RESUMO

Background. Femicides are an increasing social problem worldwide. In this study, we aim to describe the trend of femicides in the prepandemic decade and characterize the femicide victims and their perpetrators. Methods. We assessed the trend of femicides in Peru during 2010-2019 and performed a cross-sectional study to analyze the femicides reported in 2019 using open data. Results. We analyzed 166 femicides reported in 24/25 regions of Peru in 2019 and calculated a yearly incidence of 1.01 femicides per 100,000 women. This incidence level represents an increase of 38% compared to the mean annual incidence from 2010 to 2018 (0.74 femicides per 100,000 women). Most femicides occurred in urban areas (64%), through strangling/asphyxiation (25.9%), stabbing (23%), and shooting (16%). Most victims were mothers (61%) 30 years old or over (51%). Most perpetrators have had a partner history with their victims (69%), 30 years old or over (62%), employed (57%), and consumed enablers (51%). Our regression analysis observed that the victim's age was associated with the perpetrator's age and partner history. Conclusions. Femicides are endemic in Peru, and the main characteristics of the victims and their perpetrators offer opportunities for tackling this social problem in Peru and similar low- to middle-income countries.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) impact varies substantially due to various factors, so it is critical to characterize its main differences to inform decision-makers about where to focus their interventions and differentiate mitigation strategies. Up to this date, little is known about the patterns and regional clustering of COVID-19 waves worldwide. Methods: We assessed the patterns and regional clustering of COVID-19 waves in Peru by using the weekly mortality rates for each of the 25 regions as an outcome of interest. We obtained the death counts from the National Informatics System of Deaths and population estimates from the National Registry of Identification and Civil Status. In addition, we characterized each wave according to its duration, peak, and mortality rates by age group and gender. Additionally, we used polynomial regression models to compare them graphically and performed a cluster analysis to identify regional patterns. Results: We estimated the average mortality rate at the first, second, and third waves at 13.01, 14.12, and 9.82 per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively, with higher mortality rates among elders and men. The patterns of each wave varied substantially in terms of duration, peak, impact, and wave shapes. Based on our clustering analysis, during the first wave caused by the index virus, the 25 regions of Peru presented six different wave patterns. However, the regions were clustered in two different wave patterns during the second and third, caused by alpha/lambda/delta and omicron. Conclusions: The propagation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) variants behaved in Peru with varying wave patterns and regional clustering. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the weekly mortality rates followed different spatiotemporal patterns with solid clustering, which might help project the impact of future waves of COVID-19.

RESUMO

Noonan syndrome is an autosomal dominant inherited disorder with variable phenotypic expression. It belongs to the group of diseases known as RASopathies, which are characterized by mutations in the RAS genes. Patients develop symptoms such as facial dysmorphism, short stature, congenital heart disease, musculoskeletal disorders and mental retardation. In this article, we report a case of Noonan syndrome in a 14-year-old patient, diagnosed in a primary health center in Ecuador. The syndrome was identified through clinical diagnosis, after which the patient was referred to the secondary and tertiary levels for specialized care.

El síndrome de Noonan es un trastorno genético de herencia autosómica dominante, de expresión fenotípica variable. Pertenece al grupo de las enfermedades conocidas como rasopatías, trastornos producido por las mutaciones en los genes RAS. Los pacientes desarrollan síntomas como dismorfismo facial, talla baja, enfermedad cardíaca congénita, alteraciones músculos esqueléticas y discapacidad intelectual. En el presente reporte, se describe un caso de diagnóstico del síndrome de Noonan en un paciente de 14 años, realizado a nivel de atención primaria en Ecuador. El síndrome se identificó mediante diagnóstico clínico, permitiendo su derivación al segundo y tercer nivel de salud para una atención especializada.

Assuntos

RESUMO

El síndrome de Noonan es un trastorno genético de herencia autosómica dominante, de expresión fenotípica variable. Pertenece al grupo de las enfermedades conocidas como rasopatías, trastornos producido por las mutaciones en los genes RAS. Los pacientes desarrollan síntomas como dismorfismo facial, talla baja, enfermedad cardíaca congénita, alteraciones músculos esqueléticas y discapacidad intelectual. En el presente reporte, se describe un caso de diagnóstico del síndrome de Noonan en un paciente de 14 años, realizado a nivel de atención primaria en Ecuador. El síndrome se identificó mediante diagnóstico clínico, permitiendo su derivación al segundo y tercer nivel de salud para una atención especializada.

Noonan syndrome is an autosomal dominant inherited disorder with variable phenotypic expression. It belongs to the group of diseases known as RASopathies, which are characterized by mutations in the RAS genes. Patients develop symptoms such as facial dysmorphism, short stature, congenital heart disease, musculoskeletal disorders and mental retardation. In this article, we report a case of Noonan syndrome in a 14-year-old patient, diagnosed in a primary health center in Ecuador. The syndrome was identified through clinical diagnosis, after which the patient was referred to the secondary and tertiary levels for specialized care.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Piper aduncum found naturally in the Amazon and southeastern Brazil, is known for its secondary metabolites that have activity on insects. Anticarsia gemmatalis and Spodoptera frugiperda are among the major insect pests associated with agricultural production. This research evaluated the biological activity of hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extracts of P. aduncum leaves on mortality and duration of larval and pupal periods, as well as weight, width, and length of A. gemmatalis and S. frugiperda pupae. The mortality of A. gemmatalis larvae in trials with P. aduncum extracts were 93.3% (hexane) and 90% (ethyl acetate), estimating LC50 of 6.35 and 5.79 mg/mL, respectively. Mortality in S. frugiperda submitted to the hexane extract ranged from 3.33% to 96.66% (LC50 of 8.22 mg/mL). The ethanol extract induced low mortality (3.33% to 23.33%). The P. aduncum extracts did not affect the development of S. frugiperda pupae. In A. gemmatalis differences in weight and length occurred. The chemical characterization was by GC-MS, which revealed that the major constituent in the hexane extract of P. aduncum was apiol (90.7%). P. aduncum extracts are important and promising components to manage A. gemmatalis and S. frugiperda, which cause extensive production losses.

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT Piper aduncum found naturally in the Amazon and southeastern Brazil, is known for its secondary metabolites that have activity on insects. Anticarsia gemmatalis and Spodoptera frugiperda are among the major insect pests associated with agricultural production. This research evaluated the biological activity of hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extracts of P. aduncum leaves on mortality and duration of larval and pupal periods, as well as weight, width, and length of A. gemmatalis and S. frugiperda pupae. The mortality of A. gemmatalis larvae in trials with P. aduncum extracts were 93.3% (hexane) and 90% (ethyl acetate), estimating LC50 of 6.35 and 5.79 mg/mL, respectively. Mortality in S. frugiperda submitted to the hexane extract ranged from 3.33% to 96.66% (LC50 of 8.22 mg/mL). The ethanol extract induced low mortality (3.33% to 23.33%). The P. aduncum extracts did not affect the development of S. frugiperda pupae. In A. gemmatalis differences in weight and length occurred. The chemical characterization was by GC-MS, which revealed that the major constituent in the hexane extract of P. aduncum was apiol (90.7%). P. aduncum extracts are important and promising components to manage A. gemmatalis and S. frugiperda, which cause extensive production losses.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Objetivo: estudiar el valor predictivo del examen clínico temprano y perfil evolutivo, en el neurodesarrollo de recién nacidos de término con asfixia perinatal. Población y método: se realizó estudio longitudinal prospectivo de 24 recién nacidos que sufrieron asfixia perinatal. Se realizó seguimiento con equipo interdisciplinario. Se consideraron, según el examen neurológico por criterios de Amiel Tison, recién nacidos con alteraciones leves, moderadas y severas. Se catalogaron entre los12 y 18 meses, según el examen neurológico y el grado de dependencia para las actividades de la vida diaria, en normales, con alteraciones leves y severas El desarrollo cognitivo se evaluó con el test de Bayley. En todos se realizó intervención con equipo multidisciplinario. Resultados: el examen neurológico de los recién nacidos evidenció alteraciones leves en 62%, moderadas en 21%, y severas en 17%. Entre los 12 y 18 meses, el examen fue normal en el 58%, 17% presentó alteraciones leves, y 25% lesiones severas. El rendimiento cognitivo es concordante con el examen neurológico. Conclusiones: el examen neurológico temprano puede ser orientador del pronóstico. Cuando la alteración es leve y presenta un perfil evolutivo dinámico, en la etapa neonatal, se obtiene examen normal en estos pacientes entre los 12 y 18 meses con valor predictivo de 75%. Los recién nacidos con alteraciones severas en el examen al nacer y perfil evolutivo estático, mantienen lesiones severas en nuestra muestra a los 18 meses.

Objective: to study the predictive value of early clinical examination and evolutive profile in the neurodevelopment of term-newborns with perinatal asphyxia. Methods and population: a prospective longitudinal study was made including twenty four newborns who suffered perinatal asphyxia. Follow-up with an interdisciplinary team was performed. Newborns were evaluated and included according to Amiel Tison criteria for neurologic examination into the categories of mild, moderate and severe alterations. At the age of 12 to 18 month they were re-evaluated and classified according to their examination neurologic, and grade of dependency for activities of daily life into normal, or with mild, and severe sequelae. The cognitive evaluation was performed the test Bayley. All of them received physiotherapy as part of their treatment.Results: newborn neurologic examination has proved 62% mild, 21% moderate and 17% severe alterations. Between 12 and 18 months, 58% had normal clinical examination, 17% showed mild and 25% severe sequelae. Results of cognitive evaluation are in agreement with clinical examination. Conclusions: results of early neurological examination, can be an orientative prognostical factor in case of mild sequelae and when a dynamic evolutive profile is present in the perinatal period; showing normal clinical examination at age 12 to 18 months with a 75% predictive value. Newborns with severe alterations at birth and static evolutive profile, still have severe lesions at 18 months, without statistical significance in our sample.

Assuntos

Assuntos

RESUMO

Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) from plants inhibit protein synthesis by inactivating ribosomes. Some two-chain (type 2) RIPs are highly toxic and may play a role in plant defense. The lower toxicity of single-chain (type 1) RIPs reflects the lack of a protein domain able to bind to, and translocate the toxin across cell membranes. We studied the effect of single-chain RIPs, lychnin, momordin, gelonin, PAP-S and saporin S-6, in larvae of Anticarsia gemmatalis and Spodoptera frugiperda. After ingesting a total dose of 20 or 40 microg of the toxins, weight gain, survival rate, lesions in DNA and oxidative status (catalase and superoxide dismutase activities and lipidic peroxidation) of RIP-treated insects were assayed. Momordin was the less toxic in the biossays. S. frugiperda had a more pronounced weight loss on the 4th day of treatment and A. gemmatalis on the 10th day. RIP-induced mortality reached 57.13% for A. gemmatalis and 29.45% for S. frugiperda. RIP-treated insects showed a 2-3-fold increase in DNA lesions as assessed by the comet assay, but there were no correlations between stress markers and DNA damage. We conclude that single-chain RIPs are entomotoxic to lepidopteran insects causing extensive DNA lesions.

Assuntos

RESUMO

O curso de Medicina da Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL) implementou um currículo integrado que utiliza a metodologia da Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas (ABP) nos módulos temáticos. Embora dados da literatura apontem que o uso dessa metodologia aumenta o entendimento e a retenção de conceitos das ciências básicas, alguns autores demonstram preocupação com o fato de estas não receberem suficiente ênfase nesta metodologia. Esse trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a inserção das ciências básicas no currículo integrado do curso de Medicina da UEL. Para isto, foi elaborado um questionário semiestruturado sobre o processo de inclusão dos docentes das áreas básicas nas várias atividades desenvolvidas no atual currículo. Houve aumento de 36 por cento na participação dos docentes em relação ao currículo anterior. Foi verificado que ocorreu uma distribuição dos docentes em atividades do currículo integrado nas quatro primeiras séries, embora com maior concentração nas duas primeiras. Devem ser feitos esforços para que a integração básico-clínico possa ocorrer com maior intensidade em todas as séries.

The medical school of the State University of Londrina established an integrated curriculum using Problem Based Learning (PBL) as teaching strategy in the thematic modules of the medical course. Although according to the literature Problem Based Learning enhances the understanding and retention of basic sciences concepts, some authors fear that these basic concepts are not sufficiently emphasized in this methodology. The objective of this study is to evaluate the participation of basic sciences in the integrated curriculum of the Londrina State University medical school. To this purpose a semi-structured questionnaire was elaborated for evaluating the participation of teachers of the basic areas in the different activities making part of the current curriculum. There was an increase of 36 percent in the participation of basic science teachers in relation to the previous curriculum. It was verified that basic sciences teachers participated in activities of the integrated curriculum during the first four but mainly during the first two years. Efforts should be made for achieving a more intense integration of basic sciences and clinical practice throughout the course.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Este artigo relata uma experiência de ensino de psiquiatria, habilidades de comunicação e atitudes no currículo integrado do curso de Medicina da Universidade Estadual de Londrina. O mapa conceitual do módulo temático de problemas mentais e do comportamento foi proposto para facilitar uma aprendizagem interdisciplinar significativa de psiquiatria. O conhecimento de psiquiatria é adquirido utilizando-se a metodologia de Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas. O treinamento de habilidades de comunicação e atitudes é realizado de diferentes formas, com pacientes verdadeiros, pacientes simulados, vídeos, relatos de casos, dramatizações e trabalhos em pequenos grupos. Os métodos de avaliação do conhecimento de psiquiatria, habilidades de comunicação e atitudes incluem avaliação somativa eformativa, que fornecem feedback ao estudante acerca de seu progresso, o exame clínico estruturado por objetivo (Osce), portfolios e relatórios de casos. As competências de conhecimento de psiquiatria, habilidades em comunicação e atitudes são internalizadas dependendo do método de treinamento de uma aprendizagem significativa e de como os estudantes são avaliados em sua prática da medicina.

This article describes an experience of teaching psychiatry, communication skills, and attitudes in an integrated medical curriculum at the Londrina State University. The concept map of the thematic module of mental disorders and of behavior were proposed as a strategy promoting interdisciplinary meaningful learning of Psychiatry. Psychiatric knowledge is acquired through problem-based learning. Communication skills and attitudes are taught in different ways, with patients, with simulated patients, using videos, case reports, role-playing, and work in small groups. The methods used for evaluating the knowledge in psychiatry, the communication skills and the attitudes include summative and formative assessment designed to give the student a feedback on his progress in objective structured clinical examination (Osce), portfolios, and case reports. The psychiatric knowledge, communication skills, and attitudes are assimilated depending on meaningful learning as a teaching method and on the way the students are evaluated in their medical practice.

Assuntos

RESUMO

A bactéria Zymomonas mobilis produtora de etanol, produz também vários subprodutos quando crescida em meio de sacarose, entre esses o sorbitol. O sorbitol é produzido pela enzima glicose-frutose oxidorredutase (GFOR) presente no periplasma da bactéria, a função fisiológica da enzima é estabelecer a regulação do equilíbrio osmótico, quando a célula é crescida em meio com altas concentrações de açucares. A enzima produz sorbitol e este é acumulado, como um soluto compatível à alta concentração de açúcar fora da célula. Este trabalho investigou efeito da aplicação de ultra-som de baixa intensidade na liberação de sorbitol de células de Zymomonas mobilis crescida em meio com sacarose a 200 g/L até 48 h de fermentação. A melhor produção de sorbitol foi de 36,09 g/L em 36 h de cultivo. A irradiação ultra-sônica não alterou os valores de sorbitol detectados e o ultra-som levou ao rompimento das células após 20 min de tratamento.

RESUMO

The characterization of entomopathogenic microorganisms is important for the selection of more effective strains for use in integrated pest-control programs. Five Nomuraea rileyi strains (SA86101, GU87401, SR86151, CG128 and VA9101) were characterized using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, virulence studies and assessment of chitinolytic and proteolytic activity. RAPD analysis divided the strains into two groups with a similarity coefficient of 0,76 percent, group 1 consisting of strains SA86101, GU87401 and SR86151 and group 2 of strains CG128 and VA9101. The LT50 varied from 165h with strain VA9101 to 246h with strain GU87401. Chitinolytic and proteolytic activity of the fungi after 144h growth in minimal medium were tested using colloidal chitin as substrate. All strains exhibited enzyme activity, with strain VA9101 having the highest chitinase activity (0,0040 mumol/mL/min the 40ºC) and strain SA86101 the highest proteolytic activity. No relationship was found between RAPD analysis, virulence and chitinase or protease activity

RESUMO

A desnutriçäo na infância representa um sério problema, pois compromete o crescimento e o desenvolvimento da criança, podendo levar a graves sequelas no sistema nervoso, bem como favorecer a ocorrência de outras doenç. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar o grau de nutriçäo das crianças pré-escolares (0 a menor que 7 anos) da área de abrangência da Unidade Básica de Saúde Säo Lourenço. Com relaçäo ao estudo nutricional, foram coletados dados antropométricos de 124 crianças as quais, através de questionário elaborado pelo grupo, também foram caracterizadas quanto à renda familiar, número de integrantes na família, aleitamento materno, escolaridade dos pais, vaninaçäo, necessidade de hospitalizaçäo, etc. Com base no critério de Goméz, as crianças foram classificadas em eutróficas (normais) e desnutridas, sendo que, das 124 crianças pesquisadas, 69 revelaram-se desnutridas. Destas 69, 55 apresentaram desnutriçäo de grau 1 e 14 crianças, desnutriçäo de grau II. Os dados mostraram que a renda familiar de 80 por cento das crianças desnutridas é de até 3 salários mínimos e que 50,72 por cento destas foram hospitalizadas no último ano

Assuntos