RESUMO
Abstract Provisions for migration underlie asymmetric relations between sending and receiving countries, such as the cases of Mexico and the United States of America, although studies focus on stigma. The objective of this study was to establish the reliability and construct validity of an instrument that measures the phenomenon. A transversal and exploratory work was carried out with a selection of 300 students, considering their affiliation to a public university in a strategic alliance with multinationals for vocational training. A structure of four factors related to risk, utility, hyperopia and identity was observed, although the design of the research limited the results to the research scenario, suggesting the extension of the work towards negative dispositions such as exclusion, discrimination and the stigma.
Resumen Las disposiciones para la migración subyacen en las relaciones asimétricas entre los países de origen y destino, como los casos de México y los Estados Unidos de América, aunque los estudios se centran en el estigma. El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer la fiabilidad y la validez de constructo de un instrumento que mide el fenómeno. Se realizó un trabajo transversal y exploratorio con una selección de 300 estudiantes, considerando su afiliación a una universidad pública en una alianza estratégica con multinacionales para la formación profesional. Se observó una estructura de cuatro factores relacionados con el riesgo, la utilidad, la hipermetropía y la identidad, aunque el diseño de la investigación limitó los resultados al escenario de la investigación, lo que sugiere la extensión del trabajo hacia disposiciones negativas como la exclusión, la discriminación y el estigma. Palabras clave: migración, identidad, hipermetropía, impotencia, confiabilidad
Assuntos
Testes Psicológicos , Estudo de Validação , Migração Humana , Estudo de Prova de Conceito , Estudantes , Universidades , Educação Vocacional , Trabalho , Capacitação Profissional , Discriminação SocialRESUMO
Antecedentes: El estudio del climaterio se ha elevado por ser un problema socio-demográfico dado el incremento de la esperanza de vida de la mujer. Objetivo: Identificar factores de riesgo cardiovasculares en mujeres climatéricas y menopáusicas de Santa Cruz del Norte en el período 2011 y 2012. Método: Se realizó un estudio analítico transversal con un universo de 317 mujeres atendidas en consulta y una muestra escogida al azar de 186 divididas en un grupo de 93 pacientes en etapa del climaterio o menopausia y 93 mujeres entre 20 y 39 años. Los datos se recolectaron mediante encuesta y para el análisis estadístico se emplearon medidas descriptivas y pruebas inferenciales. Resultados: Las pacientes climatéricas presentaron significativamente mayor circunferencia de cintura (t=5,2696; p=0,0000), índice cintura-cadera (t=2,2070; p=0,0298), índice de masa corporal (t=7,1652; p=0,0000), y valores de colesterol (t=4,2531; p=0,0001), triglicéridos (t=2,5980; p=0,0109) y glicemia (t=2,5274; p=0,0132). Se observó correlación fuerte y significativa entre la edad y los valores de índice cintura-cadera (r=0,8116; p=0,0000) y de glicemia (r=0,8400; p=0,0000). Hubo una débil pero significativa correlación entre la edad y la circunferencia de cintura (r=0,2875; p=0,0000), índice de masa corporal (r=0,3246; p=0,0000) y colesterol (r=0,2876; p=0,0000). Hubo más fumadoras entre las climatéricas (p=0,0360) y ambos grupos fueron similares en tensión arterial, hábitos alimentarios y actividad física. Conclusiones: Durante el climaterio y menopausia se produce un incremento en algunos valores antropométricos y metabólicos, que incrementan el riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares en esta etapa.
Background: The study of the climacteric has risen, being a social and demographic problem due to the increase of the life expectancy of women. Aims: To identify cardiovascular risk factors during climacteric and menopause in women from North's Santa Cruz in 2011 and 2012. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted with a universe of 317 women attended in consultation and a random sample of 186 divided in a group of 93 patients in climacteric or menopause stage and other of 93 women between 20 and 39 years old. The data were collected by survey, and for the statistical analysis a descriptive measures and inferential tests were used. Results: Climacteric patients presented significantly greater waist circumference (t=5.2696; p=0.0000), waist-hip index (t=2.2070; p=0.0298), body mass index (t=7.1652; p=0.0000), and values of cholesterol (t=4.2531; p=0.0001), triglycerides (t=2.5980; p=0.0109) and fasting glucose (t=2.5274; p=0.0132). It was observed strong and significant correlation between age and values of waist-hip index (r=0.8116; p=0.0000) and fasting glucose (r=0.8400; p=0.0000). There was a weak but significant correlation between age and waist circumference (r=0.2875; p=0.0000), body mass index (r=0.3246; p=0.0000) and cholesterol (r=0.2876; p=0.0000). There were more smokers between climacteric (p=0.0360) and both groups were similar in blood pressure, nourishing habits and physical activity. Conclusion: During the climacteric and menopause, an increase in some anthropometric and metabolic values take place, that increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases in this stage.
Assuntos
Humanos , Adulto , Feminino , Climatério , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Fatores Etários , Glicemia , Índice de Massa Corporal , Estudos Transversais , Cuba , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estilo de Vida , Menopausa , Fatores de Risco , Inquéritos e Questionários , Relação Cintura-QuadrilRESUMO
Strains within the Ballum serogroup of spirochete Leptospira show fastidious growth with more exigent nutritional requirements than those of other Leptospira pathogenic strains. The influence of 37 nutritional compounds on the growth of Leptospira interrogans serogroup Ballum was investigated employing the synthetic EMJH medium as the base for the study. Microbial growth was estimated spectrophotometrically and direct counts were performed with a Petroff-Hausser counting chamber. Virulence stability was evaluated by calculating the mean lethal dose in hamsters. Antigenicity stability was evaluated by Western blotting using a specific antiserum. Cell yields commonly obtained in EMJH were triplicated without virulence or antigenicity depletions after culturing in a modified EMJH medium with an increased concentration of Tween 80, and the incorporation of sodium acetate and beef extract. Neither the increased concentration of at least 6 components of EMJH nor the incorporation of a variety of new nutrients stimulated cell yields or the growth rate of the microorganism. The results allow us to make use of an enriched culture medium that promotes high cell yields of this fastidious serogroup most prevalent in humans in Cuba.
Assuntos
Meios de Cultura , Leptospira interrogans/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Leptospira interrogans/classificação , SorotipagemRESUMO
El serogrupo Ballum agrupa cepas de crecimiento fastidioso, con requerimientos nutricionales más exigentes que otras cepas patógenas de Leptospira. Fue evaluada la influencia de 37 compuestos nutricionales sobre el crecimiento de Leptospira interrogans serogrupo Ballum, tomando como base para el estudio al medio sintético EMJH. El crecimiento microbiano fue estimado espectrofotométricamente y por conteo directo en cámara de Petroff-Hausser. La estabilidad de la virulencia fue evaluada en hamsters mediante el cálculo de la dosis letal media. La estabilidad de la antigenicidad fue evaluada mediante Western blotting con antisuero policlonal específico. Bajo condiciones de cultivo controladas se logró triplicar los rendimientos de biomasa comúnmente obtenidos en el medio EMJH sin afectación de la virulencia y antigenicidad tras el incremento de la concentración de Tween 80 y la incorporación de acetato de sodio y extracto de carne. El incremento de la concentración de al menos 6 componentes del EMJH o la incorporación de una variedad de nuevos nutrientes no estimularon apreciablemente los rendimientos de biomasa o la velocidad específica de crecimiento del microorganismo. Los resultados obtenidos permiten disponer de un medio de cultivo enriquecido capaz de sustentar elevados rendimientos de biomasa de este serogrupo exigente de mayor circulación en humanos en Cuba.
Strains within the Ballum serogroup of spirochete Leptospira show fastidious growth with more exigent nutritional requirements than those of other Leptospira pathogenic strains. The influence of 37 nutritional compounds on the growth of Leptospira interrogans serogroup Ballum was investigated employing the synthetic EMJH medium as the base for the study. Microbial growth was estimated spectrophotometrically and direct counts were performed with a Petroff-Hausser counting chamber. Virulence stability was evaluated by calculating the mean lethal dose in hamsters. Antigenicity stability was evaluated by Western blotting using a specific antiserum. Cell yields commonly obtained in EMJH were triplicated without virulence or antigenicity depletions after culturing in a modified EMJH medium with an increased concentration of Tween 80, and the incorporation of sodium acetate and beef extract. Neither the increased concentration of at least 6 components of EMJH nor the incorporation of a variety of new nutrients stimulated cell yields or the growth rate of the microorganism. The results allow us to make use of an enriched culture medium that promotes high cell yields of this fastidious serogroup most prevalent in humans in Cuba.
Assuntos
Meios de Cultura , Leptospira interrogans/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Leptospira interrogans/classificação , SorotipagemRESUMO
El serogrupo Ballum de Leptospira constituye en la actualidad la primera causa de leptospirosis humana en Cuba. Vacunas de células enteras químicamente inactivadas fueron formuladas a partir de dos cepas clínicas de Leptospira interrogans serogrupo Ballum empleando como adyuvante hidróxido de aluminio. Los niveles de aglutininas inducidos en hamsters por una u otra preparación vacunal fueron estimados mediante aglutinación microscópica y la actividad IgG específica fue cuantificada mediante ELISA. La capacidad de protección homóloga y heteróloga contra la infección letal y subletal se determinó mediante el desafío con 100 y 10 000 DL50 de cinco cepas virulentas pertenecientes a los serogrupos Ballum, Canicola, Icterohaemorrhagiae y Pomona. Las evaluaciones realizadas demostraron que ambas vacunas fueron inmunogénicas e indujeron una completa protección homóloga en el modelo animal empleado. La protección cruzada frente a serogrupos heterólogos solo fue significativa en una de las preparaciones monovalentes frente al desafío con 100 DL50 de Canicola. Como resultado de este estudio se pudo comprobar la alta inmunogenicidad y capacidad protectora en hamsters de vacunas monovalentes de células enteras formuladas a partir de dos cepas candidatas vacunales del serogrupo de Leptospira de mayor circulación en humanos en Cuba no incluido en la vacuna actualmente disponible.
Leptospira serogroup Ballum is at present the first cause of human leptospirosis in Cuba. Killed whole-cell vaccines were formulated with two clinical isolates of Leptospira interrogans serogroup Ballum using aluminum hydroxide as adjuvant. Agglutinins levels induced by each vaccine in hamsters were estimated by microscopic agglutination test and specific IgG activities were quantified by a whole cell-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Homologous and cross protective capacity against lethal and sublethal infection were determined in vaccinated animals by challenge with 100 and 10 000 LD50 of five virulent strains belonging to serogroups Ballum, Canicola, Icterohaemorrhagiae and Pomona. Both monovalent serogroup Ballum vaccines were immunogenic and induced complete homologous protection in the animal model. Cross-protection was only significant in one of the two vaccines against challenge with 100 LD50 of serogroup Canicola. The results of this study demonstrate the high immunogenicity and protective capacity in hamsters of whole-cell monovalent vaccines formulated with two vaccine candidate strains belonging to the most prevalent serogroup of Leptospira in Cuba.
Assuntos
Animais , Cricetinae , Vacinas Bacterianas/imunologia , Leptospira interrogans/imunologia , Leptospirose/prevenção & controle , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/imunologia , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola/imunologia , Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae/imunologia , Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona/imunologia , Mesocricetus , VacinaçãoRESUMO
Leptospira serogroup Ballum is at present the first cause of human leptospirosis in Cuba. Killed whole-cell vaccines were formulated with two clinical isolates of Leptospira interrogans serogroup Ballum using aluminum hydroxide as adjuvant. Agglutinins levels induced by each vaccine in hamsters were estimated by microscopic agglutination test and specific IgG activities were quantified by a whole cell-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Homologous and cross protective capacity against lethal and sublethal infection were determined in vaccinated animals by challenge with 100 and 10,000 LD50 of five virulent strains belonging to serogroups Ballum, Canicola, Icterohaemorrhagiae and Pomona. Both monovalent serogroup Ballum vaccines were immunogenic and induced complete homologous protection in the animal model. Cross-protection was only significant in one of the two vaccines against challenge with 100 LD50 of serogroup Canicola. The results of this study demonstrate the high immunogenicity and protective capacity in hamsters of whole-cell monovalent vaccines formulated with two vaccine candidate strains belonging to the most prevalent serogroup of Leptospira in Cuba.
Assuntos
Vacinas Bacterianas/imunologia , Leptospira interrogans/imunologia , Leptospirose/prevenção & controle , Animais , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/imunologia , Cricetinae , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola/imunologia , Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae/imunologia , Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona/imunologia , Mesocricetus , VacinaçãoRESUMO
Leptospira serogroup Ballum is at present the first cause of human leptospirosis in Cuba. Killed whole-cell vaccines were formulated with two clinical isolates of Leptospira interrogans serogroup Ballum using aluminum hydroxide as adjuvant. Agglutinins levels induced by each vaccine in hamsters were estimated by microscopic agglutination test and specific IgG activities were quantified by a whole cell-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Homologous and cross protective capacity against lethal and sublethal infection were determined in vaccinated animals by challenge with 100 and 10,000 LD50 of five virulent strains belonging to serogroups Ballum, Canicola, Icterohaemorrhagiae and Pomona. Both monovalent serogroup Ballum vaccines were immunogenic and induced complete homologous protection in the animal model. Cross-protection was only significant in one of the two vaccines against challenge with 100 LD50 of serogroup Canicola. The results of this study demonstrate the high immunogenicity and protective capacity in hamsters of whole-cell monovalent vaccines formulated with two vaccine candidate strains belonging to the most prevalent serogroup of Leptospira in Cuba.
Assuntos
Síndrome Antifosfolipídica/diagnóstico , Síndrome Antifosfolipídica/genética , Síndrome Antifosfolipídica/metabolismo , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Infarto Cerebral/diagnóstico , Cuba , Feminino , Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Protrombina/genética , Protrombina/metabolismo , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
For the detection of Enterovirus, we devised a direct economical method of polymerase chain reaction which does not require a previous extraction of ribonucleic acid and uses infected cell culture supernatants. The system was developed on the basis of universal primers of Enterovirus and specific primers of vaccinal strain Sabin 1. The achieved results proved that the non-existence of methods of RNA extraction and purification prior to the reaction does not affect the susceptibility and specificity of the system, in the rapid detection of Enterovirus genomes and identification of vaccinal strains of poliovirus.
Assuntos
Enterovirus/isolamento & purificação , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Sequência de Bases , DNA Viral/genética , Enterovirus/genética , Infecções por Enterovirus/diagnóstico , Infecções por Enterovirus/virologia , Humanos , Meningoencefalite/diagnóstico , Meningoencefalite/virologia , Dados de Sequência Molecular , RNA Viral/genética , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
A microcomputer software package for determining the concentration of either the antibody or antigen from ELISA data for IBM PC compatible is presented. In the program optical densities (OD) and fluorescence obtained from 96-well ELISA plate can be input either directly, by interfacing with different brands of microplate reader such as Multiskan II Plus and Organon Teknika to the computer or manually. This software utilizes some mathematical and statistical models to fit the standard curve of each assay and interpolate analyte concentration using data from OD or fluorescence measurements. Cubic spline (Guardabasso et al., 1988), bezier and polynomial (Rodbard, 1979; Baud et al., 1991) interpolation formulas can be used to fit the data over the entire range for estimating the antibody or antigen concentration of the unknown samples whose OD or fluorescence is beyond the entire range. This software package, based on the concentration values of the analyte determined in different fluids (Núnez et al., 1994; Morales et al., 1994) and with some rules and algorithms, is used to calculate the parameters of screening and diagnostic tests such as sensitivity, specificity and predictive values (Coughlin et al., 1992). With the construction of the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve it is possible to analyse different values of the sensitivity and specificity of the screening and diagnostic tests. A comparative statistical test for two populations that are non-normally distributed using a non-parametric Mann-Whitney test is provided. This software is an expandable tool designed for general use in clinical and experimental applications, including diagnostic and screening tests.
Assuntos
Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/métodos , Programas de Rastreamento/métodos , Software , Anticorpos/análise , Antígenos/análise , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Interface Usuário-ComputadorRESUMO
Experimental leptospirosis was reproduced in golden Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus aureatus). Evaluation of three Leptospira serogroups (canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae and pomona) was carried out regarding their virulence, production of symptoms and lethal activity. Macroscopic and microscopic studies of tissue lesions were also made. Animals were inoculated with 3.75 x 10(6) to 6 x 10(7) bacteria through the intraperitoneal (IP) route. The clinical development of the disease in Syrian hamsters was characterized by the presence of general symptoms between the third and fifth day after inoculation. With highly virulent strains, the distinctive clinical picture occurred and death followed before the seventh day. The strain of the pomona serogroup proved to be more virulent than those of the other serogroups and produced the most florid picture of the disease. Pathogenic aspects of this process were also studied.