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Introducción: La pandemia por COVID-19 obligó a los gobiernos a implementar medidas de restricción social para proteger la salud de la población, afectando la calidad de vida de las personas, especialmente en grupos vulnerables como los niños, niñas y adolescentes (NNA). El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática (RS) fue evaluar el efecto de las medidas de restricción sobre la actividad física (AF) y conducta sedentaria (CS) de los NNA. Adicionalmente, se exploraron posibles factores determinantes de estos cambios. Métodos: Se realizó una RS, utilizando tres bases de datos. Se incluyeron estudios observacionales en donde se hubiera analizado la AF y CS de los participantes, utilizando cualquier método de evaluación. Dos investigadores analizaron los estudios, extrajeron los datos y evaluaron la calidad metodológica de los artículos primarios. El metaanálisis se realizó utilizando el modelo de efectos aleatorios, considerando un valor p < 0,05 como estadísticamente significativo. Resultados: Se incluyeron 19 artículos, con una muestra total de 15.095 NNA. La mayoría de los estudios reveló una reducción de la AF y un incremento de la CS en los sujetos, durante los confinamientos por COVID-19. El metaanálisis mostró una caída en la AF total, la AF moderada a vigorosa y un incremento del tiempo de sedentarismo. Diversos factores biodemográficos, familiares y ambientales exacerbaron las variaciones en la AF y la CS de los NNA. Conclusión: Las medidas de restricción aplicadas durante pandemia por COVID-19 redujo la AF e incrementó la CS de los NNA. Factores biodemográficos, familiares y ambientales determinaron estas variaciones.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic forced governments to implement social restriction measures to protect the health of the population, affecting the quality of life of people, especially in vulnerable groups, such as children and adolescents (CA). The objective of this systematic review (SR) was to evaluate the effect of restriction measures on physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) of CA. Additionally, possible determining factors of these changes were explored. Methods: An SR was carried out, using three databases. Observational studies were included in which the PA and SB of the participants were analyzed, using any evaluation method. Two investigators analyzed the studies, extracted data, and assessed the methodological quality of the primary articles. The meta-analysis was performed using the random effects model, considering a value of p < 0.05 as statistically significant. Results: 19 articles were included, with a total sample of 15,095 subjects. Most studies revealed a reduction in PA and an increase in SB in subjects during COVID-19 lockdowns. The meta-analysis showed a drop in total PA, moderate to vigorous PA, and an increase in sedentary time. Various biodemographic, family and environmental factors exacerbated the variations in the PA and SB of the CA. Conclusion: The restriction measures applied during the COVID-19 pandemic reduced the PA and increased the SB of the CA. Biodemographic, family and environmental factors determined these variations.

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INTRODUCTION: Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is the most frequent cyanotic congenital heart disease. Pulmonary regurgitation (PR) and right ventricle (RV) enlargement and dysfunction are the most common long-term complications. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is the gold standard for RV evaluation. OBJECTIVE: To analyze CMR results in the follow-up of TOF patients. PATIENTS AND METHOD: All CMR performed between 2007 and 2012 in TOF patients with transannular patch (TAP) repair or infundibular widening, and without pulmonary valve replacement (PVR) were included. Pulmonary regurgitant fraction (PRF), ventricular end-diastolic (EDV) and end-systolic volume (ESV), and ejection fraction (EF) were examined. RESULTS: 122 CMR were performed in 114 patients. Average age at CMR was 15.4±7.4 years. 53.3% of them presented severe PR (> 40%). RVEDV was 157.3 ± 38.6 ml/m2, RVESV was 85.3 ± 27 ml/m2 and RVEF was 46.4 ± 7.1%. RVEDV was > 150 ml/ m2 in 48.4% and > 170 ml/m2 in 32.8% of patients. Patients with TAP showed larger RV volumes compared with those with infundibular widening. RVEDV > 170 ml/m2 showed worse RVEF that those with lower RVEDV (47.9 ± 7% vs 43.2 ± 6.4%, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Almost half of the pa tients showed significant RV enlargement, demonstrating that the indication of CMR is late in their follow-up. TAP was associated with higher RVEDV and RVESV, but no worse RVEF.

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INTRODUCCIÓN: La tetralogía de Fallot (TF) es la cardiopatía congénita cianótica más frecuente. La insuficiencia pulmonar (IP) y dilatación del ventrículo derecho (VD) son las complicaciones más frecuentes a largo plazo. La resonancia magnética cardiaca (RMC) es el "gold standard" para la evaluación del VD. OBJETIVO: Analizar la información obtenida de las RMC en el seguimiento de pacientes con TF. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Se incluyeron RMC realizadas entre 2007 y 2012 a pacientes con TF, reparados con parche transanular (PTA) o ampliación infundibular (AInf) y sin recambio valvular pulmonar (RVP). La fracción de regurgitación pulmonar (FRP), el volumen y función ventricular fueron evaluados. RESULTADOS: Se realizaron 122 RMC a 114 pacientes. Edad promedio al examen 15,4 ± 7,4 años. 53,3% presentó IP severa (> 40%). La media del volumen de fin de diástole del VD (VFDVD) fue 157,3 ± 38,6 ml/m2, fin de sístole (VFSVD) de 85,3 ± 27 ml/m2 y fracción de eyección (FEVD) 46,4 ± 7,1%. 48,4% presentaba un VFDVD mayor de 150 ml/m2 y el 32,8% mayor a 170 ml/ m2. El PTA se relacionó con mayores volúmenes de VD que la AInf. VFDVD mayor a 170 ml/m2 mostraron peor FEVD (FEVD 47,9 ± 7% vs 43,2 ± 6,4%, p < 0,01). DISCUSIÓN: Casi la mitad mostró una significativa dilatación del VD demostrando que la indicación de RMC es tardía en el seguimiento. El PTA se asoció con mayores VFDVD y VFSVD pero no a peor FEVD.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is the most frequent cyanotic congenital heart disease. Pulmonary regurgitation (PR) and right ventricle (RV) enlargement and dysfunction are the most common long-term complications. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is the gold standard for RV evaluation. OBJECTIVE: To analyze CMR results in the follow-up of TOF patients. PATIENTS AND METHOD: All CMR performed between 2007 and 2012 in TOF patients with transannular patch (TAP) repair or infundibular widening, and without pulmonary valve replacement (PVR) were included. Pulmonary regurgitant fraction (PRF), ventricular end-diastolic (EDV) and end-systolic volume (ESV), and ejection fraction (EF) were examined. RESULTS: 122 CMR were performed in 114 patients. Average age at CMR was 15.4±7.4 years. 53.3% of them presented severe PR (> 40%). RVEDV was 157.3 ± 38.6 ml/m2, RVESV was 85.3 ± 27 ml/m2 and RVEF was 46.4 ± 7.1%. RVEDV was > 150 ml/ m2 in 48.4% and > 170 ml/m2 in 32.8% of patients. Patients with TAP showed larger RV volumes compared with those with infundibular widening. RVEDV > 170 ml/m2 showed worse RVEF that those with lower RVEDV (47.9 ± 7% vs 43.2 ± 6.4%, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Almost half of the pa tients showed significant RV enlargement, demonstrating that the indication of CMR is late in their follow-up. TAP was associated with higher RVEDV and RVESV, but no worse RVEF.

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This paper presents information on the density, diversity and functional feeding groups of macroinvertebrate assemblages associated with water hyacinth in Antiguo Canal Cuemanco, part of Lake Xochimilco in Mexico City. Rare (low frequency and density) and dominant (high frequency and density) taxa prevailed in the assemblages, with the most predominant being Hyalella azteca, Chironomus plumosus and Ischnura denticollis. Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling confirmed two climatic seasons: warm-rainy and cold-dry; the former with the highest diversity and density of taxa. Canonical Correspondence Analysis showed that conductivity, nitrates and turbidity explained the density variations of taxa. Antiguo Canal Cuemanco waters are spatially homogeneous with the characteristics of hypertrophic shallow lakes, inhabited by scrapers and gathering-collectors. The species found were tolerant to organic pollution.

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Antecedentes: En Chile las malformaciones congénitas son la primera causa de mortalidad neonatal precoz, siendo las cardiopatías congénitas su principal factor. La incorporación de la ecocardiografía prenatal es de gran ayuda en su pesquisa precoz. Objetivos: Evaluar la ecocardiografía prenatal como prueba diagnóstica y su concordancia con la ecocardiografía posnatal. Métodos: Se analizaron embarazadas derivadas al Hospital de Niños Dr. Roberto del Río entre abril 2004 y abril 2008, por sospecha de cardiopatías congénitas con posterior control neonatal. Resultados: Se evaluaron 188 embarazadas tanto con diagnóstico de cardiopatía congénita como con ecocardiografía normal. La edad gestacional promedio de derivación fue de 32 semanas, siendo la principal causa la sospecha de cardiopatía congénita en el examen obstétrico de rutina. Como prueba diagnóstica se obtuvo una sensibilidad de 100 por ciento y especificidad de 40 por ciento con una moderada concordancia entre ésta y el examen postnatal. Como prueba diagnóstica la ecocardiografía prenatal, se obtuvo una sensibilidad de 100 por ciento y especificidad de 89 por ciento del examen, al ser evaluada como cardiopatías en general, con una muy buena concordancia entre ésta y el examen postnatal. Discusión: Existe una tardía derivación y diagnóstico prenatal de las cardiopatías congénitas a nivel nacional, siendo importante capacitar aún más a los obstetras que realizan este tamizaje. La ecocardiografía prenatal realizada en nuestro centro por cardiólogos es una confiable herramienta diagnóstica con una muy buena concordancia con la ecocardiografía posnatal.

Background: In Chile, congenital malformations are the first cause of early neonatal mortality, the congenital heart defects its the main factor. The incorporation of antenatal echocardiography is very helpful in your research early. Objectives: To evalúate prenatal echocardiography as a diagnosis test and their concordance with postnatal echocardiography. Methods: We analyzed pregnancy who were derived to the Hospital de Niños Dr. Roberto del Rio, between April 2004 and April 2008, where studied because suspicion of having congenital heart defects with subsequent neonatal control. Results: 188 pregnancy were evaluated either with a diagnosis of congenital heart defect or with normal echocardiography. The mean gestational age of derivation was 32 weeks, the main causes the suspicion of congenital heart defect on routine obstetric examination. When being studied as diagnosis test it was obtained a sensitivity of 100 percent and a specificity of 40 percent with a modérate concordance between both echocardiographies. When analyzing with the diagnosis test prenatal echocardiography, it was obtained a sensitivity of 100 percent and a specificity of 89 percent of the review, when evaluated as general heart defect, with a very good concordance between it and the postnatal examination. Discussion: There is a late referral and prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart defect at national level, being important to train obstetricians who perform this screening. Prenatal echocardiography performed by cardiologists at our center is a reliable diagnosis tool with a very good concordance with postnatal echocardiography.

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Shigella boydii, Shigella flexneri, Shigella dysenteriae and Shigella sonnei were identified using gas chromatography instead of the traditional techniques. Their acid methyl esters profiles were determined using a gas chromatograph Hewlett Packard 5890A and a RSL-150 heliflex capillary column. A total of 192 samples were analyzed both reference strains (ATCC 8700, INDRE B2188, B2194 and B2199) and environmental isolates. 12 fatty acids were included in the profiles from which 3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid (peak 12), trans 9-octadecanoic acid (peak 22), heptadecanoic acid (peak 18) and octadecanoic acid (peak 23), were the most important for the differentiation of the species analyzed.

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Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes and Enterobacter agglomerans were identified using gas chromatography as a substitution of the traditional techniques. Their acid methyl esters profiles were determined using a gas chromatograph Hewlett Packard 5890A and a RSL-150 heliflex capillary column. A total of 120 samples were analyzed from reference strains (ATCC 13047, 13048, 27155) and environmental isolations, eleven fatty acids were included in the profiles from which cis-9, 10-methyleneoctadecanoic acid (peak 24), cis-9-hexadecenoic acid (peak 14), octadecanoic acid (peak 23) and dodecanoic acid (peak 3), were the most important for the differentiation of the three species analyzed.

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We describe three children with panniculitis and associated systemic manifestations including fever. Histopathologic features, such as the presence of lobular or septal inflammation, presence of vasculitis, character of the cellular infiltrate, and presence of erythrophagocytosis, were useful in classifying this group of panniculitides. In one patient with subcutaneous polyarteritis nodosa, corticosteroid therapy was effective; in two other patients with histiocytic cytophagic panniculitis, there were poor responses to steroids, intravenously administered immune globulin, dapsone, or antimalarial drugs; cyclosporine was very effective and appeared to be the drug of choice.

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