RESUMO

The objective of this work was to study the reproductive behavior of two strains of R. (B.) microplus, one wild-caught (Native) and one reference strain (Media Joya) for two years, measuring the reproductive efficiency index (REI) and reproductive aptitude index (RAI). Engorged ticks from each strain were collected monthly from February 2002 to February 2004. These were weighed and kept in the laboratory until egg-laying. Oogenic masses were individually weighed and incubated until larvae emergence. REI and RAI were calculated from each sample, grouping ticks by weight in 100 mg range classes. An analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple rank tests were carried out on the data (P < 0.05). Pearson's correlation coefficients were estimated (P < 0.01) in order to determine the relationship between engorgement weight and the weight and number of laid and hatched eggs. The Native strain showed a higher engorgement weight than Media Joya strain. In both strains REI and RAI were similar in all weight classes; with a quadratic tendency in Media Joya and linear-quadratic in the Native strain (P < 0.05). Significant differences where observed when REI and RAI of both strains were compared along the duration of the study (P < 0.01) with the Native strain performing better in both indexes, including better performance during the dry season. All parameters studied showed highly significant correlation; eggs laid and eggs hatched were notably highly correlated, 0.94 and 0.91, for Media Joya strain and Native strain respectively.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The objective of this work was to study the reproductive behavior of two strains of R. (B.) microplus, one wild-caught (Native) and one reference strain (Media Joya) for two years, measuring the reproductive efficiency index (REI) and reproductive aptitude index (RAI). Engorged ticks from each strain were collected monthly from February 2002 to February 2004. These were weighed and kept in the laboratory until egg-laying. Oogenic masses were individually weighed and incubated until larvae emergence. REI and RAI were calculated from each sample, grouping ticks by weight in 100 mg range classes. An analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple rank tests were carried out on the data (P < 0.05). Pearson's correlation coefficients were estimated (P < 0.01) in order to determine the relationship between engorgement weight and the weight and number of laid and hatched eggs. The Native strain showed a higher engorgement weight than Media Joya strain. In both strains REI and RAI were similar in all weight classes; with a quadratic tendency in Media Joya and linear-quadratic in the Native strain (P < 0.05). Significant differences where observed when REI and RAI of both strains were compared along the duration of the study (P < 0.01) with the Native strain performing better in both indexes, including better performance during the dry season. All parameters studied showed highly significant correlation; eggs laid and eggs hatched were notably highly correlated, 0.94 and 0.91, for Media Joya strain and Native strain respectively.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a conduta reprodutiva de duas cepas de R. (B.) microplus, uma coletada no campo (Nativa) e outra de referência (Média Jóia), por dois anos, calculando o índice de eficiência reprodutiva (REI) e o índice de aptidão reprodutiva (RAI). Foram coletados mensalmente carrapatos fêmeas engurgitadas de cada cepa no período de Fevereiro de 2002 a Fevereiro de 2004. Estas foram pesadas e conservadas no laboratório até ovipositar. As massas de ovos foram pesadas individualmente e incubadas até a eclosão das larvas. O REI e o RAI foram calculados para cada coleta, agrupando os carrapatos em classe de peso de 100 mg. Os dados foram submetidos a uma análise de variância e prova de classe múltipla de Duncan (P < 0,05). Foram calculados os coeficientes de correlação de Pearson (P < 0,01) para estimar a associação entre o peso dos carrapatos engurgitados e o peso e número de ovos postos e eclosionados. A cepa Nativa mostrou um peso ao engurgitamento mais alto do que a cepa Média Jóia. Os valores de REI e de RAI em ambas cepas foram similares em todos as classes de peso, mostrando tendência cuadrática na Média Jóia e linear-cuadrática na cepa Nativa (P < 0,05). Ambos os índices por classe de peso no engurgitamento foram sempre mais altos na cepa Nativa (P < 0,05). Os valores de REI e de RAI de ambas cepas ao longo do estudo mostraram diferenças (P < 0,01), sendo a cepa Nativa a de melhor desempenho em ambos índices, incluindo um melhor desenvolvimento durante a estação seca. Observou-se uma correlação altamente significativa em todos os parâmetros, sobressaindo o número de ovos postos com o número de ovos eclodidos, 0,94 e 0,91, para a cepa Média Jóia e a Nativa, respectivamente.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The objective of this work was to study the reproductive behavior of two strains of R. (B.) microplus, one wild-caught (Native) and one reference strain (Media Joya) for two years, measuring the reproductive efficiency index (REI) and reproductive aptitude index (RAI). Engorged ticks from each strain were collected monthly from February 2002 to February 2004. These were weighed and kept in the laboratory until egg-laying. Oogenic masses were individually weighed and incubated until larvae emergence. REI and RAI were calculated from each sample, grouping ticks by weight in 100 mg range classes. An analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple rank tests were carried out on the data (P 0.05). Pearson's correlation coefficients were estimated (P 0.01) in order to determine the relationship between engorgement weight and the weight and number of laid and hatched eggs. The Native strain showed a higher engorgement weight than Media Joya strain. In both strains REI and RAI were similar in all weight classes; with a quadratic tendency in Media Joya and linear-quadratic in the Native strain (P 0.05). Significant differences where observed when REI and RAI of both strains were compared along the duration of the study (P 0.01) with the Native strain performing better in both indexes, including better performance during the dry season. All parameters studied showed highly significant correlation; eggs laid and eggs hatched were notably highly correlated, 0.94 and 0.91, for Media Joya strain and Native strain respectively.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a conduta reprodutiva de duas cepas de R. (B.) microplus, uma coletada no campo (Nativa) e outra de referência (Média Jóia), por dois anos, calculando o índice de eficiência reprodutiva (REI) e o índice de aptidão reprodutiva (RAI). Foram coletados mensalmente carrapatos fêmeas engurgitadas de cada cepa no período de Fevereiro de 2002 a Fevereiro de 2004. Estas foram pesadas e conservadas no laboratório até ovipositar. As massas de ovos foram pesadas individualmente e incubadas até a eclosão das larvas. O REI e o RAI foram calculados para cada coleta, agrupando os carrapatos em classe de peso de 100 mg. Os dados foram submetidos a uma análise de variância e prova de classe múltipla de Duncan (P 0,05). Foram calculados os coeficientes de correlação de Pearson (P 0,01) para estimar a associação entre o peso dos carrapatos engurgitados e o peso e número de ovos postos e eclosionados. A cepa Nativa mostrou um peso ao engurgitamento mais alto do que a cepa Média Jóia. Os valores de REI e de RAI em ambas cepas foram similares em todos as classes de peso, mostrando tendência cuadrática na Média Jóia e linear-cuadrática na cepa Nativa (P 0,05). Ambos os índices por classe de peso no engurgitamento foram sempre mais altos na cepa Nativa (P 0,05). Os valores de REI e de RAI de ambas cepas ao longo do estudo mostraram diferenças (P 0,01), sendo a cepa Nativa a de melhor desempenho em ambos índices, incluindo um melhor desenvolvimento durante a estação seca. Observou-se uma correlação altamente significativa em todos os parâmetros, sobressaindo o número de ovos postos com o número de ovos eclodidos, 0,94 e 0,91, para a cepa Média Jóia e a Nativa, respectivamente.

RESUMO

This study was conducted to analyze the stinging response thresholds of individual European and Africanized worker honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) to electrical stimulation. Newly emerged workers were identified, and either were placed into an incubator, into their natal colonies, or cross-fostered in common colonies of European or Africanized ancestry. Nest and guard bees of each type were collected and exposed to an electric stimulus of 0.5 mA, and the time they took to sting a leather substrate was recorded. Africanized bees consistently had significant lower thresholds of defensive response than European bees across all of the environments tested. Guards were faster to sting than nest bees only for the Africanized genotype, suggesting that alleles of African origin have pleiotropic effects on guarding and stinging. This is the first study that shows that single individuals specialized in guarding also may have a lower response threshold for stinging. Environmental effects were also evident. In all cases, bees responded faster to the electrical stimulation after being kept in environments other than their natal nest. Moreover, significant genotype by environment and genotype by task specialization interactions were found. Our results fit a model of division of labor based on differences in response thresholds to stimuli among workers of different genotypes and task groups that result in non-additive effects on colony behavior.

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RESUMO

This study was aimed at determining the effect of raw full-fat soybean in the digestion/absorption of broilers and to evaluate the role of soybean agglutinin (SBA) in the pathogenesis of the runting and stunting syndrome of broilers. Six broiler groups were fed with six experimental diets for 42 days in which the defatted soybean meal of the basal diet was substituted with increasing raw full-fat soybean percentages ranging from 0 to 100%. The results suggested that SBA included in the raw full-fat soybean can play a role in the pathogenesis of the runting and stunting syndrome in broilers since binding and incorporation of SBA to enterocytes were associated with hyperplasia and dysplasia of the intestinal epithelium, as suggested by the progressive increases (P < 0.001) of mitosis/crypt in the duodenum and in the midintestine, as well as by intestinal villi atrophy (P < 0.001) in the duodenum and the midintestine. Indigestion and malabsorption of proteins induced progressive low weight gain (P < 0.001) up to 50% with 100% of raw full-fat soybean in the diet at 42 days. Xanthophylls in serum and skin yellowness were enhanced linearly in the broilers fed 42 days with increasing percentages of raw full-fat soybean in the diet. Increased xanthophylls absorption and decreased protein absorption can be caused by pathological changes in the epithelial intestine triggered by SBA binding and internalization.

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RESUMO

El presente estudio se realizó en el Centro Acuícola "El Zarco", Estado de México, México, para evaluar el comportamiento reproductivo de dos líneas de truchas Arcoiris (Oncorhynchus mikiss), la línea Zarco ("Z") y la línea Jilotzingo ("J"). Con el propósito de estimar efectos genéticos, se utilizó el cruzamiento dialélico, que permite la mediación de la respuesta a la heterosis y a la habilidad combinatoria general y específica, entre las diferentes líneas utilizadas y cruzadas recíprocas. Al evaluar la incubación, fertilidad, viabilidad y moralidad en las etapas de alevinaje y crianza, se encontró una mejor fertilidad para la línea Jilotzingo; la mortalidad presentada en la etapa de alevinaje fue más elevada en los grupos genéticos híbridos (12.65 por ciento) respecto de los puros (2.6 por ciento). La mortalidad durante la etapa de crianza fue mayor en el grupo genético Z x J (6.5 por ciento) con respecto a los otros. Los resultados muestran que no existe heterosis para estas características y que es importante seleccionar líneas maternas con el fin de incrementar la fertilidad

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RESUMO

Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron: Determinar la sensibilidad y especificidad de DIG-ELISA y establecer el valor de corte para realizar diagnóstico de fasciolosis bovina; determinar la capacidad diagnóstica de la prueba en bovinos infectados en forma experimental; valorar la seroprevalencia bimensual y durante un año de los títulos IgG anti-Fasciola hepatica en suero de bovinos infectados en forma natural; y comparar la variación con la presencia de huevos del trematodo identificados en el análisis coproparasitoscópico. Con el propósito de estandarizar la prueba, además de las correspondientes titulaciones de sueros, antígeno y conjugado, se utilizaron 80 sueros de bovinos, de estos últimos 40 pertenecían a animales provenientes del estado de Sonora (zona libre de fasciolosis) y 40 del estado de Hidalgo (zona enzoótica de fasciolosis). La prueba mostró una sensibilidad de 97.5 por ciento y una especificidad de 80.0 por ciento, obteniendo un valor de corte de 7 mm. En otro estudio, se infectaron 15 bovinos jóvenes de sexo indistinto, cada uno con 600 metacercarias del Fasciola hepatica. Los animales fueron sangrados semanalmente y durante 14 ocasiones para obtención de suero. La prueba fue capaz de detectar anticuerpos anti-F. Hepatica desde la segunda semana posinfección, logrando sus mayores incrementos expresados en diámetro de la zona de reacción (DZR) entre la séptima y décima semanas. En otro experimentos se utilizaron 85 bovinos criollos, hembras, de un rancho ubicado en un área enzoótica de fasciolosis en Nautla, Veracruz, en donde se colectó sangre para obtención de suero, así como heces de cada uno de los bovinos. Los animales fueron muestreados bimensualmente y durante un año para correr los cueros con DIG-ELISA y las heces para realizar análisis por sedimentación. Los porcentajes de seroprevalencia fueron del 58 por ciento, 73 por ciento, 80 por ciento, 100 por ciento, 96 por ciento y 79 por ciento para los meses de marzo, mayo, julio, septiembre, enero y marzo, respectivamente, mostrando porcentajes de positividad similares a aquellos obtenidos en el análisis coproparasitoscópico (P>0.01). Se concluye que DIG-ELISA mostró alta sensibilidad y fácil montaje para utilizarse bajo condiciones de campo en el diagnóstico temprano de fasciolisis bovina, generando resultados reproducibles que pueden ser de gran utilidad para estudios seroepidemiológicos

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RESUMO

Se distribuyeron al azar 1,440 pollitos Hybro en 8 tratamientos, arreglo factorial de 4 niveles crecientes de energía metabolizable (EM) x ajuste o no de nutrimentos. Los alimentos de iniciación, crecimiento y finalización contenían 2990, 3020, 3080, 3110; 3030, 3060, 3120, 3150, y 3150, 3180, 3240 y 3270 Kcal de EM/kg de alimento respectivamente. En cada etapa se utilizaron los siguientes porcentajes de proteína cruda: 22, 19.4 y 18.3; de metionina más cistina: .88,.88 y .80; de lisina: 1.22, 1.09 y 1.0; de calcio: 1.0,.96 y .86 y de fósforo disponible: .45,.42 y .40 por ciento. Los resultados obtenido a los 52 días de experimentación no mostraron diferencias en el peso final, consumo de alimento y conversión alimenticia; tampoco se encontraron diferencias significativas sobre el porcentaje de grasa abdominal, ni pigmentación. Esta información indica que niveles crecientes de energía metabolizable en las dietas de iniciación, crecimiento y finalización que fluctúan de 2990 - 3110, 3030 - 3150 y de 3150 - 3270 Kcal/kg, no afectan el comportamiento productivo de pollos de engorda

Assuntos