RESUMO
Vaccinia-related kinase 1 (VRK1) and the δ and ε isoforms of casein kinase 1 (CK1) are linked to various disease-relevant pathways. However, the lack of tool compounds for these kinases has significantly hampered our understanding of their cellular functions and therapeutic potential. Here, we describe the structure-based development of potent inhibitors of VRK1, a kinase highly expressed in various tumor types and crucial for cell proliferation and genome integrity. Kinome-wide profiling revealed that our compounds also inhibit CK1δ and CK1ε. We demonstrate that dihydropteridinones 35 and 36 mimic the cellular outcomes of VRK1 depletion. Complementary studies with existing CK1δ and CK1ε inhibitors suggest that these kinases may play overlapping roles in cell proliferation and genome instability. Together, our findings highlight the potential of VRK1 inhibition in treating p53-deficient tumors and possibly enhancing the efficacy of existing cancer therapies that target DNA stability or cell division.
Assuntos
Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases , Pteridinas , Humanos , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/síntese química , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Pteridinas/farmacologia , Pteridinas/química , Pteridinas/síntese química , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/antagonistas & inibidores , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/metabolismo , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Caseína Quinase Idelta/antagonistas & inibidores , Caseína Quinase Idelta/metabolismo , Caseína Quinase 1 épsilon/antagonistas & inibidores , Caseína Quinase 1 épsilon/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular TumoralRESUMO
The dual-specificity protein kinase MKK3 has been implicated in tumor cell proliferation and survival, yet its precise role in cancer remains inconclusive. A critical step in elucidating the kinase's involvement in disease biology is the identification of potent, cell-permeable kinase inhibitors. Presently, MKK3 lacks a dedicated tool compound for these purposes, along with validated methods for the facile screening, identification, and optimization of inhibitors. In this study, we have developed a TR-FRET-based enzymatic assay for the detection of MKK3 activity in vitro and a BRET-based assay to assess ligand binding to this enzyme within intact human cells. These assays were instrumental in identifying hit compounds against MKK3 that share a common chemical scaffold, sourced from a library of bioactive kinase inhibitors. Initial hits were subsequently expanded through the synthesis of novel analogs. The resulting structure-activity relationship (SAR) was rationalized using molecular dynamics simulations against a homology model of MKK3. We expect our findings to expedite the development of novel, potent, selective, and bioactive inhibitors, thus facilitating investigations into MKK3's role in various cancers.
Assuntos
Neoplasias , Pirimidinas , Humanos , MAP Quinase Quinase 3 , Pirimidinas/química , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Fosforilação , Proliferação de Células , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/químicaRESUMO
New antibiotics are urgently needed to counter the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogenic bacteria. A major challenge in antibiotic drug discovery is to turn potent biochemical inhibitors of essential bacterial components into effective antimicrobials. This difficulty is underpinned by a lack of methods to investigate the physicochemical properties needed for candidate antibiotics to permeate the bacterial cell envelope and avoid clearance by the action of bacterial efflux pumps. To address these issues, here we used a target engagement assay to measure the equilibrium and kinetic binding parameters of antibiotics targeting dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) in live bacteria. We also used this assay to identify novel DHFR ligands having antimicrobial activity. We validated this approach using the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and the emerging human pathogen Mycobacterium abscessus. We expect the use of target engagement assays in bacteria to expedite the discovery and progression of novel, cell-permeable antibiotics with on-target activity.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos , Anti-Infecciosos , Antibacterianos/química , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Bactérias Gram-Negativas , Humanos , Tetra-Hidrofolato Desidrogenase/químicaRESUMO
SLK (STE20-like kinase) and STK10 (serine/threonine kinase 10) are closely related kinases whose enzymatic activity is linked to the regulation of ezrin, radixin, and moesin function and to the regulation of lymphocyte migration and the cell cycle. We identified a series of 3-anilino-4-arylmaleimides as dual inhibitors of SLK and STK10 with good kinome-wide selectivity. Optimization of this series led to multiple SLK/STK10 inhibitors with nanomolar potency. Crystal structures of exemplar inhibitors bound to SLK and STK10 demonstrated the binding mode of the inhibitors and rationalized their selectivity. Cellular target engagement assays demonstrated the binding of the inhibitors to SLK and STK10 in cells. Further selectivity analyses, including analysis of activity of the reported inhibitors against off-targets in cells, identified compound 31 as the most potent and selective inhibitor of SLK and STK10 yet reported.
Assuntos
Compostos de Anilina/farmacologia , Maleimidas/farmacologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Compostos de Anilina/química , Compostos de Anilina/metabolismo , Sítios de Ligação , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Movimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Maleimidas/química , Maleimidas/metabolismo , Proteínas dos Microfilamentos/metabolismo , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Estrutura Molecular , Fosforilação/efeitos dos fármacos , Ligação Proteica , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/metabolismo , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/química , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Vaccinia-related kinases 1 and 2 (VRK1 and VRK2) are human Ser/Thr protein kinases associated with increased cell division and neurological disorders. Nevertheless, the cellular functions of these proteins are not fully understood. Despite their therapeutic potential, there are no potent and specific inhibitors available for VRK1 or VRK2. We report here the discovery and elaboration of an aminopyridine scaffold as a basis for VRK1 and VRK2 inhibitors. The most potent compound for VRK1 (26) displayed an IC50 value of 150 nM and was fairly selective in a panel of 48 human kinases (selectivity score S(50%) of 0.04). Differences in compound binding mode and substituent preferences between the two VRKs were identified by the structure-activity relationship combined with the crystallographic analysis of key compounds. We expect our results to serve as a starting point for the design of more specific and potent inhibitors against each of the two VRKs.
RESUMO
The steroselective oxa-Michael addition of the phenol moiety present in tyrosine and 3-iodotyrosine to different propargyl aldehydes delivered products with predominantly Z stereochemistry, as evidenced by X-ray crystallography analysis. When ethyl ropiolate was used as the propargyl ester source, the products were achieved with exclusively E stereochemistry with yields ranging from 17% to 91%. The oxa-Michael addition compounds served as substrates in the synthesis of 5- and 6-membered heterocyclic compounds. The atmosphere applied to the reaction medium directly influenced the formation of the products. When an inert atmosphere of nitrogen was applied, a 2-aryl-3-formyl-5-alanylbenzofuran core was selectively obtained via a Heck intramolecular reaction, while the reactions carried out under a carbon monoxide atmosphere led exclusively to 6-alanyl-2-arylflavone derivatives via reductive intramolecular acylation.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Structural component of proteins and peptides, amino acids have been used as building blocks in the synthesis of more complex molecules with antitumor activity against several types of cancer. OBJECTIVE: The search for new anticancer compounds is ongoing, especially for cancers that are very aggressive and have poor prognoses, such as leukemia. METHOD: Here, we report a method to synthesize Tyr-Tyr dipeptides via sonochemistry reactions followed by functionalization of these Tyr-Tyr dipeptides with Suzuki-Miyaura and Sonogashira crosscoupling reactions in good yields. Twelve different Tyr-Tyr dipeptides were investigated against three cell lines: HaCaT; Jurkat-E6; and A2058. RESULTS: Some of the Tyr-Tyr dipeptides showed activity against Jurkat-E6 leukaemia cells at low concentration, decreasing their viability, but not against non-tumor HaCaT cells, suggesting a cytotoxicity specific to tumor cells. CONCLUSION: All dipeptides were able to decrease the viability of Jurkat cell line, however the A2058 cell line did not respond well to treatment with the peptides. Some of the modified Tyr-Tyr dipeptides presented selective activity on leukemic tumor cells.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Dipeptídeos/síntese química , Dipeptídeos/farmacologia , Biblioteca de Peptídeos , Antineoplásicos/síntese química , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Humanos , Estrutura MolecularRESUMO
BACKGROUND:Structural component of proteins and peptides, amino acids have been used as building blocks in the synthesis of more complex molecules with antitumor activity against several types of cancer. OBJECTIVE:The search for new anticancer compounds is ongoing, especially for cancers that are very aggressive and have poor prognoses, such as leukemia. METHOD:Here, we report a method to synthesize Tyr-Tyr dipeptides via sonochemistry reactions followed by functionalization of these Tyr-Tyr dipeptides with Suzuki-Miyaura and Sonogashira crosscoupling reactions in good yields. Twelve different Tyr-Tyr dipeptides were investigated against three cell lines: HaCaT; Jurkat-E6; and A2058. RESULTS:Some of the Tyr-Tyr dipeptides showed activity against Jurkat-E6 leukaemia cells at low concentration, decreasing their viability, but not against non-tumor HaCaT cells, suggesting a cytotoxicity specific to tumor cells. CONCLUSION:All dipeptides were able to decrease the viability of Jurkat cell line, however the A2058 cell line did not respond well to treatment with the peptides. Some of the modified Tyr-Tyr dipeptides presented selective activity on leukemic tumor cells.
RESUMO
The Ugi multicomponent reaction has been used as an important synthetic route to obtain compounds with potential biological activity. We present the rapid and efficient synthesis of [Formula: see text]-amino-1,3-dicarbonyl compounds in moderate to good yields via Ugi flow chemistry reactions performed with a continuous flow reactor. Such [Formula: see text]-amino-1,3-dicarbonyl compounds can act as precursors for the production of [Formula: see text]-amino acids via hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group as well as building blocks for the synthesis of novel compounds with the 1,2,3-triazole ring. The [Formula: see text]-amino acid derivatives of the Ugi flow chemistry reaction products were then used for dipeptide synthesis.
Assuntos
Triazóis/química , Triazóis/síntese química , Aldeídos/química , Técnicas de Química Sintética , Química Click , Modelos Moleculares , Conformação Molecular , EstereoisomerismoRESUMO
We report a method to obtain biaryl dipeptide tyrosine via Suzuki-Miyaura and alkynyl dipeptide tyrosine by Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions. Analysis of the biological action of biaryl dipeptide tyrosine 4d compound showed its ability to impair the metabolism and proliferation of SK-Mel-28 human melanoma lineage cells, independently of mitochondrial membrane depolarization, apoptosis and necrosis. Moreover, 4d compound did not cause toxicity to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), suggesting its toxic specificity to cancer cells.
Assuntos
Dipeptídeos/toxicidade , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/citologia , Neoplasias/patologia , Tirosina/toxicidade , Morte Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Dipeptídeos/síntese química , Dipeptídeos/química , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/metabolismo , Humanos , Estrutura Molecular , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Tirosina/síntese química , Tirosina/químicaRESUMO
1,2,3-Triazol tyrosines were synthesized from tyrosine alkynes that were in turn prepared via Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction. The tyrosine alkynes were subjected to click-chemistry reaction conditions leading to the corresponding 3-(1,2,3-triazolyl)-tyrosines in yields ranging from moderate to good.
Assuntos
Triazóis/química , Tirosina/química , Tirosina/síntese química , Alcinos/química , Catálise , Química ClickRESUMO
Two independent molecules that differ in terms of rotation about the central S-N bond comprise the asymmetric unit of the title compound 1. The molecules have a V-shape with the dihedral angles between the fused ring system and benzene ring being 79.08(6)° and 72.83(5)°, respectively. The packing is mostly driven by p···p interactions occurring between the tolyl ring of one molecule and the C6 ring of the indole fused ring system of the other. DFT and IRC calculations for these and related 1-(arylsulfonyl)indole molecules showed that the rotational barrier about the S-N bond between conformers is within the 2.5-5.5 kcal/mol range. Crystal data for C16H13NO3S (1): Mr = 299.33, space group Pna21, a = 19.6152(4) Å, b = 11.2736(4) Å, c = 12.6334(3) Å, V = 2793.67(13) Å3, Z = 8, Z' = 2, R = 0.034.