RESUMO

Since cerrado fires may impede the growth of seedlings into trees, they may shape the population of woody species. In this study, we assessed the effects of a severe fire on the population structure and spatial distribution of Zanthoxylum rhoifolium, a widespread cerrado tree. We were interested to know the importance of the resprouting and sexual reproduction in regenerating the population. The study area had been for about six years protected from fire, before a severe fire at the end of the dry season in 2006. We sampled and measured all individuals of Z. rhoifolium found in 80 plots of 25 m(2). We found 149 individuals before the fire and 112 after the fire, of which 77 were resprouts from burned seedlings and saplings. We did not find significant differences between the population structure before and after the fire. The spatial distribution of the population remained clumped after the fire. Thus, the Z. rhoifolium population was very resilient to a severe fire. We did not find any new seedlings. As a consequence, resprouting seems to be more important than sexual reproduction in promptly regenerating the Z. rhoifolium populations.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Since cerrado fires may impede the growth of seedlings into trees, they may shape the population of woody species. In this study, we assessed the effects of a severe fire on the population structure and spatial distribution of Zanthoxylum rhoifolium, a widespread cerrado tree. We were interested to know the importance of the resprouting and sexual reproduction in regenerating the population. The study area had been for about six years protected from fire, before a severe fire at the end of the dry season in 2006. We sampled and measured all individuals of Z. rhoifolium found in 80 plots of 25 m². We found 149 individuals before the fire and 112 after the fire, of which 77 were resprouts from burned seedlings and saplings. We did not find significant differences between the population structure before and after the fire. The spatial distribution of the population remained clumped after the fire. Thus, the Z. rhoifolium population was very resilient to a severe fire. We did not find any new seedlings. As a consequence, resprouting seems to be more important than sexual reproduction in promptly regenerating the Z. rhoifolium populations.

Uma vez que as queimadas no cerrado podem impedir o crescimento de plântulas, elas podem moldar a população de espécies arbóreas. Neste estudo, avaliamos os efeitos de uma queimada severa na estrutura e na distribuição espacial da população de Zanthoxylum rhoifolium, uma espécie de árvore comum no cerrado. O objetivo era saber a importância relativa do rebrotamento e da reprodução sexuada na regeneração da população. A área de estudo, há aproximadamente seis anos sem queimar, sofreu uma queimada severa no final da estação seca de 2006. Amostramos todos os indivíduos de Z. rhoifolium encontrados em 80 parcelas de 25 m². Encontramos 149 indivíduos antes do fogo e 112 depois dele, dos quais 77 eram rebrotas de plântulas e jovens queimados. Não encontramos diferenças significativas entre a estrutura da população antes e após o fogo. A distribuição espacial da população permaneceu agregada após a queimada. Portanto, a população de Z. rhoifolium foi resiliente ao fogo. Não foi encontrada nenhuma nova plântula. Consequentemente, o rebrotamento parece ser mais importante que a reprodução sexuada na regeneração imediata das populações de Z. rhoifolium.

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We investigated annual litterfall and leaf decomposition rate in a cerrado site. We collected woody plant litter monthly from April 2001 to March 2002 and from July 2003 to June 2004. We placed systematically 13 litter traps (0.5 x 0.5 m) in a line, 10 m one from the other. We sorted litter into 'leaves', 'stems', 'reproductive structures', and 'miscellanea' fractions, oven-dried them at 80 degrees C until constant mass and weighed the dry material. To assess leaf decomposition rate, we packed leaves recently shed by plants in litter bags. We placed seven sets of nine litter bags in a line, 10 m one from the other, on the soil surface and collected nine bags each time after 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, and 12 months. Total and leaf litter productions showed a seasonal pattern. Leaf litterfall was the phenological attribute that showed the strongest response to seasonality and drought. Decomposition was slower in the cerrado that we studied compared to a more closed cerrado physiognomy, reflecting their structural and environmental differences. Thus, decomposition rates seem to increase from open to closed cerrado physiognomies, probably related to an increase of humidity and nutrients in the soil.

Assuntos

RESUMO

We investigated annual litterfall and leaf decomposition rate in a cerrado site. We collected woody plant litter monthly from April 2001 to March 2002 and from July 2003 to June 2004. We placed systematically 13 litter traps (0.5 x 0.5 m) in a line, 10 m one from the other. We sorted litter into 'leaves', 'stems', 'reproductive structures', and 'miscellanea' fractions, oven-dried them at 80 °C until constant mass and weighed the dry material. To assess leaf decomposition rate, we packed leaves recently shed by plants in litter bags. We placed seven sets of nine litter bags in a line, 10 m one from the other, on the soil surface and collected nine bags each time after 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, and 12 months. Total and leaf litter productions showed a seasonal pattern. Leaf litterfall was the phenological attribute that showed the strongest response to seasonality and drought. Decomposition was slower in the cerrado that we studied compared to a more closed cerrado physiognomy, reflecting their structural and environmental differences. Thus, decomposition rates seem to increase from open to closed cerrado physiognomies, probably related to an increase of humidity and nutrients in the soil.

Investigamos a produção de serapilheira e a taxa de decomposição foliar em uma área de cerrado sensu stricto. Coletamos mensalmente a serapilheira do componente arbustivo-arbóreo de abril de 2001 a março de 2002 e de julho de 2003 a julho de 2004. Dispusemos sistematicamente 13 coletores (0,5 x 0,5 m) em uma linha, com distância de 10 m entre eles. Separamos a serapilheira nas frações 'folhas', 'galhos', 'estruturas reprodutivas' e 'miscelânea'; as secamos em estufa a 80 °C até atingirem massa constante; e pesamos o material seco. Para analisar a taxa de decomposição foliar, acondicionamos folhas caídas recentemente em sacos de decomposição. Dispusemos sete conjuntos de nove sacos de decomposição em uma linha, distantes 10 m um do outro, sobre a superfície do solo e retiramos nove sacos a cada coleta depois de 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9 e 12 meses. As produções totais e de folhas apresentaram um padrão estacional. A queda de folhas foi o atributo fenológico que melhor respondeu à estacionalidade e à seca. A decomposição foi mais lenta no cerrado sensu stricto que estudamos do que em um fragmento de cerradão, o que refletiu em suas diferenças estruturais e ambientais. Portanto, as taxas de decomposição devem aumentar das fisionomias de cerrado abertas para as fechadas, provavelmente devido ao aumento da umidade e dos nutrientes do solo.

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OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to assess the association between previous suicide attempts and functional impairment among euthymic patients with bipolar disorder (BD). METHODS: Seventy-one Diagnostic Statistical Manual IV (DSM-IV) patients with BD and 61 healthy volunteers were recruited from the Bipolar Disorder Program at the Clinic Hospital of Barcelona. Patients with (n = 36, 50.7%) and without (n = 35, 49.3%) previous suicide attempts were assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR (SCID-P). Previous suicide attempts were carefully investigated by means of patient and caregiver interview and by a standard structured interview from the protocol of our BD Program. The Functioning Assessment Short Test (FAST) was employed to assess functional impairment. RESULTS: Euthymic patients with previous suicide attempts showed functional impairment, particularly in occupational (F = 30.39; p = 0.001) and cognitive functioning (F = 18.43; p = 0.001). In addition, family history of psychiatric illness (χ2: 6.49; degrees of freedom (df) = 2;132; p = 0.010), family history of affective disorders (χ2 = 5.57; p = 0.017), psychotic symptoms (χ2 = 5.88; p = 0.014) and axis II comorbidity were associated with previous suicide attempts (χ2 = 5.16; p = 0.021). CONCLUSION: Bipolar patients with previous suicide attempts had lower overall functioning than patients who did not attempt suicide. Previous suicide attempts were particularly associated with the occupational and cognitive domains of functioning.