Assuntos
Doenças Transmissíveis Importadas/diagnóstico , Epidemias , Ambulatório Hospitalar/estatística & dados numéricos , Viagem , Infecção por Zika virus/diagnóstico , Doenças Transmissíveis Importadas/virologia , Cuba/epidemiologia , Europa (Continente) , Humanos , Estudos Prospectivos , Espanha , Infecção por Zika virus/epidemiologiaRESUMO
This study was aimed to determine the profiles of serum cytokines (IL-1ß, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-5) and chemokines (MCP-1: monocyte chemoattract protein-1 and RANTES: regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted) in individuals with an asthmatic versus a non-asthmatic background with bacterial, viral or mixed acute respiratory infection. Asthmatic (n = 14) and non-asthmatic (n = 29) patients with acute viral, bacterial or mixed (bacterial and viruses) respiratory infection were studied. Patients were also analysed as individuals with pneumonia or bronchitis. Healthy individuals with similar age and sex (n = 10) were used as controls. Cytokine/chemokine content in serum was determined by ELISA. Increased cytokine/chemokine concentration in asthmatic and non-asthmatic patients was observed. However, higher concentrations of chemokines (MCP-1 and RANTES) in asthmatic patients infected by viruses, bacteria or bacteria and viruses (mixed) than in non-asthmatic patients were observed. In general, viral and mixed infections were better cytokine/chemokine inducers than bacterial infection. Cytokine/chemokine expression was similarly increased in both asthmatic and non-asthmatic patients with pneumonia or bronchitis, except that RANTES remained at normal levels in bronchitis. Circulating cytokine profiles induced by acute viral, bacterial or mixed lung infection were not related to asthmatic background, except for chemokines that were increased in asthmatic status.
Assuntos
Asma/imunologia , Infecções Bacterianas/sangue , Bronquite/sangue , Quimiocinas/sangue , Pneumonia/sangue , Viroses/sangue , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Asma/sangue , Infecções Bacterianas/imunologia , Bronquite/imunologia , Bronquite/microbiologia , Quimiocina CCL2/sangue , Quimiocina CCL5/sangue , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Humanos , Interleucina-1beta/sangue , Interleucina-4/sangue , Interleucina-5/sangue , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pneumonia/imunologia , Pneumonia/microbiologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/sangue , Viroses/imunologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
This study evaluated the levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) in patients with dengue. Sera from 17 patients with dengue fever (DF), 15 with dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and 12 healthy individuals were obtained. Increased levels of sIL-2R and sICAM-1 were found in patients with DF and DHF when compared to normal; those were not correlated with leukocytes, hepatic serum enzyme levels or haemostatic parameters. Levels of sIL-2R were related to the different grades of DHF. These results suggest that increased levels of sIL-2R and sICAM-1 are a common feature of dengue.
Assuntos
Molécula 1 de Adesão Intercelular/sangue , Receptores de Interleucina-2/sangue , Dengue Grave/sangue , Dengue Grave/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos de Coortes , Humanos , Lactente , Molécula 1 de Adesão Intercelular/análise , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Receptores de Interleucina-2/análiseRESUMO
El ha investigado la utilidad terapéutica de las plantas basado principalmente en el uso folklórico por su aplicación en un amplio rango de enfermedades. En el presente trabajo, se evaluó la toxicidad y la actividad inmunológica in vivo e in vitro del extracto metanílico de la Cordia sebetena. Cultivos de celuals mononucleares de sangre periférica humana, donde se investigó el efecto de la viabilidad (coloración supravital azul tripán), linfoproliferación (Timidina Tritiada) y concentraciones del Factor Estimulador de Colonias Granulocítico-Macrofágico (FEC-GM) en los sobrenadantes, empleando la técnica de ELISA de captura, así como la actividad quimiotáctica de celulas polimorfonucleares humanas a través de la técnica en gel de agarosa. Se estudio la toxicidad in vivo en hígado, vaso y riñón en ratones bajo tratamiento oral e intraperitoneal a través de estudios histológicos, niveles sanguíneos de leucocitos totales y plaquetas/mm3 y el efecto en la ingesta diaria y el peso corporal de dichos ratones. Los resultados indican que el extracto metanolico de Cordia sebestena es inocuo a las celulas ensayadas, estimula la producción del FEC-GM, y por ende a la formación de nuevas células linfoides comportándose como un quimioatractante celular, hallazgos que podrían, en parte, explicar los efectos farmacológicos atribuidos a esta especie vegetal
Assuntos
Ratos , Animais , Testes de Toxicidade Aguda , Adjuvantes Imunológicos , Cordia , Leucócitos Mononucleares , VenezuelaRESUMO
The Insular Municipality of Almirante Padilla, historically, has been affected by Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE) epidemics, that have occurred cyclically in the Paez, Mara and Almirante Padilla Municipalities of the State of Zulia. During the last epidemic outbreak (1995), the studies reported a great number of cases of VEE in humans, based on epidemiologic-clinical diagnosis; occupying this municipality, the first place in the attack rate by the virus. At the same time, Dengue has been defined as an endemic illness affecting different regions, whose etiologic agent has previously circulated in the studied zone. In order to evaluate the immunity acquired against these viruses, a serological study was conducted in San Carlos Island. Two hundred and ten blood samples were obtained at random, among individuals of an age range between < 1 and 69 years, with and without antecedents of viral illness symptomatology at the moment of the epidemic outbreak, occurred in 1995. The samples were classified according to sex and age, and analyzed through the test of ELISA for specific IgG antibodies against the VEE and Dengue viruses. From the total of the samples processed, 116 (55.2%) were positive for VEE, affecting uniformly all age-groups with a slight masculine predominance. Likewise, 88 cases (41.9%) were determined positive for Dengue virus, affecting mainly the group ranging from 10 to 19 years. These results let us suggest that the epidemic outbreak occurred in 1995 at the Almirante Padilla Insular Municipality, had a double nature with both viruses being involved in the etiology of febrile cases.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Vírus da Dengue/imunologia , Vírus da Encefalite Equina Venezuelana/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Dengue/epidemiologia , Encefalomielite Equina Venezuelana/epidemiologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Geografia , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Imunoglobulina G/imunologia , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Distribuição Aleatória , Estudos de Amostragem , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Venezuela/epidemiologiaRESUMO
To determine whether treatment with melatonin (MLT) improves the efficiency of immunization against Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus, mice were vaccinated with TC-83 VEE virus and treated daily with MLT (1 or 5 mg/kg) starting 3 days before immunization, until 10 days after. IgM antibody titers were determined at days 7, 14, and 21 post-immunization. IL-10 levels were assayed at day 14 postvaccination. Treatment with MLT increased antibody titers 14 days after the immunization. IL-10 levels also increased with MLT treatment (1 and 5 mg/kg). Mice were challenged with live VEE virus at day 21 postimmunization, and viral titers were plaque assayed in chicken embryo fibroblasts 4 days after the infection. Following this challenge brain virus levels were significantly reduced. The results suggest that MLT treatment enhances the efficiency of mice immunization against VEE virus.
Assuntos
Adjuvantes Imunológicos/farmacologia , Vírus da Encefalite Equina Venezuelana/imunologia , Encefalomielite Equina Venezuelana/prevenção & controle , Imunização , Melatonina/farmacologia , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/análise , Encéfalo/virologia , Vírus da Encefalite Equina Venezuelana/isolamento & purificação , Encefalomielite Equina Venezuelana/virologia , CamundongosRESUMO
In mice infected with the Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus and exposed to high intensity light (2500 lux) with a 12 h light: 12 h dark photoperiod, a significant increase in the levels of melatonin in the olfactory bulb was observed. The significance of these findings deserves further studies to understand the mechanisms involved in this effect since the olfactory bulbs have been proposed as first portal for VEE virus entry into the CNS. The increase in melatonin content could represent one of the mechanisms of defense against the viral attack.
Assuntos
Encefalomielite Equina Venezuelana/metabolismo , Luz , Melatonina/metabolismo , Bulbo Olfatório/efeitos da radiação , Animais , Ritmo Circadiano , Relação Dose-Resposta à Radiação , Encefalomielite Equina Venezuelana/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Bulbo Olfatório/metabolismo , Bulbo Olfatório/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Male albino mice immunodepressed after the injection of dexamethasone (DEX) were inoculated intraperitoneally with the Guajira strain of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus. Melatonin (MLT) was administered daily, at a dose of 500 micrograms/kg bodyweight, for 3 days before virus inoculation and 10 days after. Serum levels of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) were determined in all the experimental groups (control, DEX, DEX + MLT, DEX + VEE, DEX + VEE + MLT, VEE and MLT). At day 6 after the virus inoculation, the survival rate was significantly increased from 0% in group DEX + VEE to 32.5% in the group of immunodepressed infected mice treated with MLT (DEX + VEE + MLT). By day 10 a survival rate of 10% was found in group DEX + VEE + MLT and 0% in group VEE. No alterations in IL-2 serum levels were observed. MLT increased GM-CSF in control and in DEX-treated mice. In the VEE virus-infected mice treated with DEX, serum levels of GM-CSF increased progressively from day 1 to 5 postinoculation. In contrast, the levels of GM-CSF in infected immunodepressed mice treated with MLT decreased significantly from day 1 to 5 postinoculation. At day 5 after viral inoculation, no differences were detected in the cerebral viral titres in groups VEE, DEX + VEE and DEX + MLT + VEE. These results show that MLT does not inhibit VEE viral replication in the brain of immunodepressed mice.
Assuntos
Adjuvantes Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Encefalomielite Equina Venezuelana/tratamento farmacológico , Terapia de Imunossupressão/efeitos adversos , Melatonina/uso terapêutico , Animais , Dexametasona/imunologia , Encefalomielite Equina Venezuelana/imunologia , Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Granulócitos e Macrófagos/metabolismo , Interleucina-2/sangue , Masculino , Melatonina/imunologia , Camundongos , Análise de SobrevidaRESUMO
To determine whether treatment with dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) improves the efficiency of immunization against the Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus, mice were vaccinated with the TC-83 VEE virus. DHEA (10 mg/kg) was administered in a single dose, 4 hours before vaccination. IgM antibody titers were determined at days 7, 14 and 21 post-immunization. Treatment with DHEA increased antibody titers at day 14 after immunization. Mice were challenged with live VEE virus at day 21, and viral titers were plaque assayed in chicken embryo fibroblasts from days 2 to 5 post-infection. After the challenge, viremia decreased on day 2 and brain virus levels were reduced at day 4 in mice treated with DHEA. These results suggest that DHEA treatment could enhance the efficiency of immunization against VEE virus in mice.
Assuntos
Adjuvantes Imunológicos/farmacologia , Desidroepiandrosterona/farmacologia , Vírus da Encefalite Equina Venezuelana/imunologia , Encefalomielite Equina Venezuelana/prevenção & controle , Imunização , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Encéfalo/virologia , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Vírus da Encefalite Equina Venezuelana/isolamento & purificação , Encefalomielite Equina Venezuelana/virologia , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Dose Letal Mediana , Masculino , Camundongos , Carga Viral , Viremia/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Local statistics report a great number of cases of neurological diseases of unidentified cause. The purpose of this research was to determine the presence of viral agents in patients with affection of the central nervous system, in Zulia State, Venezuela. In different health centers throughout the state, we collected 129 randomized samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum from patients ranging from 1 day to 41 years of age, showing symptoms of CNS disease and whose bacteriological test resulted negative. The serum/CSF albumin ratio was determined to exclude contaminated CSF samples, thus 54 optimal samples were obtained for the research. We determined serum IgM and CSF IgG specific for Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE), Herpes simplex (HSV), Epstein Barr (EBV), Dengue, Rubella and Measles virus, through ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence techniques. Of the 54 samples studied, 33 (61.11%) were positive. %). The etiological agents implicated were VEE 14 cases (42.42%); HSV 11 cases (33.33%); EBV 5 cases (15.15%) and Dengue 3 cases (9.09%). We did not detect Rubella o Measles. Regarding the age distribution, the most affected group was that of children under 12 (83.34%). We analyzed the clinical manifestations and the CSF characteristics and did not find differences suggestive of an specific etiological diagnosis, even though certain signs could be considered early indications of CNS alterations due to viral causes. Our study shows that a large percentage of CNS affections of unknown etiology are produced by viral agents, indicating that in our region, most of this cases are not registered.