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OBJECTIVE: To compare the cardiovascular risk and physical fitness, according to type of school in a national sample of Chilean school students. METHODS: A total of 7,218 students participated, who completed all the national tests of the National System for Measuring the Quality of Education, which included physical fitness and anthropometric tests. The results were compared according to the type of educational establishment and anthropometric indicators were considered. Physical fitness was measured by lower extremity strength, abdominal strength, upper extremity strength, trunk flexibility, exertional heart rate, and cardiorespiratory fitness. Body mass index, heart rate, and waist-to-height ratio were analyzed as predictors of cardiovascular risk. RESULTS: There were differences according to the type of establishment in the predictors of cardiovascular risk (p < 0.05). Differences were also found in the physical fitness tests evaluated (p < 0.01). Students in private schools (PSC) and subsidized schools (SC) had lower levels of cardiovascular risk and higher levels of physical fitness than public schools (PS) and schools with delegated administration (DA). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, students in educational establishments with a higher socioeconomic level have lower levels of cardiovascular risk and better physical fitness than students in public establishments. The authors suggest considering specific school interventions to mitigate cardiovascular risk and improve physical fitness among this vulnerable population. To this end, future studies should analyze the characteristics of physical activity and nutritional habits in schools to determine the factors that affect the results.
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Aptidão Cardiorrespiratória , Instituições Acadêmicas , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Humanos , Chile , Estudos Transversais , Aptidão Cardiorrespiratória/fisiologia , Feminino , Masculino , Criança , Aptidão Física/fisiologia , Estudantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Índice de Massa Corporal , Adolescente , Fatores de Risco de Doenças Cardíacas , Frequência Cardíaca/fisiologia , AntropometriaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Few studies in Latin America have examined the association between cardiovascular risk factors and cognitive impairment (CI) in a nationally representative sample. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of CI in a nationally representative sample of adults aged 60 years or older from Chile and to investigate the association between cardiovascular risk factors and CI. METHODS: Data from the cross-sectional 2016-2017 National Health Survey of Chile, which included 2031 adults (63.7% women) was used. Body mass index, metabolic syndrome (blood pressure, triglycerides, fasting glucose or treatment for diabetics, waist circumference, and HDL cholesterol), risk of cardiovascular disease (history and measured variables, using the Framingham risk score), tobacco use, and physical activity were measured. CI was assessed using the Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE). RESULTS: Overall, the prevalence of CI was 12.2% at the national level. Significant differences in CI were observed by age, education level, risk of cardiovascular disease, and smoking. High risk of cardiovascular disease was associated with higher odds of CI (OR: 2.04; 95%CI: 1.20-3.45) compared to low risk. Smoking was significantly associated with a lower likelihood of CI (OR: 0.56; 95%CI: 0.36-0.87) compared to never smoking. Body mass index, metabolic syndrome, and physical activity were not associated with CI. CONCLUSIONS: This study provided additional support for previous findings on the relationship between cognitive decline and an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease. Worse CI was associated with the group with the highest risk of cardiovascular disease, and the presence of lifestyle factors, such as obesity and physical inactivity, exacerbate this relationship, but not being a current smoker.
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Doenças Cardiovasculares , Disfunção Cognitiva , Síndrome Metabólica , Humanos , Feminino , Masculino , Síndrome Metabólica/diagnóstico , Síndrome Metabólica/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Doenças Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Chile/epidemiologia , Disfunção Cognitiva/diagnóstico , Disfunção Cognitiva/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco de Doenças Cardíacas , PrevalênciaRESUMO
Traditional models to train and teach young players in team sports assume that athletes learn as linear systems. However, an actual methodology called Non-Linear Pedagogy (NLP) accounts for the fact that the players and the team are complex dynamic systems. Experiences in handball under this methodology are scarce; due to this, an observational study has been conducted with a follow-up, idiographic and multidimensional design, in which 14 female school handball players belonging to four different local teams in Santiago, Chile (age = 15.55 + 0.51) agreed to participate in three special handball training sessions with the use of the NLP methodology where three different constraints were used. Descriptive analysis with the Chi-squared test showed a total of 252 observations where most of the variables were dependent on the constraints (p ≤ 0.001). Frequency showed that mainly "Defense in Line of progression" and "Proximal contact" were the most activated variables, followed by "Harassment" and "Deterrence" for all constraints. However, only constraint 2 highly activated two collective motor behaviors, while the rest only did it with individual motor behaviors. It is concluded that the constraints used in training seem to be effective in activating a group of defensive handball motor behaviors, specifically those that are basic for female school handball players.
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The accumulation of body fat is an important cardiometabolic risk factor; however, there is no consensus about which measure is more reliable for the assessment of cardiometabolic risk in people with intellectual disabilities. The aim of the present study was to primarily validate the submandibular skinfold as an anthropometric measurement of cardiometabolic risk in children, adolescents, and adults with intellectual disabilities, using a cross-sectional study made up of 131 people (67.2% men) with mild and moderate intellectual disability. The cardiometabolic risk indicators used were: body mass index (kg/m2), neck circumference (cm), waist circumference (cm), calf circumference (cm) and waist-to-height ratio. Moderate correlations were demonstrated between the submandibular skinfold measure and the anthropometric measurements analyzed in the three age categories, showing the highest correlation (r = 0.70) between the submandibular skinfold and BMI in the adolescent group and waist-to-height ratio in adults. The implementation of the submandibular skinfold measurement is suggested as an easy, fast, and minimally invasive anthropometric measurement as part of the physical and nutritional evaluation for the assessment of cardiometabolic risk in people with intellectual disabilities.
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Doenças Cardiovasculares , Deficiência Intelectual , Masculino , Criança , Adulto , Adolescente , Humanos , Feminino , Deficiência Intelectual/epidemiologia , Deficiência Intelectual/complicações , Antropometria , Dobras Cutâneas , Estudos Transversais , Índice de Massa Corporal , Fatores de Risco , Circunferência da Cintura , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologiaRESUMO
Handgrip strength is a simple measure of general muscle strength and is related to functionality in people with intellectual disabilities. The objective of this research was to describe the normative values of absolute and relative handgrip strength in children, adolescents and adults according to sex. The sample was made up of 264 schoolchildren (n = 168 men) belonging to five special education schools in Santiago of Chile. The results show higher levels of absolute handgrip strength in males compared to females. The maximum peak of the absolute manual handgrip is reached in females in adolescence with a decrease in adulthood. Relative handgrip strength levels are similar in boys and girls. In females, the relative handgrip strength is similar in childhood and adolescence. Relative handgrip strength declines in both sexes from adolescence to adulthood. The reference values of this study can be used by professionals in the areas of health and education as a guide for interpretation, monitoring and follow-up of Chilean schooled people with intellectual disabilities.
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Mini handball is among the sports included as part of school physical education in Chile to improve children's motor skills and to motivate their adherence to a healthy and active lifestyle in response to concerns about this country's high level of childhood obesity. To this end, non-linear pedagogy (NLP) has been used to develop motor skills through mini handball in the school context. However, socioeconomic differences that influence the development of children's motor skills have not been considered to determine whether the methodology applies to everyone. The aim of the present observational study is to describe and compare the effectiveness of the previously applied NLP methodology in two contrasting socioeconomic contexts to determine whether it helps to develop motor skills through mini handball in both school contexts. The Levine test was used to determine the homogeneity of the variances (p < 0.05), as the distribution of the data was not normal. The Kruskal-Wallis H statistical test was used to analyse within-group data. Additionally, the Mann-Whitney U test was applied for comparisons between groups. The results show significant improvements in the acquisition of the expected motor skills specific to mini handball. Additionally, a shortening of the gap was evidenced between the groups during the training process, with no significant differences at the end of the progression. Therefore, the investigated NLP is equally as effective for schoolchildren in two opposite socioeconomic contexts.
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Obesidade Infantil , Esportes , Criança , Humanos , Projetos Piloto , Esportes/fisiologia , Educação Física e Treinamento , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
Lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted the social, psychological, and physical well-being of the world population. In the case of people with intellectual disabilities, the impact of lockdown on their physical condition and functionality is not completely clear. This study aimed to determine the effects of COVID-19 lockdown on the anthropometric indicators of cardiometabolic risk, muscle strength, and functionality on schoolchildren with intellectual disabilities. The sample was composed of 132 students of both sexes (n = 74 pre-lockdown; n = 58 lockdown) belonging to two special education centers from the Metropolitan Region of Santiago, Chile. Our results showed significant reductions (p ≤ 0.05) in absolute and relative handgrip strength, as well as in functionality, when comparing pre-lockdown and lockdown measurements, with a greater loss in girls than boys. The design and implementation of physical exercise programs centered on strength training are necessary for the physical and functional reconditioning of this population. These programs need to be implemented in special education centers considering the general well-being, quality of life and work needs of people with intellectual disabilities.
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Background and Objectives: The prevalence of chronic diseases increases with age, and in octogenarian elderly, a cardiorespiratory test with gas analysis is more effective in determining the risk of mortality than applying the conventional risk factors. Materials and Methods: 25 untrained non-frail octogenarian subjects (four men) performed a submaximal test with gas analysis, which was stopped after the second ventilatory threshold (VT2) was reached. The variables analyzed were oxygen consumption at the first threshold (VO2 VT1); ventilatory class (VE/VCO2); oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES); cardiorespiratory optimal point (COP); oxygen pulse difference between VT2 and VT1 (diff. VO2/HR VT2-VT1). Results: the variables were classified categorically based on cut-off points present in the literature, where the variable with the highest percentage of altered cases was dif. VO2/HR VT2-VT1 at 48%; followed by VO2 VT1 at 40%, OUES at 36%, COP at 32%, and VE/VCO2 at 24%. Chi-square analysis between the measured parameters defined that normal and altered variables were related to each other, except for the variable VE/VCO2 and OUES. Conclusions: it was found that the main altered variable was the oxygen pulse and the least altered variable was VCO2/VCO2; there was only a statistically significant difference in a pair of OUES vs. VE/VCO2 variables.
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Teste de Esforço , Octogenários , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Doença Crônica , Humanos , Masculino , Consumo de Oxigênio , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Several resistance training programs using conventional methodologies have been implemented with the purpose of improving the ability to perform power actions in handball, especially during the competitive season. In contrast, methodologies based on a contemporary perspective, which considers the human being as a self-regulating biological entity, and designed specifically for female college players, are scarce. The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of an eight-week resistance training program, in which the athletes were able to control the loads according to their self-perceived effort and rest on their repeated shuttle sprint and jump ability. The sample was composed of 16 female players of a handball team from the faculty of physics and mathematics sciences of a Chilean university. The RSSJA test was used to evaluate players' conditions pre- and post-training program, and the self-perceived effort scale called OMNI-RES was used for the prediction and control of loads. Results indicated that, after the application of an eight-week resistance training program, significant improvements p ≤ 0.05 on the jump height (pre: 1836.4 W; average post: 2088.9 W) and running speed (average pre: 3.2 m/s; average post: 4.0 m/s) were obtained, as well as a significant reduction in the loss of power and speed between each set of the applied test.
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Desempenho Atlético , Treinamento Resistido , Corrida , Feminino , Humanos , Força Muscular , UniversidadesRESUMO
The aim of the present study was to examine the sex-related associations between accelerometer-measured daily step counts and adiposity indicators in adults from eight Latin American countries. We analyzed data from 2524 adults (aged 18-65 years) from the Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health. Device-measured daily step counts were measured by accelerometers (ActiGraph GT3X). The outcomes were body mass index (BMI; (kg/m2), waist and neck circumference (in cm). Overall, the mean of daily steps counts, BMI, waist and neck circumference were 10699.8, 27.3, 89.6, and 35.8. Weak and negative associations were observed between daily steps counts and BMI (r = -0.17; p < 0.05) and waist circumference (r = -0.16; p < 0.05); however, step counts was not associated with neck circumference. Daily steps counts were negatively associated with BMI (ß: -0.054; 95%CI: -0.077; -0.012) and waist circumference (-0.098; -0.165; -0.030) independently of age and socioeconomic level. In men, there were significant negative associations between daily steps counts with BMI (-0.075; -0.119; -0.031) and waist circumference (-0.140; -0.233; -0.048), and in women, there was no significant association with either of the body composition indicators. The findings from this study need to be examined in prospective settings that use device-measured from Latin America.
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Adiposidade , Obesidade , Acelerometria , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Índice de Massa Corporal , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , América Latina/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Circunferência da Cintura , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The objective of this research was to compare the healthy behaviors and caries index of young people in school to obtain an overview of their lifestyles, which would enable the development of educational programs for the promotion of oral health. The study design was carried out using a descriptive, cross-sectional, and observational methodology with a mixed approach. 380 twelve-year-old students participated in this research conducted in the city of Riobamba-Ecuador. The techniques used were observational and surveys with their respective instruments, the Dental Clinical History, and the Health Behavior in School-aged Children 2014-Spain questionnaire. The community index of the Decayed, Missing due to caries, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) reflected a high level (6.47) in the study subjects. A variety of foods such as fruits, chips, vegetables, candy, sugar-containing drinks, meat, fish, dairy, and cereals were consumed at least once a week by most students. Two statistically significant associations were demonstrated in this investigation. The first one was between fruit consumption and the DMFT index, the second one was between vegetable consumption and the DMFT index. Both associations showed significant values (p) of 0.049 and 0.028, respectively; these were not determining indicators since caries is a multifactorial pathology, which can develop not only as a product of poor eating habits.
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Cárie Dentária/epidemiologia , Dieta/efeitos adversos , Dieta/métodos , Saúde Bucal/estatística & dados numéricos , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Equador/epidemiologia , Comportamento Alimentar , Feminino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
The aim of the present study was to define and contrast a explicative model of the relationship between the variables of quality of life that make up the KIDSCREEN-52 questionnaire. METHODS: A total of 1641 Colombian university students aged between 17 and 18 years (17.69 + 0.490) participated in this research (61.2% males and 38.8% females) analyzing the dimensions of the KIDSCREEN-52 quality of life questionnaire. A model of structural equation was made and adjusted (χ2 = 118.021; DF = 6; p < 0.001; CFI = 0.953; NFI = 0.951; IFI = 0.954; RMSEA = 0.076). RESULTS: The analyzed dimensions of quality of life were related in a positive and direct way, except for the Parent Relationship and Family Life (Family L.) with Social Acceptance (Social A.), which were associated in a negative and indirect manner. CONCLUSIONS: The main conclusion of this investigation is that all dimensions of quality of life associate in a positive manner with the exception of Parent Relationship and Family Life (Family L.) which associated with Social Acceptance (Social A.). The qualities improve together, highlighting the idea that working on any of the areas that comprise quality of life will cause development of the remaining areas.
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Qualidade de Vida , Estudantes , Adolescente , Colômbia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Inquéritos e Questionários , UniversidadesRESUMO
Objetivamos conhecer a percepção de estudantes de Educação Física acerca de comportamentos e comentários homofóbicos e heterossexistas presentes na formação profissional, identificando sugestões para torná-la mais receptiva à diversidade de sujeitos. Esta pesquisa mista contou, primeiramente, com 260 estudantes que responderam um questionário que foi analisado a partir da frequência de respostas. Na segunda etapa participaram 19, divididos em 3 grupos focais, cujo conteúdo foi transcrito e submetido a análise de conteúdo com auxílio do software QSRNVivo. Os resultados apontam que é forte a incidência de comportamentos e comentários homofóbicos e heterossexistas entre estudantes, ocorrendo sobretudo entre os homens. Afirmam que os(as) docentes reforçam ou silenciam diante dessas condutas e pouco colaboram para criar um ambiente seguro e livre de preconceitos. Para alterar esse cenário, é necessário cultivar o respeito, problematizar o currículo heteronormativo e oportunizar diferentes ações que envolvam a comunidade acadêmica
This study aimed to know the perceptions of physical education students concerning homophobic and heterosexist comments and behaviours in professional education. Also, we identified suggestions to make professional education more suitable to the diversity of subjects. This mixed research was divided into two steps. Firstly, 260 students filled a questionnaire and a descriptive statistical analysis was conducted on the results. Subsequently, 19 students participated in three focal groups. Then, the data was transcribed and the information processed using the software (QSRNVivo). Finally, a content analysis was carried out. A strong incidence of homophobic and heterosexist comments and behaviours is seen, frequently among male subjects. Furthermore, the results show that when confronted teachers were voiceless or reinforced the behaviour, consequently not collaborating to a secure and prejudice-free environment. To change this scenario, it is necessary to cultivate respect, problematize the heteronormative curriculum and opportunize different actions involving the academic community
Este estúdio objetivó conocer la percepción de los estudiantes de Educación Física sobre los comportamientos y comentarios homofóbicos y heterosexistas que se encuentran presentes en la formación profesional, identificando las propuestas para cambiarla más receptiva hacia la diversidad de personas. Esta investigación mixta contó, primeramente, con 260 estudiantes que respondieron un cuestionario que fue analizado mediante frecuencias. En la segunda etapa, 19 alumnos que fueron divididos en 3 grupos focales, cuyos datos fueron transcritos y sometidos a análisis de contenido mediante la ayuda de un software (QSRNVivo). Los resultados apuntan una fuerte incidencia de comportamientos y comentarios homofóbicos y heterosexistas entre estudiantes, principalmente entre los hombres. Afirman que los docentes refuerzan o silencian estas conductas y además colaboran poco para crear un ambiente libre de prejuicios. Para cambiar esta situación, es necesario trabajar el respeto, cuestionar el currículo heteronormativo y fomentar diferentes acciones que involucren a la comunidad académica
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Educação Física e Treinamento , Homofobia , Sexismo , Universidades , Capacitação ProfissionalRESUMO
El estudiante universitario debe desarrollar habilidades que le permitan su auto educación; para lo cual, este requiere apropiarse de estrategias que faciliten su aprendizaje autónomo y formación del pensamiento crítico. La monografía que se presenta brinda un análisis bibliográfico con el objetivo de ofrecer una aproximación epistemológica al rol del autoaprendizaje y la metacognición en la Educación Superior.
The college student must develop skills that allow for self-education; there for, it requires the appropriation of strategies that facilitate their autonomous learning and the formation of critical thinking. The presented monograph offers a bibliographical analysis with the aim of offering an epistemological approach to the role of self-learning and metacognition in Higher Education.
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Humanos , Universidades , Metacognição , Autoaprendizagem como AssuntoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Physical inactivity is an important cardiovascular risk factor. AIM: To investigate the association of physical inactivity with obesity, metabolic markers, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension and metabolic syndrome in Chilean adults. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Participants from the National Health Survey 2009-10 (n = 5,157) were included in this study. Body mass index, waist circumference, metabolic markers (blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and lipid profile) were the outcomes. Type 2 diabetes, hypertension and metabolic syndrome were determined using international criteria. Physical activity levels were determined using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire and physical inactivity was defined as < 600 METs/minutes/week. RESULTS: Compared to their physically active peers, inactive men and women had a higher odds ratio (OR) for obesity (OR: 1.77 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.29-2.42], p < 0.01 and 1.25 [95% CI: 102-1.54], p < 0.035, respectively), diabetes (OR: 2.47 [1.80-3.38], p < 0.01 and 1.72 [1.35-2.19], p = 0.002, respectively) and hypertension (OR: 1.66 [1.31-2.09], p < 0.01 and 1.83 [1.54-2.18] respectively. An association of physical inactivity with central obesity and metabolic syndrome was observed only in men (OR: 1.92 [1.42- 2.58], p < 0.01 and 1.74 [1.23-2.47], p < 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Not meeting the physical activity recommendations is associated with obesity, diabetes, hypertension and metabolic syndrome, which are important cardiovascular risk factors.
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Biomarcadores/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Síndrome Metabólica/epidemiologia , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Comportamento Sedentário , Adulto , Idoso , Glicemia , Índice de Massa Corporal , Chile/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/diagnóstico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/etiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertensão/diagnóstico , Hipertensão/etiologia , Masculino , Síndrome Metabólica/diagnóstico , Síndrome Metabólica/etiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade/diagnóstico , Obesidade/etiologia , Vigilância da População , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Circunferência da CinturaRESUMO
Background: Physical inactivity is an important cardiovascular risk factor. Aim: To investigate the association of physical inactivity with obesity, metabolic markers, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension and metabolic syndrome in Chilean adults. Material and Methods: Participants from the National Health Survey 2009-10 (n = 5,157) were included in this study. Body mass index, waist circumference, metabolic markers (blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and lipid profile) were the outcomes. Type 2 diabetes, hypertension and metabolic syndrome were determined using international criteria. Physical activity levels were determined using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire and physical inactivity was defined as < 600 METs/minutes/week. Results: Compared to their physically active peers, inactive men and women had a higher odds ratio (OR) for obesity (OR: 1.77 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.29-2.42], p < 0.01 and 1.25 [95% CI: 102-1.54], p < 0.035, respectively), diabetes (OR: 2.47 [1.80-3.38], p < 0.01 and 1.72 [1.35-2.19], p = 0.002, respectively) and hypertension (OR: 1.66 [1.31-2.09], p < 0.01 and 1.83 [1.54-2.18] respectively. An association of physical inactivity with central obesity and metabolic syndrome was observed only in men (OR: 1.92 [1.42- 2.58], p < 0.01 and 1.74 [1.23-2.47], p < 0.01, respectively). Conclusions: Not meeting the physical activity recommendations is associated with obesity, diabetes, hypertension and metabolic syndrome, which are important cardiovascular risk factors.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Biomarcadores/sangue , Síndrome Metabólica/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Comportamento Sedentário , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Glicemia , Índice de Massa Corporal , Chile/epidemiologia , Vigilância da População , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Síndrome Metabólica/diagnóstico , Síndrome Metabólica/etiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/diagnóstico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/etiologia , Circunferência da Cintura , Hipertensão/diagnóstico , Hipertensão/etiologia , Obesidade/diagnóstico , Obesidade/etiologiaRESUMO
Background: Sitting behaviours have increased markedly during the last two decades in Chile. However, their associations with health outcomes such as diabetes have not been reported. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the independent association of self-reported sitting time with diabetes-related markers and diabetes prevalence in Chile. Methods: This cross-sectional study included participants (aged ≥18 years) from the Chilean National Health Survey 2009-10 (n = 4457). Fasting glucose and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were measured by standardized protocols. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) was determined using WHO criteria. Physical activity (PA) and time spent sitting were determined using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Results: The odds ratio for T2D was 1.10 [95% CI: 1.04-1.16, P = 0.002] and 1.08 [1.02-1.14, P = 0.002] per 1 h increase in sitting time in men and women, respectively, independent of age, education, smoking, BMI and total PA. Overall, prevalence of T2D was 10.2 and 17.2% in individuals classified in the lowest and highest categories of sitting time, respectively. No significant associations were found between sitting time and glucose or HbA1c. Conclusions: Sitting time is positively associated with diabetes risk, independent of socio-demographic, obesity and PA levels, in the Chilean population.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/etiologia , Exercício Físico , Comportamento Sedentário , Adulto , Chile/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Feminino , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/análise , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Autorrelato , Inquéritos e Questionários , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Introducción: la formación profesional en las ciencias de la salud requiere del logro de competencias que propicien el aprender a aprender, para lo cual se precisa desarrollar la autonomía cognoscitiva de los estudiantes. Objetivo: evaluar la satisfacción de los estudiantes con un plan de acciones dirigido a mejorar sus estrategias de aprendizaje autónomo. Métodos: se desarrolló un estudio preexperimental donde se trabajó con toda la población, compuesta por 33 estudiantes del primer semestre de la carrera de Enfermería, de la Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo, Ecuador, durante el período académico octubre 2015-febrero 2016. El método Delphi se utilizó para validar el cuestionario aplicado y el diseño del plan de acciones. La aplicación de la técnica de Iadov sirvió para determinar los índices de satisfacción grupal e individual de los estudiantes en relación con el plan de acciones ejecutado. Resultados: el 93,94 por ciento respondió que sí le gusta estudiar, pero la mayoría consideró no estar preparado para asumir su propio aprendizaje. Solo el 30,30 por ciento de los individuos investigados ingresó a la carrera de Enfermería guiado por la vocación. Conclusiones: se identificaron deficiencias relativas a hábitos y técnicas de auto aprendizaje relacionadas con la lectura, la planificación, los procedimientos, la profundidad de análisis de los tópicos y el trabajo grupal. El índice de satisfacción grupal quedó en la categoría satisfactorio, mientras que en el individual prevaleció la de clara satisfacción(AU)
Introduction: Professional training in health sciences requires the achievement of competences that encourage learning how to learn, for which it is necessary to develop the students' cognitive autonomy. Objectives: To assess the students' satisfaction with an action plan aimed at improving their autonomous learning strategies. Methods: A pre-experimental study was developed in which the entire population was studied, made up by 33 students of the first semester of the Nursing major from the National University of Chimborazo, Ecuador, during the academic period October 2015-February 2016. The Delphi method was used to validate the applied questionnaire and for the design of the action plan. The Iadov technique was used to determine the indexes of group and individual satisfaction of the students in relation to the executed plan of actions. Results: 93.94 percent answered that they do like to study, but the majority considered not being ready to assume their own learning. Only 30.30 percent of the investigated individuals entered the Nursing major guided by self-vocation. Conclusions: We identified deficiencies related to habits and self-learning techniques related to reading, planning, procedures, deepening into topic analysis and group work. The group's satisfaction index remained in the satisfactory category, while in the individual group the satisfaction index prevailed(AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Estudantes de Enfermagem , Universidades , Autoaprendizagem como AssuntoRESUMO
Background Physical inactivity and obesity are major risk factors for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Aim To investigate whether if the association between obesity and diabetes is modified by levels of physical activity in the Chilean population. Material and Methods Cross-sectional study including 4,712 participants from the 2009-2010 National Health Survey. Diabetes was determined when participants referred having the disease or had a fasting glucose ≥ 126 mg/dl. Physical activity level was assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. The association between diabetes, obesity and physical activity was determined using logistic regression analysis. Results Compare to active and normal weight subjects (reference group), the risk for T2D was higher in active individuals with overweight (Odds ratio (OR): 2.85 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.76- 4.61] p < 0.01). The risk among inactive but normal weight participants (OR: 2.12 [95% CI: 1.49- 3.01], p < 0.01) was of lower magnitude and was even higher among inactive and overweight individuals (OR: 3.22 [95% CI: 2.10 - 4.93], p < 0.01). Similar results were found for obesity and central obesity. Conclusions Individuals who are physically inactive and have a high adiposity level have an increased risk for T2D compared to active individuals with normal BMI.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/etiologia , Adiposidade/fisiologia , Obesidade/complicações , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Índice de Massa Corporal , Estudos Transversais , Fatores de Risco , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/fisiopatologia , Comportamento Sedentário , Obesidade/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Background: Physical inactivity is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Aim: To identify factors associated with physical inactivity in Chilean adults. Material and Methods: Participants from the Chilean Health Survey (5,133 individuals) were included in this study. Physical activity was measured using the Global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ). Physical inactivity was defined as < 600 MET. min.week−1 of moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity. Logistic regression was used to identify correlates of physical inactivity. Results: The main finding of this study were that women (odds ratio (OR): 1.51 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.32-1.72]) were more likely to be inactive compared to men and that older adults were more likely to be inactive than their younger or middle age counterparts (OR: 3.06 [95% CI: 2.45-3.82]). Other correlates of physical inactivity were individuals with obesity (OR: 1.43 [95% CI: 1.20-1.70]), diabetes (OR: 1.96 [95% CI: 1.61-2.38]), hypertension (OR: 1.72 [95% CI: 1.50-1.97]), metabolic syndrome (OR: 1.42 [95% IC: 1.18-1.70]), a low education level (OR: 1.26 [95% CI: 1.06-1.49]) and higher levels of sedentary behavior (OR: 2.77 [95% CI: 2.36-3.25]). Conclusions: Women, older people and sedentary subjects with chronic non-transmissible conditions are at higher risk of being physically inactive.