RESUMO
Nutrition during pregnancy influences perinatal outcomes and predispositions to chronic diseases. A prospective cohort study was carried out with the objectives of describing the dietary patterns in the pregnant population in the city of Quito, Ecuador and analysing the sociodemographic and lifestyle factors that influence the adherence to each dietary pattern. The body mass index was calculated for each patient, and the patients were classified according to the Atalah criteria. The Global Physical Activity Questionnaire was also applied. The dietary patterns were assessed using a dietary survey with a 24 h recall on two occasions. A total of 535 pregnant women were included. A positive association was found between the pattern "dairy, salads and sweet snacks/dressings" and foreign nationality (ß = 0.82 (0.43;1.21)). The "refined carbohydrates" pattern was negatively associated with education equal to or less than 7 years and an income of up to one basic salary (ß = -0.59 (-1.05; -0.14)). The "traditional Ecuadorian" pattern showed a positive association with being born in the coastal region of Ecuador (ß = 0.62 (0.22; 1.01)). This study identified three dietary patterns in pregnant women and their possible associations with certain sociodemographic factors. More studies are needed to better understand these patterns as well as to analyse their nutritional and caloric properties.
Assuntos
Padrões Dietéticos , Gestantes , Humanos , Gravidez , Feminino , Equador , Estudos Prospectivos , Dieta , Verduras , Comportamento AlimentarRESUMO
Abstract Introduction: Since the first COVID-19 cases were reported, the disease's clinical and epidemiological characteristics have continuously been studied, although they have not been yet defined. Objective: To estimate the epidemiological profile of pediatric patients with COVID-19, as well as their clinical, laboratory and radiological characteristics. Materials and methods: A living systemic review was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus and SciELO databases. Observational studies describing clinical, radiological, and laboratory characteristics of pediatric patients with COVID-19 and published between January 1, 2020, and July 20, 2020, were considered for the search; there were no language restrictions. Government, epidemiological, and pre-print papers were also considered. Meta-analyses of single proportion (frequentist approach) and two proportions (Bayesian method) were carried out. The study registration and protocol are available at https://osf.io/y43wm and https://osf.io/r8ktv, respectively. Results: 13 studies, with a total of 9 152 patients, were retrieved. The Bayesian meta-analysis reported that males are more affected by the disease: OR 1.24 (HDI95%: 1.09-1.4). The proportion results calculated by means of the frequentist meta-analysis are: 52% cough (95%CI: 50-55), 0% death (95%CI: 0-0.1), 16% high aspartate transaminase levels (95%CI: 13-19), and 60% lung changes observed in chest X-ray (95%CI: 57-64). Conclusions: Based on the current data, it is not possible to describe accurately the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 in the pediatric population. However, evidence suggests that males are more affected by the disease and that lung alterations in imaging studies are more frequent than clinical signs such as cough and fever. Laboratory test results are not conclusive and show that different organs and systems of the human body may be affected by SARS-CoV-2. The results reported here must be compared to prospective controlled studies conducted in larger samples and a more rigorous design.
Resumen Introducción. Desde que se reportaron los primeros casos de COVID-19, sus características clínicas y epidemiológicas han sido constantemente estudiadas, pero aún no han sido definidas. Objetivo. Estimar el perfil epidemiológico, así como las características clínicas, radiológicas y de laboratorio en pacientes pediátricos con COVID-19. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una revisión sistemática viva en las bases de datos PubMed, Scopus y SciELO; para la búsqueda se consideraron estudios observacionales publicados entre enero 1 de 2020 y julio 20 de 2020, sin restricción de idioma, que describieran características clínicas, radiológicas y de laboratorio en población pediátrica con COVID-19; también se incluyeron reportes gubernamentales y epidemiológicos, y artículos publicados en formato pre-print. Se realizaron metaanálisis de proporción única (método frecuentista) y de dos proporciones (método bayesiano). El registro y el protocolo del estudio están disponibles en https://osf.io/y43wm y https://osf.io/r8ktv, respectivamente. Resultados. Se encontraron 13 estudios, con un total de 9 152 pacientes. El metaanálisis bayesiano reportó una mayor afectación del sexo masculino: OR: 1.2 (HDI95%: 1.09-1.4). Los resultados de la proporción calculada por el metaanálisis frecuentista fueron: tos 52% (IC95%: 50-55), muerte 0% (IC95%: 0-0.1), niveles elevados de aspartato aminotransferasa 16% (IC95%: 13-19) y alteraciones pulmonares evidenciadas mediante estudios de imagen 60% (IC95%: 57-64). Conclusiones. Con los datos actuales no es posible describir con exactitud las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de la COVID-19 en población pediátrica. Sin embargo, existen indicios de una mayor afectación al sexo masculino, y de que las anormalidades pulmonares detectadas en radiografías y tomografías del tórax son más frecuentes que signos clínicos como la tos y la fiebre. Los resultados de laboratorio no son concluyentes y reflejan que diferentes órganos y sistemas son afectados por el SARS-CoV-2. Los hallazgos del presente estudio deben ser contrastados con estudios prospectivos controlados, con un mayor número de pacientes y un diseño más riguroso.