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OBJECTIVE: There is a lack of studies on the natural history of the initial stages of schizophrenia in Colombia. This study aims to assess functionality in the first five years after the diagnosis of schizophrenia. METHODS: Naturalistic longitudinal study of 50 patients with early schizophrenia evaluated between 2011 and 2014. Data about demographic background, symptoms, introspection, treatment and adverse reactions were collected in all patients every 3 months for at least 3-5 years. Functionality was measured with the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) and Personal and Social Performance (PSP) scales. RESULTS: Patients were followed up for a mean of 174±62.5 weeks and showed moderate difficulties in overall functioning. This functioning was modified by polypharmacy, degree of introspection, changes in antipsychotic regimens, and the number of episodes, relapses and hospitalisations. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that functional outcomes seem to be related to the use of polypharmacy, degree of insight, changes in antipsychotic regimens, and number of episodes, relapses and hospitalisations during the first years of schizophrenia.

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ABSTRACT Objective: There is a lack of studies on the natural history of the initial stages of schizophrenia in Colombia. This study aims to assess functionality in the first five years after the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Methods: Naturalistic longitudinal study of 50 patients with early schizophrenia evaluated between 2011 and 2014. Data about demographic background, symptoms, introspection, treatment and adverse reactions were collected in all patients every 3 months for at least 3-5 years. Functionality was measured with the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) and Personal and Social Performance (PSP) scales. Results: Patients were followed up for a mean of 174 ± 62.5 weeks and showed moderate difficulties in overall functioning. This functioning was modified by polypharmacy, degree of introspection, changes in antipsychotic regimens, and the number of episodes, relapses and hospitalisations. Conclusions: The results suggest that functional outcomes seem to be related to the use of polypharmacy, degree of insight, changes in antipsychotic regimens, and number of episodes, relapses and hospitalisations during the first years of schizophrenia.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Existe una falta de estudios en la historia natural de los estadios iniciales de la esquizofrenia en Colombia. Este estudio apunta a evaluar la funcionalidad en los primeros cinco años después del diagnóstico de esquizofrenia. Método: Estudio longitudinal naturalístico de 50 pacientes con esquizofrenia temprana evaluados entre los anos 2011 y 2014. Loa datos demográficos, síntomas, introspección, tratamiento, y reacciones adversas fueron recolectados en todos los pacientes cada 3 meses por lo menos3a5anos. La funcionalidad se midió mediante la escala global de funcionamiento (GAF), y la escala de funcionamiento personal y social (PSP). Resultados: Los pacientes fueron seguidos por una media de 174 semanas (SD: 62.5) y mostraron dificultades moderadas en su funcionamiento global. Este funcionamiento fue modificado por la presencia de polifarmacia, grado de introspección, cambios en los esquemas antipsicóticos, y el número de episodios, recaídas, y hospitalizaciones. Conclusiones: Los resultados sugieren que los desenlaces en funcionalidad parecen estar relacionados con uso de polifarmacia, grado de introspección, cambios en esquemas antipsicóticos, y numero de episodios, recaídas, y hospitalizaciones durante los primeros años de esquizofrenia.

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OBJECTIVE: There is a lack of studies on the natural history of the initial stages of schizophrenia in Colombia. This study aims to assess functionality in the first five years after the diagnosis of schizophrenia. METHODS: Naturalistic longitudinal study of 50 patients with early schizophrenia evaluated between 2011 and 2014. Data about demographic background, symptoms, introspection, treatment and adverse reactions were collected in all patients every 3 months for at least 3-5 years. Functionality was measured with the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) and Personal and Social Performance (PSP) scales. RESULTS: Patients were followed up for a mean of 174±62.5 weeks and showed moderate difficulties in overall functioning. This functioning was modified by polypharmacy, degree of introspection, changes in antipsychotic regimens, and the number of episodes, relapses and hospitalisations. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that functional outcomes seem to be related to the use of polypharmacy, degree of insight, changes in antipsychotic regimens, and number of episodes, relapses and hospitalisations during the first years of schizophrenia.

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This work aimed to establish whether the temperature humidity index (THI) under different intertropical zones affects the retention of cytoplasmic droplets (CDs), sperm function and DNA integrity in boars. With this purpose, two separate studies were devised. In the first one, 49 boars from six farms were collected every 45 days (230 ejaculates). THI were measured daily, and sperm parameters were evaluated. Boars were classified into three groups based on the incidence of ejaculates having more than 25% spermatozoa with CDs: persistent (at least three consecutive ejaculates), moderate (less than three ejaculates) and absent (no ejaculate having ≥25% spermatozoa with CDs). Farms were classified based on THI through cluster analysis into two groups. In the second study, 32 liquid-stored semen samples were classified based on three cluster analysis: low and high incidence of proximal (PCDs), distal (DCDs) CDs and a combination of PCD and DCDs. high THI farms presented significantly (p < .05) higher proportions of boars with moderate and persistent incidence of CD than those with low THI. In study 2, the presence of PCDs was negatively correlated with sperm DNA integrity (r = -0.691; p < .01). However, differences between groups were more apparent when ejaculates were classified based on both PCDs and DCDs than when PCDs or DCDs were considered separately. In conclusion, classification of boars according to the severity and persistence of CDs in boars allows understanding more clearly the dynamics of CD retention and the effects of ambient temperature and relative humidity. Additionally, the joint analysis of both PCDs and DCDs is necessary in routine sperm quality analyses.

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Variation between and within boar ejaculates in terms of their ability to withstand freeze-thawing is a limitation for sperm cryopreservation. Consequently, searching for freezability markers not only in sperm but also in seminal plasma (SP) is imperative. The present study aimed to evaluate the relationship between cholesterol content, relative levels of NPC2 and AQN-1 at two different holding times (0 h: HT0 and 24 h: HT24) at 17 °C, and boar sperm freezability. Forty-five ejaculates were cryopreserved and subsequently classified as of good (GFE) or poor (PFE) freezability according to their post-thaw sperm viability and total motility. Prior to cryopreservation, relative abundances of two SP proteins (NPC2 and AQN-1) and cholesterol content in sperm and SP were determined through immunoblotting and colorimetric methods, respectively. These determinations were made after ejaculation (HT0) and after 24 h of storage at 17 °C (HT24). Two bands for NPC2 protein (16 kDa and 19 kDa) were identified. Relative amounts of the 16 kDa-band were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in poor (PFE) than in good (GFE) freezability ejaculates both at HT0 and HT24, whereas those of the 19 kDa-band were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in PFE than in GFE at HT24 only. In the case of AQN-1, no significant differences between GFE and PFE were observed. In addition, no variations in the cholesterol content of sperm and SP were observed either between HT0 and HT24 or between GFE and PFE. We can conclude that the content of two NPC2 isoforms in SP, but not of that of spermadhesin AQN-1, may be involved in the sperm resilience to withstand freeze-thawing procedures and may predict ejaculate freezability. While a possible mechanism through which NPC2 during HT could affect boar sperm cryotolerance is suggested to be related to its ability to bind the plasma membrane cholesterol, further research is warranted.

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El artículo presenta la valoración de los servicios ecosistémicos de investigación y educación en la microcuenca de la quebrada Dalí, ubicada dentro de la hacienda Lisbrán; a través de tres objetivos específicos: primero, identificación de información biofísica y socioeconómica del área de estudio (línea base); segundo valoración integral del servicio de "investigación y educación" ofrecido por la microcuenca; por último analizar cómo los servicios ecosistémicos y la educación ambiental pueden convertirse en un insumo para la gestión local. Para el primer se identificaron y clasificaron algunos servicios ecosistémicos mediante información secundaria. Estos fueron evaluados mediante los métodos de ranking y rating, obteniendo los mayores puntajes los servicios de oferta y regulación hídrica, y como segundo y en el cual se fundamenta el artículo los servicios educación y de investigación. Para el segundo se realizó una valoración integral del servicio de "investigación-educación" en sus aspectos ecológicos, sociales y económicos, tomando como objeto de estudio siete programas (pregrado y posgrado) de la Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira. El tercer se desarrolló con la participación de los scout "rama de lobatos" como parte del diseño de un proyecto de educación ambiental que ellos y otras partes interesadas fomenta la importancia de los recursos naturales y los beneficios de la sub-cuenca Dalí como proveedor de servicios ecosistémicos. Los resultados muestran que el área de estudio tiene un gran potencial para ser usada como estación de investigación y sitio de prácticas para estudiantes de pregrado y posgrado. A pesar del hecho de que los profesores y estudiantes entrevistados reconocen la importancia de los atributos ecológicos que ofrece la subcuenca de la quebrada Dali, ninguno de ellos expreso disponibilidad a pagar por usar este sitio como lugar para desarrollar sus investigaciones o tesis de investigación. Sin embargo, la experiencia del trabajo con niños de los grupos scouts en el sitio de estudio sugiere que el sitio tiene un gran potencial no solo para hacer investigación sino también para para la educación ambiental

The article presents the valuation of the research and education ecosystem services in the Dali mountain stream, located in the Lisbran farm through three specific objectives: first, to identify the biophysical and socioeconomic information of the area of study (Baseline); second, to assess comprehensively the "research and education" service offered by the micro basin; and third, to analyze how the ecosystem services and environmental education can become input for local management. Some ecosystem services were identified and classified through secondary information to accomplish the first objective. These were evaluated using the ranking and rating methods, obtaining the highest scores on services of water supply and, in second place, research and education services in which this article is based. A comprehensive assessment of "the research and education" service considering its ecological, social and economic aspects was carried out to achieve the second objective. Seven undergraduate and graduate programs from Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira were taken as the object of study. The third objective was developed with the participation of the cub scouts group as part of the design of an environmental education project that, as well as other stakeholders, encourage the importance of natural resources and the benefits of the Dalí mountain stream as a supplier of valuable ecosystem services. The results show that the area of study has a great potential to be used as a research and educational station as well as internship site for undergraduate and graduate students. Despite the fact that the professors and students interviewed recognize the importance of the ecological attributes offered by the Dali mountain stream, none of them expressed the willingness to pay for the use of this site as a location to conduct their research and thesis projects. However, the experience of working with children from the scout groups suggests that the site has a great potential not only for research but also for environmental education activities.

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Las miopatías idiopáticas son enfermedades que se caracterizan por cursar con una lesión muscula de tipo inflamatorio, sin embargo, también se ha encontrado que presentan compromiso del músculo cardiaco de forma importante, inclusive con desarrollo de falla cardiaca. Lo anterior constituye una causa frecuente de morbilidad y mortalidad en este grupo de pacientes. Al respecto, se presenta el caso de una paciente de 54 años con sospecha inicial de síndrome coronario agudo, quien cursó con polimiositis, dolor torácico y compromiso de la fracción de eyección.

Idiopathic myopathies are disorders characterized by inflammatory muscle damage. However, it has also been found that they may present significant muscle heart engagement, even with the development of heart failure. This is a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality in this group of patients. In this regard, the case of a 54 year old female patient with initial suspicion of acute coronary syndrome accompanied by polymyositis, chest pain and commitment of the ejection fraction, is presented.

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La disfunción del nodo sinusal consiste en una alteración en la generación del impulso en el nodo sinusal. Su principal causa es la degeneración fibrosa del tejido sinusal. Los casos asociados a convulsiones son multicausales y se deben a los efectos cardiodepresores de los anticonvulsivantes o de sus diluyentes; así mismo se pueden presentar casos de bradicardia y asistolia inducidos por las descargas epilépticas. Se expone el caso de una paciente con status epiléptico tratada con fenitoína endovenosa, quien recibía previamente carbamazepina y desarrolló disfunción del nodo sinusal considerada como un efecto secundario tóxico de su medicación anticonvulsivante.

Sinus node dysfunction is an alteration in the impulse generation in the sinus node. Its main cause is the fibrous degeneration of the sinus tissue. Cases associated with seizures have multiple causes and are due to the cardio-depressant effects of anticonvulsants or its diluents. Likewise, there may be cases of bradycardia and asystole induced by epileptic discharges. Here is presented the case of a female patient with status epilepticus who was treated with intravenous phenytoin and was previously receiving and developed sinus node dysfunction which was considered as a toxic side effect of her anticonvulsant medication.

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BACKGROUND: Score systems for severity of illness and organ dysfunction have been validated and used as tools to predict the risk of death in intensive care unit (ICU) patients, but their usefulness in patients with suspected infection in the emergency department (ED) or hospital ward is unclear. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this systematic review was to establish the accuracy of score systems in the prediction of mortality in patients with suspected infection in hospital settings compared to the ICU. METHODS: Three researchers independently performed a systematic search and a review of related articles and their references using the PubMed database. The articles were selected by consensus, based on previously defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESULTS: In total, 21 studies were included, 19 of which were carried out in the ED. The researchers found that the operative characteristics to evaluate the accuracy (calibration and discrimination) of the different scores were insufficiently assessed in most studies. Only two studies evaluated the calibration, using the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test, and less than half of the studies evaluated the discrimination, using the area under the receiver operator characteristics curve. CONCLUSIONS: The reviewed literature did not provide enough information to assess the accuracy of the prognostic models in patients with suspected infection admitted to the ED and hospital ward. Some reports suggest a better accuracy with new scores like the MEDS (Mortality in Emergency Department Sepsis score), but the results are not consistent.

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La formación integral (humanística, científica, tecnológica e innovadora) se erige constitucionalmente en el epicentro medular de la efectiva apropiación social del conocimiento para la transformación de las prácticas sociales pseudocientíficas de camino hacia una formación social y productiva organizada en el conocimiento humanístico y científico, y en los saberes ancestrales. Este aspecto al no ser considerado por la Ley de ciencia, tecnología e innovación (Ley1286 de 2009) ni por el CONPES 3582 de 2009 deja en entredicho su validez jurídica, por cuanto al colocar el énfasis de la apropiación social del conocimiento en la educación informal (medios de comunicación, artículos científicos, ferias de la ciencia, espectáculos, etc.) y no en la formación integral, desconoce la potencial eficacia social del sistema educativo formal en la realización del proyecto de nación pluricultural, autónoma y soberana. El presente artículo reflexiona la legitimidad política y validez jurídica de la formación integral propuesta en la Carta al sistema educativo formal, en desempeño de su función pública de posibilitar la apropiación social del conocimiento científico y ancestral, condición de la transformación cultural de nuestra nación como sociedad y economía del conocimiento.

Comprehensive training (humanistic, scientific, technological and innovative) constitutionally stands at the fundamental in the effective social appropriation of knowledge for the transformation of pseudoscientific social practices, towards a social and productive training organized in the humanistic, scientific and ancestral knowledge. This aspect upon not being considered by the Law on Science, Technology and Innovation (Law 1286, 2009) nor by the CONPES 3582 of 2009, throws into question it’s judicial validity, as by placing the emphasis on the social appropriation of knowledge in informal education (media, scientific articles, science fairs, shows, etc..) rather than in comprehensive training, unaware of the potential social effectiveness of the formal education system in achieving the vision of multicultural, independent and sovereign. This article reflects the political legitimacy and legal validity of the comprehensive training given in the Letter to the formal education system, in carrying out its public function to enable the social appropriation of scientific knowledge and ancestral condition of the cultural transformation of our nation as a society and the economy of knowledge.

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En la actualidad, los accidentes en el ámbito industrial representan un fenómeno importante en la seguridad e higiene en el trabajo, ya que tienen implicaciones económicas, legales y sociales. Esta investigación busca identificar factores de riesgo biopsicosociales que prevalecen en la accidentalidad laboral en una muestra de 78 personas de una empresa de producción de la ciudad de Cali (Colombia). Los resultados encontrados permiten concluir que los principales factores de riesgo se relacionan con el nivel de las estructuras formales de la organización (ambiente de trabajo, las relaciones laborales y las comunicaciones), y con aspectos individuales (motivación, autoestima, estilos de afrontamiento, etc.) con los que se trabaja buscando su desarrollo personal y el incremento de su calidad de vida. Por tanto, el estudio de los factores biopsicosociales asociados a la accidentalidad laboral permite reducir los riesgos de accidentalidad, desarrollar planes de acción preventivos e incrementar el bienestar de las personas dentro de la organización.

At the present time the accidents in the industrial scope, represents an important phenomenon on security and work hygiene, because it has economics, legal and socials implications. This in-vestigation wants to identify biopsycosocials risk factors that prevail in the occupational illness in a sample of 78 people pertaining to a production company of Cali - Colombia. The found results allows to conclude, that the main risk factors are related to the level of the formal structures of the organization (The atmosphere of work, the labor relations and the communications), also at level of the individuals (motivation, self-esteem and confront styles) with which it works looking for his personal development and the increase of his life quality. Therefore, the study of the associated biopsycosocial factors to the occupational illness, allows the reduction of the Risk of accidents, the development of preventive action plans and increasing of the well-being of the people within the organization.

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Los panes de masa ácida son productos elaborados mediante fermentación microbiana ácido láctica y alcohólica, con propiedades sensoriales, fisicoquímicas y reológicas diferentes a las de los panes no acidificados, y su desarrollo y comercialización constituyen una alternativa para el consumidor colombiano. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar si existe efecto estadísticamente significativo al emplear aislados de bacterias ácido lácticas (BAL) silvestres colombianas Lactobacillus sp. LBM9 y Lactobacillus brevis LBM13 combinadas con levadura comercial Saccaromyces cerevisiae con respecto al pan control (sin BAL), en las propiedades de la masa y del producto terminado. A partir de una colección, se seleccionaron los aislados más adecuados para panificación y se construye una curva de crecimiento. Se determinan las propiedades fisicoquímicas (aumento de volumen, pH, acidificación de la masa, porcentaje de proteína) y reológicas (textura) del pan, evaluando si existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los tratamientos y el control mediante el programa Statgraphics 5,0, a un alfa=0.05. Los resultados demuestran que las BAL más adecuadas para panificación son los aislados Lactobacillus sp. LBM9 y Lactobacillus brevis LBM13, los cuales descienden el pH y aumentan la acidez de las masas, disminuyen el porcentaje protéico, aumentan el volumen final y retrasan el endurecimiento (firmeza)

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