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The potential of yeasts isolated from traditional chichas as starter cultures, either for controlled production of the native beverage or for industrial beer production, has been investigated. Three S. cerevisiae strains and one T. delbrueckii strain isolated from four different Ecuadorian chichas were compared to ale and lager beer strains with respect to fermentation performance, sugar utilisation, phenolic off-flavour production, flocculation and growth at low temperature. Fermentations were performed in 15 °P all-malt wort and in a model chicha substrate at 12 °C and 20 °C. Tall-tube fermentations (1.5 L) were also performed with both substrates to assess yeast performance and beer quality. Among the strains tested, only one Ecuadorian S. cerevisiae strain was able to ferment the wort sugars maltose and maltotriose. Fermentations with all Ecuadorian strains were poor in wort at 12 °C relative to 20 °C, but were similar in model chicha substrate at both temperatures. The aromatic profile was different between species and strains. These results indicate the potential of yeasts derived from traditional Andean fermented beverages for commercial applications. One of the chicha strains demonstrated traits typical of domesticated brewery strains and could be suitable for ale fermentation, while the other strains may have potential for low-alcohol beer or chicha production.

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ABSTRACT An analysis was made of the correspondence between species diversity and chromosome number (CN) diversity across 13 Protected Wild Areas (PWA) in the Araucanía Region of southern Chile, encompassing 84 plant species with available cytogenetic data. Our aim was to establish whether higher species diversity within a PWA entails higher CN variation as based on the index of chromosome number heterogeneity (ICNH). The CN data were extracted from databases for Chilean plants, and the ICNH for the flora of each PWA was calculated. Results showed that in nine PWA the species diversity clearly correlates with CN diversity. However, four PWA do not fit this trend. The percentage of species with CN data varied between 9.6% and 24.5% among PWA, with 11 PWA presenting percentages higher than 11%. A 27.3% of the Chilean vascular plant species with available cytogenetic data were studied here for the 13 PWA. The results obtained by studying one part of the flora with available CN data suggest that the PWA could be an important reservoir of genetic diversity at a chromosome level, thus justifying the protective role of the PWA as biodiversity conservation sites.

RESUMEN Se realizó un análisis de la correspondencia entre la diversidad de especies y la diversidad de números cromosómicos (CN) en 13 Áreas Silvestres Protegidas (PWA) en la Región de La Araucanía en el sur de Chile, incluyendo 84 especies de plantas con datos citogenéticos disponibles. El objetivo fue establecer si una mayor diversidad de especies dentro de un PWA implica una mayor diversidad en CN expresado en base al Índice de Heterogeneidad Cromosómica (ICNH). Los CN de cada especie se extrajeron de bases de datos para plantas chilenas y se calculó el ICNH para la flora de cada PWA. Los resultados mostraron que en nueve PWA la diversidad de especies se correlaciona claramente con la diversidad de CN. Sin embargo, cuatro PWA no se ajustan a esta tendencia. El porcentaje de especies con datos de CN varió entre 9,6% y 24,5% entre PWA, con 11 PWA presentando porcentajes superiores al 11%. Un 27,3% de las especies de plantas vasculares chilenas con datos citogenéticos disponibles fueron estudiadas para las 13 PWA. Los resultados obtenidos al estudiar parte de la flora sugieren que las PWA serían un reservorio importante de diversidad genética a nivel cromosómico como se muestra aquí, justificando así el papel protector de las PWA como sitios de conservación de la biodiversidad.

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Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio fue describir y analizar los patrones de prescripción de fármacos antiulcerosos, los factores asociados a su prescripción y su costo en pacientes ambulatorios polimedicados en un período de 6 meses, en una Entidad Promotora de Salud (EPS) colombiana a nivel nacional. Metodología: estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de corte transversal, basado en registros electrónicos de prescripción de medicamentos ambulatorios de 2 458 447 afiliados. Se incluyeron pacientes con prescripción de 5 o más fármacos por mes y se excluyeron aquellos cuyos registros transaccionales no tenían información completa para su análisis. Se evaluó la asociación entre prescripción de fármacos antiulcerosos y factores que justifican su prescripción mediante los odds ratio (OR) calculados a partir de un modelo de regresión logística. Resultados: de 2 458 447 afiliados, 60 671 pacientes estuvieron polimedicados mensualmente; 40% tuvieron fármacos antiulcerosos y 70% fármacos gastrolesivos. De los gastroprotegidos, 47% fueron adultos mayores y 12% tuvieron asociado diagnóstico de riesgo gastrointestinal superior. Gastroprotección no justificada en 35% de los pacientes polimedicados, representando $75 millones de pesos colombianos (COP) mensuales. No hubo asociación estadística entre la prescripción de antiulcerosos y factores que justifiquen su prescripción (OR: 1,13; IC 95%: 1,00-1,27). Conclusión: ante la falta de asociación entre la prescripción de fármacos antiulcerosos y los factores que la justifican, es probable que su prescripción se haya realizado por la polifarmacia per se. Se recomienda optimizar la gastroprotección y reservarla a pacientes con más de un gastrolesivo y riesgo gastrointestinal superior, estén estos polimedicados o no.

Objective: The objective of this study was to describe and analyze patterns of use of prescription ulcer drugs, factors associated with prescriptions by physicians, and costs for outpatients With polypharmacy at a Colombian healthcare promotion entity (EPS) over a six-month period. Methodology: This is a retrospective and descriptive cross-sectional study based on electronic records of drugs prescribed to 2,458,447 outpatient members. Patients who took five or more prescription drugs per month were included. Patient were excluded if their records in the transactional data were not complete enough for analysis. Associations between anti-ulcer drugs and factors justifying their prescription were evaluated by the odds ratio (OR) which was calculated from a logistic regression model. Results: Of the 2,458,447 affiliates of the EPS, on average 60,671 patients had polypharmacy each month: 40% used anti-ulcer drugs and 70% used gastro-damaging drugs. Of the gastroprotected patients, 47% were elderly and 12% had associated diagnoses of upper gastrointestinal risk. Gastroprotection was not justified in 35% of patients with polypharmacy. This represents 75 million Colombian pesos every month. There was no statistical association between prescription of anti-ulcer drugs and factors that justify their prescription (OR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.00 to 1.27). Conclusion: Given the lack of association between prescription of anti-ulcer drugs and factors which justify such prescriptions, it is likely that prescriptions contribute to polypharmacy per se. We recommended optimizing gastroprotection by reserving it for patients with more than one gastrointestinal lesion and with upper gastrointestinal risks whether or not they have polypharmacy.

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The pine weevils that occur in plantations of Pinus spp. in Andean Patagonia of Argentina belong to the species Pissodes castaneus (De Geer), a Eurasian endemic species, according to the identification based on molecular and morphological characters. Sequences of the mitochondrial Cytochrome oxidase subunit I and nuclear genes (28 S rDNA and ITS2) were obtained for individuals of 13 afforestations, covering the entire distribution area of the established populations in the Andean Patagonia of Argentina. Sequence comparison with representative species of the genus (European, North American, and Chinese species) shows that Patagonian specimens are conspecific to those of P. castaneus sequenced from Europe. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that all terminals from Patagonia form a monophyletic unit without evident subclades, eliminating the possibility of existence of more than one species of Pissodes Germar in this area, including cryptic ones. Moreover, the very low genetic divergence between the Patagonian populations suggests that it is plausible that P. castaneus was introduced into Patagonia from just one location. Mitochondrial DNA analysis shows that Patagonian terminals group together with a French haplotype and are clearly separated from other P. castaneus individuals represented in our sample, and reveal that established populations in Andean Patagonia originated via a limited introduction.

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