícil, mas não impossível, que exige empenho e capacitação por parte dos profissionais envolvidos na promoção da saúde e na prevenção de agravos.

The phenomenon of drug interactions is today one of the most important issues related to the consumption of drugs. Concomitant use of drugs especially among the elderly is the main factor involved in mutual interference reactions of pharmacological and toxicological actions and may result in numerous side effects and even potentially dangerous. This study aims to analyze prescriptions for residents in a long term care facility for seniors, using as methodology the pharmacotherapeutic evaluation of prescription drugs, describing the prevalent interactions, possible adverse reactions and improperly prescribed drugs for this population. The data obtained after the completion of this study can be considered worrying, since 91% of prescriptions had at least one drug interaction. Transform the practice of consecutive errors about the requirements is a difficult task, but not impossible, that requires commitment and training for professionals involved in health promotion and disease prevention.

El fenómeno de las interacciones entre medicamentos es hoy uno de los temas más importantes relacionados con el consumo de drogas. El uso concomitante de fármacos especialmente entre los ancianos es el factor principal implicado en las reacciones de interferencia mutua de las acciones farmacológicas y toxicológicas y puede dar lugar a numerosos efectos secundarios e incluso potencialmente peligrosos. Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar las recetas de los residentes en un centro de cuidados a largo plazo para las personas mayores, utilizando como metodología la evaluación farmacoterapéutica de los medicamentos recetados, que describe las interacciones prevalentes, las posibles reacciones adversas y los medicamentos prescritos inadecuadamente para esta población. Los datos obtenidos tras la realización de este estudio se puede considerar preocupante, ya que el 91% de las prescripciones tenía al menos una interacción medicamentosa. Transformar la práctica de errores consecutivos acerca de las prescripciones es una tarea difícil, pero no imposible, que requiere del compromiso y la capacitación de los profesionales involucrados en la promoción de salud y prevención de enfermedades.

Assuntos