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Raphanus sativus L. cv. Sango, commonly known as red radish, is widely consumed around the world as a vegetable, but its benefit in pain relief is not sufficiently investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the antinociceptive effects of R. sativus and a possible mechanism of action. An aqueous extract of R. sativus sprouts (AERSS) was investigated by parenteral (10, 30, and 100 mg kg-1, i.p.) and enteral (500 mg kg-1, p.o.) administration in the neurogenic and inflammatory phases of the formalin test, where gastric damage was also evaluated as a possible adverse effect. Ketorolac (5 mg kg-1, i.p.) was used as the reference drug. Endogenous opioid and 5-HT1A serotonin receptors, as well as the cAMP/NO-cGMP pathways, were explored in the study of a possible mechanism of action by using their corresponding antagonists: naloxone, 1 mg kg-1, i.p., WAY100635, 1 mg kg-1, i.p., and enzymatic activators or inhibitors, respectively. Sulforaphane (SFN), a known bioactive metabolite, was analyzed using electroencephalography (EEG) to evidence its central involvement. A significant and dose-dependent antinociceptive activity was observed with the AERSS resembling the antinociceptive effect of the reference drug, with an equivalent significant response with a dose of 500 mg kg-1, p.o. without causing gastric damage. The participation of the endogenous opioid and 5-HT1A serotonin receptors at central and peripheral levels was also observed, with a differential participation of cAMP/NO-cGMP. SFN as one metabolite produced significant changes in the EEG analysis, reinforcing its effects on the CNS. Our preclinical evidence supports the benefits of consuming Raphanus sativus cv. Sango sprouts for pain relief.

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Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of the Gail model (GM) in women who already have a diagnosis of breast cancer (BC) from the Breast Pathology Service, Hospital Oncology Department of the Venezuelan Social Security Institute (SOH-IVSS) in the period 2004-2014. To compare the accuracy of the GM in women aged above and below 40 years with a diagnosis of BC. Method: Descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional, 830 records of patients diagnosed with BC were reviewed between 2004 and 2014. Results: The mean age for diagnosis of the disease was 46 ± 13 years; menarche age was 13 years ± 2; age at first birth 22 ± 5 years, with a history of biopsy 32 ± 11, the percentage of relatives with a primary history of BC reported (PHBC) 9.3%. Only 41% of women with a diagnosis of BC reported Gail >1.67 (positive Gail). In the dichotomous logistic regression that related positive Gail with the independent variables, it was observed: greater probability of positive Gail if menarche age <11 years (p < 0.036), PHBC (p = 0.005), previous biopsy (p = 0.007), age at first birth 25-29 years (p = 0.019). When stratifying by age, unlike the bivariate analysis, women over 40 years of age are more likely to have a positive Gail in menarche age <11 years (p = 0.008), PHBC (p = 0.001), previous biopsy (p = 0.025) when compared with younger women, the age at first birth between 25 and 29 years was statistically significant for both groups; however, the probability was higher in younger women (p = 0.008). Conclusion: There is no conclusive evidence to consider that the GM is applicable to Venezuelan women due to its low precision since it only identified 41% of the patients who had BC as high risk; however, when the factors are analysed separately, we found a higher probability of a positive Gail with statistical significance in EM <11 years, PHBC, previous biopsy and age at first birth 25-29 years; When stratifying by age, we observed that the age at first birth 25-29 years in women aged 40 or less increases the probability of a positive Gail. It is necessary to develop new risk assessment models that are adapted to our female population.

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Anxiety is a mental disorder with a growing worldwide incidence due to the SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic. Pharmacological therapy includes drugs such as benzodiazepines (BDZs) or azapirones like buspirone (BUSP) or analogs, which unfortunately produce severe adverse effects or no immediate response, respectively. Medicinal plants or their bioactive metabolites are a shared global alternative to treat anxiety. Palmitone is one active compound isolated from Annona species due to its tranquilizing activity. However, its influence on neural activity and possible mechanism of action are unknown. In this study, an electroencephalographic (EEG) spectral power analysis was used to corroborate its depressant activity in comparison with the anxiolytic-like effects of reference drugs such as diazepam (DZP, 1 mg/kg) and BUSP (4 mg/kg) or 8-OH-DPAT (1 mg/kg), alone or in the presence of the GABAA (picrotoxin, PTX, 1 mg/kg) or serotonin 5-HT1A receptor antagonists (WAY100634, WAY, 1 mg/kg). The anxiolytic-like activity was assayed using the behavioral response of mice employing open-field, hole-board, and plus-maze tests. EEG activity was registered in both the frontal and parietal cortex, performing a 10 min baseline and 30 min recording after the treatments. As a result, anxiety-like behavior was significantly decreased in mice administered with palmitone, DZP, BUSP, or 8-OH-DPAT. The effect of palmitone was equivalent to that produced by 5-HT1A receptor agonists but 50% less effective than DZP. The presence of PTX and WAY prevented the anxiolytic-like response of DZP and 8-OH-DPAT, respectively. Whereas only the antagonist of the 5-HT1A receptor (WAY) inhibited the palmitone effects. Palmitone and BUSP exhibited similar changes in the relative power bands after the spectral power analysis. This response was different to the changes induced by DZP. In conclusion, brain electrical activity was associated with the anxiolytic-like effects of palmitone implying a serotoninergic rather than a GABAergic mechanism of action.

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Tiliaamericana var. mexicana (Tilia) possesses anticonvulsant, antioxidant, neuroprotective, and hepatoprotective activities. The spectrum of anticonvulsant activity in status epilepticus models has not been sufficiently explored. We evaluated the effects of ethyl acetate (EAc), and methanol (ME) extracts on kainic acid (KA)-induced seizures by measuring rats'behavior (severity and latency) and lipoperoxidation in different brain areas (cerebellum, brain hemispheres, cortex, and medulla), kidneys, and liver. Male Wistar rats were administered KA (10 mg/kg, i.p.) after three days of pretreatment with Tilia extract (100 mg/kg). The EAc and ME Tilia extracts significantly decreased the severity of phase 1 and phase 2 seizures, respectively. The ME Tilia extract increased the latency to seizure (27 ± 2 min) compared to the control (13 ± 2 min). The ME and EAc Tilia extracts significantly prevented the increased lipid peroxidation caused by KA-induced seizures in the cerebellum, brain hemispheres, cortex, medulla, liver, and kidneys. The vehicle olive oil (OO) also showed anticonvulsant effects, decreasing the severity of seizures to phase 3 and lipoperoxidation levels in the cerebellum, brain hemispheres, cortex, medulla, liver, and kidneys. The anticonvulsant activity of Tilia is mediated by antioxidant effects in central and systemic areas that involve synergistic interactions among the chemical constituents of these extracts (glucosides of quercetin and kaempferol), while vehicle OO showed the same effects, probably due to its constituent oleuropein.

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ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Bocconia arborea S. Watson (Papaveraceae) is known as "palo llora sangre" and is used in Mexican traditional medicine for the treatment of infections, it is also used as anxiolytic, analgesic, and antidiabetic, among others. AIM OF THE STUDY: to evaluate the antinociceptive and gastroprotective activities of extracts from B. arborea and dihydrosanguinarine (DHS) in murine models. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Organic extracts [hexane (HEX), dichloromethane (DCM) and methanol (MeOH)] were obtained by maceration. DHS was isolated and purified from HEX and DCM by precipitation and chromatographic column, respectively. Organic extracts and DHS were evaluated to determine their antinociceptive effect using formalin test in murine model. Also, the ambulatory effect of the HEX and DHS was determined in Open field test. The possible mechanism of action of DHS was explored in the presence of naltrexone (NTX, 1 mg/kg, i.p.), and picrotoxin (PTX, 1 mg/kg, i.p.). Gastric damage as possible adverse effect or gastroprotection were also investigated. Whereas DHS acute toxicological study was done, and 100 mg/kg of DHS was examined by electroencephalographic (EEG) analysis to discard neurotoxic effects. RESULTS: The B. arborea extracts significantly showed effects in both neurogenic and inflammatory phases of the formalin test, where the HEX extract reached the major antinociceptive effect. A significant and dose-response (10, 30, and 100 mg/kg) antinociceptive activity was observed with the HEX (ED50 = 69 mg/kg) and DHS (ED50 = 85 mg/kg) resembling the effect of the reference analgesic drug tramadol (30 mg/kg). The significant effect of DHS was inhibited in the presence of NTX and PTX. Neither the extracts or DHS produced sedative effects or gastric damage per se at antinociceptive doses. The EEG analysis demonstrated central depressant activity but not sedative or neurotoxic effects at the highest antinociceptive dosage tested, and LD50 is higher than 2000 mg/kg. CONCLUSIONS: HEX, DCM, and MeOH extracts showed significant antinociceptive activity, and DHS was identified as one of bioactive compounds without producing sedative, neurotoxic or gastric damage effects, as possible adverse effects reported for analgesic drugs. A role of opioid and GABAA neurotransmission appears to be involved as mechanisms of action of DHS, suggesting its potential for pain therapy and reinforcing the traditional use of B. arborea.

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The hemolytic activity assay is a versatile tool for fast primary toxicity studies. This work presents a systematic study of the hemolytic properties of ArgovitTM silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) extensively studied for biomedical applications. The results revealed an unusual and unexpected bell-shaped hemolysis curve for human healthy and diabetic donor erythrocytes. With the decrease of pH from 7.4 and 6.8 to 5.6, the hemolysis profiles for AgNPs and AgNO3 changed dramatically. For AgNPs, the bell shape changed to a step shape with a subsequent sharp increase, and for AgNO3 it changed to a gradual increase. Explanations of these changes based on the aggregation of AgNPs due to the increase of proton concentration were suggested. Hemolysis of diabetic donor erythrocytes was slightly higher than that of healthy donor erythrocytes. The meta-analysis revealed that for only one AgNPs formulation (out of 48), a bell-shaped hemolysis profile was reported, but not discussed. This scarcity of data was explained by the dominant goal of studies consisting in achieving clinically significant hemolysis of 5-10%. Considering that hemolysis profiles may be bell-shaped, it is recommended to avoid extrapolations and to perform measurements in a wide concentration interval in hemolysis assays.

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The use of nanomaterials is becoming increasingly widespread, leading to substantial research focused on nanomedicine. Nevertheless, the lack of complete toxicity profiles limits nanomaterials' uses, despite their remarkable diagnostic and therapeutic results on in vitro and in vivo models. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), particularly Argovit™, have shown microbicidal, virucidal, and antitumoral effects. Among the first-line toxicity tests is the hemolysis assay. Here, the hemolytic effect of Argovit™ AgNPs on erythrocytes from one healthy donor (HDE) and one diabetic donor (DDE) is evaluated by the hemolysis assay against AgNO3. The results showed that Argovit™, in concentrations ≤24 µg/mL of metallic silver, did not show a hemolytic effect on the HDE or DDE. On the contrary, AgNO3 at the same concentration of silver ions produces more than 10% hemolysis in both the erythrocyte types. In all the experimental conditions assessed, the DDE was shown to be more prone to hemolysis than the HDE elicited by Ag+ ions or AgNPs, but much more evident with Ag+ ions. The results show that Argovit™ is the least hemolytic compared with the other twenty-two AgNP formulations previously reported, probably due to the polymer mass used to stabilize the Argovit™ formulation. The results obtained provide relevant information that contributes to obtaining a comprehensive toxicological profile to design safe and effective AgNP formulations.

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El embarazo ectópico cervical es una patología de baja frecuencia, que presenta alto riesgo de hemorragia y pérdida de la fertilidad debido a la necesidad de histerectomía. Presentamos un caso de embarazo ectópico cervical después de fecundación in vitro tratada con éxito con resección histeroscópica.

Cervical ectopic pregnancy is a low frequency pathology, which presents a high risk of hemorrhage and loss of fertility due to the need for hysterectomy. We present a case of cervical ectopic pregnancy after in vitro fertilization successfully treated with hysteroscopic resection.

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Introducción. La pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 modificó la prestación de servicios de salud para priorizar el manejo de los casos emergentes. La Asociación Colombiana de Cirugía fue una de las primeras en liderar dichas iniciativas. Este estudio describe el comportamiento de los servicios de salud de un centro especializado en patología de cabeza y cuello en Medellín, Colombia. Métodos. Este es un análisis retrospectivo de una cohorte prospectiva, en el que se usó la base de datos administrativa. Las variables analizadas fueron el número y tipo de consultas y procedimientos, realizados en el periodo de enero-julio de 2109 y su comparación con el mismo periodo de 2020. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo usando porcentajes, promedio y desviación estándar. Resultados. Se analizaron 3521 consultas y 866 procedimientos quirúrgicos. Se observó una caída del número de consultas, que alcanzó su punto más bajo en el mes de abril, con un 33,9 % de disminución El porcentaje de consultas de telemedicina aumentó desde marzo de 2020, hasta alcanzar un 98 % en el mes de abril. Se observó una caída del número de procedimientos, con un aumento compensatorio en junio del 62,5 %. A la fecha, ningún paciente ni integrante del equipo de atención en salud ha presentado infección por COVID-19. Discusión. La pandemia de COVID-19 tuvo un efecto importante en el número de consultas y de procedimientos quirúrgicos de cabeza y cuello. La estrategia de telemedicina ayudó a compensar la disminución del acceso a la atención especializada

Introduction. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic modified the provision of health services to prioritize the management of emerging cases. The Colombian Association of Surgery was one of the first to lead these initiatives. This study describes the behavior of the health services of a center specialized in head and neck pathology in Medellín, Colombia. Methods. This is a retrospective analysis of a prospective cohort, in which the administrative database was used. The variables analyzed were the number and type of consultations and procedures, carried out in the period from January to July 2019 and their comparison with the same period in 2020. A descriptive analysis was carried out using percentages, average and standard deviation. Results. On the database, 3,521 consultations and 866 surgical procedures were analyzed. A drop in the number of consultations was observed, reaching its lowest point in the month of April, with a 33.9% decrease. The percentage of telemedicine consultations increased since March 2020, reaching 98% in the month of April. A drop in the number of procedures was observed, with a compensatory increase in June of 62.5%. To date, no patient or member of the health care team has developed a COVID-19 infection. Discussion. The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant effect on the number of consultations and head and neck surgical procedures. The telemedicine strategy helped to compensate the decrease in access to specialized care

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INTRODUCCIÓN: las infecciones respiratorias agudas (IRAS) se definen como el conjunto de enfermedades del aparato respiratorio causadas por microorganismos virales, bacterianos u otros, caracterizados síntomas respiratorios y son consideradas la mayor causa de morbimortalidad infantil en países en vías de desarrollo. OBJETIVO: describir la frecuencia de IRAS en menores de 5 años atendidos en el Centro de Salud Rio Blanco de enero a diciembre del año 2017. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: se trata de un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal. El universo son todos los menores de 5 años que acudieron al Centro de Salud Río Blanco del 2017, siendo en total 3 510. RESULTADOS: se identificó un 31% de frecuencia de IRAS, un 44% de faringoamigdalitis como diagnostico principal, leve predominio no significativo en el sexo femenino, mayor frecuencia en edades mayores de 2 años y mayor frecuencia en invierno. CONCLUSIONES: se evidencia una alta frecuencia de IRAS en la población estudiada con características similares a las estimadas en la literatura para las condiciones del medio.

INTRODUCTION: acute respiratory infections (IRAS) are defined as the set of diseases of the respiratory system caused by viral, bacterial or other microorganisms, characterized by respiratory symptoms and are considered the greatest cause of infant morbidity and mortality in developing countries. OBJECTIVE: to describe the frequency of IRAS in children under 5 years attended at the Rio Blanco Health Center from January to December of the year 2017.MATERIALS AND METHODS: this is a descriptive, cross-sectional study. The universe is all those under 5 years of age who attended the Río Blanco Health Center in 2017, with a total of 3 510. RESULTS: 31% of IRAS frequency was identified, 44% of pharyngotonsillitis as the main diagnosis, slight predominance of significant in the female sex, higher frequency in ages older than 2 years and higher frequency in winter. CONCLUSIONS: a high frequency of IRAS is evident in the studied population with characteristics similar to those estimated in the literature for the environmental conditions.

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BACKGROUND: Variation in the temporal patterns of electrical pulses in stimulation trains has opened a new field of opportunity for the treatment of neurological disorders, such as pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy. Whether this novel type of stimulation affects epileptogenesis remains to be investigated. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of temporally irregular deep brain stimulation on kindling-induced epileptogenesis in rats. METHODS: Temporally irregular deep brain stimulation was delivered at different times with respect to the kindling stimulation. Behavioral and electrographic changes on kindling acquisition were compared with a control group and a temporally regular deep brain stimulation-treated group. The propagation of epileptiform activity was analyzed with wavelet cross-correlation analysis, and interictal epileptiform discharge ratios were obtained. RESULTS: Temporally irregular deep brain stimulation delivered in the epileptogenic focus during the interictal period shortened the daily afterdischarge duration, slowed the progression of seizure stages, diminished the generalized seizure duration and interfered with the propagation of epileptiform activity from the seizure onset zone to the ipsi- and contralateral motor cortex. We also found a negative correlation between seizure severity and interictal epileptiform discharges in rats stimulated with temporally irregular deep brain stimulation. CONCLUSION: These results provide evidence that temporally irregular deep brain stimulation interferes with the establishment of epilepsy by delaying epileptogenesis by almost twice as long in kindling animals. Thus, temporally irregular deep brain stimulation could be a preventive approach against epilepsy.

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RATIONALE: The use of electrical stimulation therapy to treat epilepsy is currently being studied in experimental animals and patients. Our study was designed to evaluate the effects of electrical stimulation applied in the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) on the development of pentylentetrazole-induced seizures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Experiments were performed using male Wistar rats with electrodes stereotaxically implanted in the left TRN. Epidural EEG recording screws were implanted in the motor cortex for EEG recording. The rats were classified in seven groups: one sham group, four groups receiving either high- or low-frequency preemptive stimulation for either 10 or 60 minutes, and two groups receiving either high- or low-frequency responsive stimulation for ten minutes. All animals received a single dose of pentylentetrazole throughout five days. EEG recordings were obtained from the cortex and were evaluated to assess ictal behavior more than 45 to 90 minutes. RESULTS: Ten minutes of preemptive high-frequency stimulation in the TRN induced a significant decrease in seizure severity compared to 60 minutes of preemptive stimulation and ten minutes of responsive stimulation. Additionally, ten minutes of preemptive high-frequency stimulation protected against death as aftereffect of status epilepticus. The spike-wave complex frequency was not modified. CONCLUSIONS: These data could contribute to the characterization of the TRN in mediating the initiation and spreading of seizure activity and provide preclinical support for optimal parameters to use to obtain beneficial effects against convulsive activity.

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Iniciando una serie de textos que tienen como propósito ahondar en la noción de acting-out en las psicosis, en el presente artículo se investiga el agieren freudiano desde su etimología y el estado actual del conocimiento sobre el tema, las diversas citas freudianas que dan cuenta del agieren -de forma explícita- e implícita, la articulación con conceptos tales como transferencia, repetición, resistencia; para, finalmente, extraer conclusiones que permitan, no solo ubicar las coordenadas freudianas de esta noción, sino dar cuenta de la presencia de agieren en las psicosis, cuestión preponderante para la continuación de la investigación sobre el tema planteado.

Initiating a series of texts that aim to delve into the notion of acting-out in psychoses, the present article investigates the Freudian agieren from its etymology and the current state of knowledge on the subject, the various Freudian quotations that account of the agieren - explicitly and implicitly -, articulating it with concepts such as transference, repetition, resistance; to finally draw conclusions that allow, not only locate the Freudian coordinates of this notion, but to account for the presence of agieren in the psychoses, a preponderant question for the continuation of the research on the subject matter.

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Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease associated with progressive memory and cognitive decline. Previous studies have identified the benefits of cognitive enrichment on reducing disease pathology. Additionally, epidemiological and clinical data suggest that repeated exercise, and cognitive and social enrichment, can improve and/or delay the cognitive deficiencies associated with aging and neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, 3xTg-AD mice were exposed to a rigorous training routine beginning at 3 months of age, which consisted of repeated training in the Morris water maze spatial recognition task every 3 months, ending at 18 months of age. At the conclusion of the final Morris water maze training session, animals subsequently underwent testing in another hippocampus-dependent spatial task, the Barnes maze task, and on the more cortical-dependent novel object recognition memory task. Our data show that periodic cognitive enrichment throughout aging, via multiple learning episodes in the Morris water maze task, can improve the memory performance of aged 3xTg-AD mice in a separate spatial recognition task, and in a preference memory task, when compared to naïve aged matched 3xTg-AD mice. Furthermore, we observed that the cognitive enrichment properties of Morris water maze exposer, was detectable in repeatedly trained animals as early as 6 months of age. These findings suggest early repeated cognitive enrichment can mitigate the diverse cognitive deficits observed in Alzheimer's disease.

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The non-paraxial phase-space representation of diffraction of optical fields in any state of spatial coherence has been successfully modeled by assuming a discrete set of radiant point sources at the aperture plane instead of a continuous wave-front. More than a mere calculation strategy, this discreteness seems to be a physical feature of the field, independent from the sampling procedure of the modeling.

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The vagus nerve participates in the control and regulation of important autonomous functions, emotional tasks, and neural activity. Electrical vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is an approved procedure for the treatment of refractory epilepsy in humans. VNS has also been shown to improve mood complaints and cognitive function in both human patients and animals. Thus, the purpose of this study was to analyse and describe the effects of VNS on the development and establishment of sensory habituation and electrographic activity of the visual pathway in freely moving cats. Six cats had implants placed in the optic chiasm (OC), lateral geniculate body (LGB), mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF), primary visual cortex (VC) of the left hemisphere, and left vagus nerve. Immediately after surgery, all cats presented anisocoria and relaxation of the left nictitant membrane. Also showed vegetative-type responses such as myosis, licking, and swallowing during VNS. Animals were then subjected to repeated luminous stimuli at intervals of 1 and 3s to cause habituation. The effect of VNS on the frequency and latency of the habituation episodes and the electrographic changes in the registered brain structures were analysed. Latency analysis showed that VNS delayed the first habituation episode. VNS had transitory effects on the neural activity of the primary visual pathway structures, which caused a small but measurable delay in the establishment of habituation. In conclusion, VNS interferes with the development and establishment of visual habituation, an elementary form of non-associative learning, in freely moving cats.

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Introducción: El psicodrama en el pasado tuvo buena acogida entre psicoterapeutas y psiquiatras clínicos, pero su uso se ha restringido, debido en parte a conceptos erróneos que los mismos clínicos tienen sobre éste (“es costoso”, “exige mucho tiempo y recursos”, “requiere un teatro para realizarse”, “no es útil en personas con trastornos psicóticos”, etc.). Objetivo: Mostrar que el psicodrama es válido, aplicable y útil en un amplio rango de situaciones clínicas, con base en la literatura existente acerca de psicodrama y sus usos clínicos, así como en una serie de casos en los que se han usado con éxito técnicas psicodramáticas en el contexto de un proceso psicoterapéutico. Métodos: Búsqueda en Pubmed de artículos relacionados con el tema, además de una revisión narrativa de textos de psicoterapia con énfasis en psicoterapia psicodramática, técnica psicoterapéutica y catarsis. Resultados: Este artículo es una revisión de las técnicas psicodramáticas y su utilidad en psicoterapia y una presentación de casos clínicos reales en los que dichas técnicas han contribuido al bienestar de los pacientes y al desarrollo del proceso psicoterapéutico. Conclusiones: El psicodrama y sus técnicas están vigentes y son útiles en varios contextos clínicos y psicoterapéuticos.

Introduction: In the past years, Psychodrama was widely accepted by psychotherapists and psychiatrists. But its use has been restricted, partly because misconceptions that they have of it (“It’s expensive”, “it takes time and resources”, “it requires a theater to be done”, “it isn’t useful in people with psychotic disorders”, etc.). Aim: Based on existing literature about psychodrama and its clinical applications, as well as a number of cases in which psychodrama techniques have been successfully used in the context of a psychotherapeutic process, the aim of this study is to show that psychodrama is a valid, applicable and useful technique in a wide range of clinical situations. Methods: Articles in connection with the study were sought in PubMed, as well as a narrative review of psychotherapy texts emphasizing psychodramatic psychotherapy, psychotherapeutic techniques and catharsis. Results: This article is a review of psychodramatic techniques and how useful they may be in psychotherapy, together with a presentation of actual clinical cases in which such techniques have contributed to the patients’ wellbeing and the development of the psychotherapeutic process. Conclusions: Psychodrama and its techniques are valid and useful tools in various clinical and psychotherapeutic contexts.

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El psicodrama en el pasado tuvo buena acogida entre psicoterapeutas y psi-quiatras clínicos, pero su uso se ha restringido, debido en parte a conceptos erróneos que los mismos clínicos tienen sobre éste ("es costoso", "exige mucho tiempo y recursos", "requiere un teatro para realizarse", "no es útil en personas con trastornos psicóticos", etc.). Objetivo: Mostrar que el psicodrama es válido, aplicable y útil en un amplio rango de situaciones clínicas, con base en la literatura existente acerca de psicodrama y sus usos clínicos, así como en una serie de casos en los que se han usado con éxito técnicas psicodramáticas en el contexto de un proceso psicoterapéutico. Métodos:Búsqueda en Pubmed de artículos relacionados con el tema, además de una revisión narrativa de textos de psicoterapia con énfasis en psicoterapia psicodramática, técnica psicoterapéutica y catarsis. Resultados: Este artículo es una revisión de las técnicas psicodramáticas y su utilidad en psicoterapia y una presentación de casos clínicos reales en los que dichas técnicas han contribuido al bienestar de los pacientes y al desarrollo del proceso psicoterapéutico. Conclusiones: El psicodrama y sus técnicas están vigentes y son útiles en varios contextos clínicos y psicoterapéuticos.

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Los quistes esplénicos no parasitarios son poco frecuentes. Sin embargo, es posible clasificarlos en primarios y secundarios dependiendo de la presencia o ausencia de revestimiento epitelial. Los síntomas tienen relación con el tamaño del quiste. Aunque no hay información basada en la evidencia que defina el manejo quirúrgico óptimo, se recomiendan las técnicas de cirugía conservadora (preservación del bazo) en quistes no parasitarios. En la actualidad, la cirugía por laparoscopia es una alternativa. Se informan dos casos de quiste esplénico no parasitario. Ninguna de las pacientes registra antecedente de trauma. Se practica esplenectomía total por un quiste central y esplenectomía parcial por un quiste en el polo superior. Una de las pacientes presentó trombosis de la vena porta y esplénica posoperatoria.

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CONTENIDO: 1. Fisiologia de los líquidos y electrólitos, 2. Alteraciones de los líquidos y electrólitos, 3. Potasio, 4. Calcio, magnesio y fósforo, 5. Choque hipovolémico. 6. Cristaloides y colides en la reanimación del paciente, 7. Transtornos del equilibrio ácido base, 8. Acceso venoso

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