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BACKGROUND: The participation of health professionals in designing interventions is considered vital to effective implementation, yet in areas such as clinical coordination is rarely promoted and evaluated. This study, part of Equity-LA II, aims to analyse the design process of interventions to improve clinical coordination, taking a participatory-action-research (PAR) approach, in healthcare networks of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Uruguay. This participatory process was planned in four phases, led by a local steering committee (LSC): (1) dissemination of problem analysis results and creation of professionals' platform, (2) selection of problems and intervention (3) intervention design and planning (4) adjustments after evaluation of first implementation stage. METHODS: A descriptive qualitative study based on documentary analysis, using a topic guide, was conducted in each intervention network. Documents produced regarding the intervention design process were selected. Thematic content analysis was conducted, generating mixed categories taken from the topic guide and identified from data. Main categories were LSC characteristics, type of design process (phases, participants' roles, methods) and associated difficulties, coordination problems and interventions selected. RESULTS: LSCs of similar composition (managers, professionals and researchers) were established, with increasing membership in Chile and high turnover in Argentina, Colombia and Mexico. Following results dissemination and selection of problems and interventions (more participatory in Chile and Colombia: 200-479 participants), the interventions were designed and planned, resulting in three different types of processes: (1) short initial design with adjustments after first implementation stage, in Colombia, Brazil and Mexico; (2) longer, more participatory process, with multiple cycles of action/reflection and pilot tests, in Chile; (3) open-ended design for ongoing adaptation, in Argentina and Uruguay. Professionals' time and the political cycle were the main barriers to participation. The clinical coordination problem selected was limited communication between primary and secondary care doctors. To address it, through discussions guided by context and feasibility criteria, interventions based on mutual feedback were selected. CONCLUSIONS: As expected in a flexible PAR process, its rollout differed across countries in participation and PAR cycles. Results show that PAR can help to design interventions adapted to context and offers lessons that can be applied in other contexts.

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Despite relational continuity (RC) with the doctor being key to care quality for chronic patients, particularly in fragmented healthcare systems, like many in Latin America (LA), little is known about RC and its attributes, particularly regarding specialists. Aim: We aim to analyse chronic patients' perceptions of RC with primary (PC) and secondary (SC) care doctors, and record changes between 2015 and 2017 in the public healthcare networks of six LA countries. An analysis of two cross-sectional studies applying the CCAENA questionnaire to chronic patients (N = 4881) was conducted in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Uruguay. The dependent variables of RC with PC and SC doctors were: consistency, trust, effective communication, and synthetic indexes based on RC attributes. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were performed. Although the RC index was high in 2015, especially in PC in all countries, and at both levels in Argentina and Uruguay, low perceived consistency of PC and SC doctors in Colombia and Chile and of SC doctors in Mexico revealed important areas for improvement. In 2017 the RC index of SC doctors increased in Chile and Mexico, while SC doctors' consistency in Colombia decreased. This study reveals important gaps in achieving RC with doctors, particularly in SC, which requires further structural and organisational reforms.

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OBJECTIVE: To analyse the contribution of participatory action research (PAR) in designing and implementing joint training sessions as a means to improve clinical coordination in a public health care network in Bogotá, Colombia. METHODS: A qualitative, descriptive-interpretative study using semi-structured individual interviews and focus groups with 40 professionals (GPs, specialists, members of the local steering committee (LSC) and network middle managers) involved in designing and implementing joint training sessions to improve cross-level clinical coordination. The intervention consisted of two forms of joint training sessions for GPs and specialists, implemented through two PAR cycles. RESULTS: The PAR approach in designing and implementing joint training sessions led to greater awareness of clinical coordination problems and helped adapting sessions to the local health care context. Study participants highlighted the role of LSC leadership during the PAR process and the importance of ensuring the necessary resources for adopting the intervention. Limited institutional support and differences between joint training sessions affected doctors' participation and reduced the time available to conduct the sessions. The use of a reflexive method was essential in enhancing doctors' participation, along with session duration, the facilitator's role and session content. CONCLUSIONS: The study provides evidence regarding the contribution of a PAR process to designing and implementing joint training sessions for improving clinical coordination. The findings can inform similar approaches in other health systems.

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Although fragmentation in the provision of services is considered an obstacle to effective health care, there is scant evidence on the impact of interventions to improve care coordination between primary care and secondary care in terms of continuity of care-i.e. from the patient perspective-particularly in Latin America (LA). Within the framework of the Equity-LA II project, interventions to improve coordination across care levels were implemented in five Latin American countries (Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Uruguay) through a participatory action research (PAR) process. This paper analyses the impact of these PAR interventions on the cross-level continuity of care of chronic patients in public healthcare networks. A quasi-experimental study was performed with measurements based on two surveys of a sample of patients with chronic conditions (392 per network; 800 per country). Both the baseline (2015) and evaluation (2017) surveys were conducted using the CCAENA questionnaire. In each country, two comparable public healthcare networks were selected, one intervention and one control. Outcomes were cross-level continuity of information and clinical management continuity. Descriptive analyses were conducted, and Poisson regression models with robust variance were fitted to estimate changes. With differences between countries, the results showed improvements in cross-level continuity of clinical information (transfer of clinical information) and clinical management continuity (care coherence). These results are consistent with those of previous studies on the effectiveness of the interventions implemented in each country in improving care coordination in Brazil, Chile and Colombia. Differences between countries are probably related to particular contextual factors and events that occurred during the implementation process. This supports the notion that certain context and process factors are needed to improve continuity of care. The results provide evidence that, although the interventions were designed to enhance care coordination and aimed at health professionals, patients report improvements in continuity of care.

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INTRODUCTION: Coordination of care can be improved through an intervention or a combination of several ones. In addition, it is recommended to encourage the active involvement of professionals in the design, implementation and assessment of coordination mechanisms. OBJECTIVE: To analyse the factors that influence the implementation of participatively designed interventions and their effects on clinical coordination between levels of care in a public healthcare network of health services in Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico. METHODS: A qualitative, descriptive-interpretative study, for which individual interviews and discussion groups with a criterion sample of participants: Local Steering Committee and the Professional Platform. A content analysis, with mixed category generation and segmentation by intervention and topics, was carried out. According to the problem analysis, participants designed two sequential interventions: offline virtual consultation, and joint training meetings on maternal health and chronic diseases. RESULTS: Respondents perceived a differentiated impact on clinical coordination according to intervention: greater in the case of joint maternal health trainings and limited for the chronic diseases meetings, as they were the offline virtual consultation was rarely used. CONCLUSION: The involvement of professionals in designing the interventions, as well as institutional support and reflexive methods for training, all decisively improved clinical coordination between levels.

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Azospirillum baldaniorum is a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) capable of fixing nitrogen, the synthesis of several phytohormones including indole-acetic acid, and induction of plant defenses against phytopathogens. To establish a successful and prolonged bacteria-plant interaction, A. baldaniorum can form biofilms, bacterial communities embedded in a self-made matrix formed by extracellular polymeric substances which provide favorable conditions for survival. A key modulator of biofilm formation is the second messenger bis-(3'-5')-cyclic-dimeric-GMP (c-di-GMP), which is synthesized by diguanylate cyclases (DGC) and degraded by specific phosphodiesterases. In this study, we analyzed the contribution of a previously uncharacterized diguanylate cyclase designated CdgC, to biofilm formation and bacterial-plant interaction dynamics. We showed that CdgC is capable of altering c-di-GMP levels in a heterologous host, strongly supporting its function as a DGC. The deletion of cdgC resulted in alterations in the three-dimensional structure of biofilms in a nitrogen-source dependent manner. CdgC was required for optimal colonization of wheat roots. Since we also observed that CdgC played an important role in exopolysaccharide production, we propose that this signaling protein activates a physiological response that results in the strong attachment of bacteria to the roots, ultimately contributing to an optimal bacterium-plant interaction. Our results demonstrate that the ubiquitous second messenger c-di-GMP is a key factor in promoting plant colonization by the PGPR A. baldaniorum by allowing proficient internalization in wheat roots. Understanding the molecular basis of PGPR-plant interactions will enable the design of better biotechnological strategies of agro-industrial interest.

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The article analyzes the coordination of information and clinical management between levels of care in physicians' experience and explores related labor and organizational factors and attitudes towards the work and interaction. This is a cross-sectional study with application of the COORDENA-BR questionnaire to a sample of 64 primary health care (PHC) physicians and 56 specialized care (SC) from the public system in a medium-sized Brazilian city. The results show limited linkage of care in the Healthcare Network (RAS), with differences between PHC and SC. There is no exchange of information on diagnosis, treatment, or tests. Physicians in PHC agree more on the treatments prescribed by the specialists than vice versa, but repetition of tests is not frequent. PHC physicians refer patients to SC when necessary. Most medical specialists do not refer patients for follow-up consultations in PHC when necessary and do not give orientation to PHC physicians, who in turn fail to resolve their doubts with SC. Both PHC and specialties report long waiting times for specialist consultations. Temporary employment contracts are more common in PHC. Consultation time was considered too short for coordination between the two. Most physicians do not plan to change jobs, despite their heavy dissatisfaction with wages and work. Physicians do not know each other personally, and specialists do not identify physicians in PHC as the coordinators of care. Policies and measures to guarantee structural conditions to improve access, working conditions, and more favorable mutual adaptation need to be implemented systemically to the set of services in the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS).

O artigo analisa a coordenação da informação e da gestão clínica entre níveis assistenciais na experiência de médicos e explora fatores laborais, organizacional, de atitude frente ao trabalho e de interação relacionados. Trata-se de estudo transversal com aplicação do questionário COORDENA-BR à amostra de 64 médicos da atenção primária à saúde (APS) e 56 da atenção especializada (AE) da rede pública em um município de médio porte. Os resultados mostram limitada articulação do cuidado na Rede de Atenção à Saúde (RAS), com diferenças entre APS e AE. Não há troca de informações sobre diagnóstico, tratamento e exames. Médicos da APS concordam mais com os tratamentos indicados na AE do que o contrário, porém a repetição de exames não é frequente. Médicos da APS encaminham pacientes para AE quando necessário. A maioria dos médicos da AE não realiza encaminhamento para consulta de acompanhamento, quando necessário, e não faz orientações para a APS, que por sua vez, não esclarece dúvidas com o profissional da AE. Ambos referem longos tempos de espera para consulta especializada. Vínculos laborais temporários são mais frequentes na APS. O tempo de consulta foi considerado insuficiente para a coordenação. A maioria dos médicos não pretendia mudar de emprego, embora seja elevada a insatisfação com os salários e o trabalho. Médicos não se conhecem pessoalmente e os especialistas não identificam o médico da APS como coordenador do cuidado. Políticas e ações para a garantia de condições estruturais de melhoria do acesso, de condições de trabalho e de adaptação mútua mais favoráveis precisam ser implementadas de forma sistêmica para o conjunto dos serviços do Sistema Único de Saúde.

El artículo analiza la coordinación de la información y gestión clínica entre niveles asistenciales en la experiencia de médicos y explora factores laborales, organizativos, de actitud frente al trabajo y de interacción relacionados. Se trata de un estudio transversal con aplicación del cuestionario COORDENA-BR; la muestra cuenta con 64 médicos de la atención primaria en salud (APS) y 56 de la atención especializada (AE) de la red pública en municipios de tamaño medio. Los resultados muestran una limitada coordinación del cuidado en la Red de Atención en Salud (RAS), con diferencias entre APS y AE. No existe intercambio de información sobre diagnóstico, tratamiento y exámenes. Médicos de la APS están más de acuerdo con los tratamientos indicados en la AE que lo contrario, a pesar de que la repetición de exámenes no es frecuente. Médicos de la APS dirigen pacientes a la AE cuando es necesario. La mayoría de los médicos de la AE no realiza derivaciones a consultas de seguimiento, cuando es necesario, y no realiza orientaciones para la APS que, a su vez, no aclara dudas con el profesional de la AE. Ambos refieren largos tiempos de espera para una consulta especializada. Los vínculos laborales temporales son más frecuentes en la APS. El tiempo de consulta se consideró insuficiente para la coordinación. La mayoría de los médicos no pretendía cambiar de empleo, aunque sea elevada la insatisfacción con salarios y trabajo. Los médicos no se conocen personalmente y los especialistas no identifican al médico de la APS como coordinador del cuidado. Políticas y acciones para la garantía de condiciones estructurales de mejoría en el acceso, de condiciones de trabajo y de adaptación mutua más favorables necesitan ser implementadas de forma sistémica para el conjunto de los servicios del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS).

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The aim was to analyze the level and characterize the use of clinical coordination mechanisms between levels of care, and their associated factors, in two public networks of health services in Mexico. A cross-sectional study was carried out using the COORDENA questionnaire to primary and specialized care physicians in the state of Veracruz. Differences were found between networks and levels of care, according to the mechanism. In both, the referral/counter-referral is mostly used to channel the patient to another level, mainly by primary care physicians. A high reception of referrals by specialists was identified, but few counterreferences in primary care. Being a man and recognizing the primary care physician, as responsible for monitoring the patient in his/her healthcare career, were factors associated with the frequent sending of the counter-referral by specialists. The discharge report is used in both networks to send clinical information to the other level, with more sending by specialist doctors, but with less reception in primary care. In both networks, the follow-up to the recommendations of the mechanisms to standardize clinical care was greater by primary care physicians than specialized ones. The use of coordination mechanisms between levels of care is deficient and limited, with greater use of mechanisms to transfer information than for clinical management. The need to implement strategies that consider the participation of professionals is evident, to favor local adaptation, appropriation and improve their use.

El objetivo fue analizar el nivel y caracterizar el uso de mecanismos de coordinación clínica entre niveles de atención, y sus factores asociados, en dos redes públicas de servicios de salud en México. Se realizó estudio transversal mediante el cuestionario COORDENA a médicos de atención primaria y especializada del estado de Veracruz. Se encontraron diferencias entre redes y niveles de atención, según el mecanismo. En ambas, la referencia/contrarreferencia es sobre todo utilizada para canalizar al paciente a otro nivel, principalmente por parte de los médicos de atención primaria. Se identificó una alta recepción de referencias por especialistas, pero escasa recepción de contrarreferencias en atención primaria. Ser hombre y reconocer al médico/a de atención primaria como responsable del seguimiento del paciente en su trayectoria asistencial, fueron factores asociados al envío frecuente de la contrarreferencia por especialistas. El informe de alta se utiliza en ambas redes para enviar información clínica al otro nivel, con mayor envío por médicos/as especialistas, y con menor recepción en atención primaria. En ambas redes, el seguimiento a las recomendaciones de los mecanismos para estandarizar la atención clínica (guías de práctica clínica, etc.) por parte médicos/as de atención primaria que de especializada. La utilización de mecanismos de coordinación entre niveles de atención es deficiente y limitada, con mayor uso de mecanismos para transferir información que para la gestión clínica. Se evidencia la necesidad de implementar estrategias que consideren la participación de los profesionales, para favorecer la adaptación local, apropiación y mejorar su uso.

O objetivo era analisar o nível e caracterizar o uso de mecanismos de coordenação clínica entre níveis de atenção e seus fatores associados em duas redes públicas de saúde no México. Estudo transversal por meio do questionário COORDENA aplicados a médicos da atenção primaria e especializada do Estado de Veracruz. Foram encontradas diferenças entre redes e níveis de atenção conforme o mecanismo. Em ambas, a referência/contrarreferência é sobre tudo utilizada para encaminhar o paciente para outro nível, principalmente por parte dos médicos da atenção primária. Foi identificado um alto recebimento de referências por especialistas, porém raras são as contrarreferências na atenção primária. Ser homem e reconhecer o médico/a de atenção primária como responsável pelo acompanhamento do paciente na sua trajetória de atendimento foram fatores associados ao envio frequente da contrarreferência por especialistas. O relatório de alta é utilizado nas duas redes para enviar informação clínica ao outro nível, com mais envios por médicos/as especialistas e menos recebimentos na atenção primária. Em ambas as redes, a observância das recomendações de mecanismos para padronizar a atenção clínica foi maior por parte dos médicos/as da atenção primária do que da especializada. O uso de mecanismos de coordenação entre níveis de atenção é deficiente e limitado, com o emprego maior de mecanismos para transmitir informação do que para a gestão clínica. Ficou evidenciada a necessidade de implementar estratégias que levem em conta a participação dos profissionais, para promover a adequação local, a apropriação e melhorar a sua utilização.

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The plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense contains several genes encoding proteins involved in the biosynthesis and degradation of the second messenger cyclic-di-GMP, which may control key bacterial functions, such as biofilm formation and motility. Here, we analysed the function and expression of the cdgD gene, encoding a multidomain protein that includes GGDEF-EAL domains and CHASE and PAS domains. An insertional cdgD gene mutant was constructed, and analysis of biofilm and extracellular polymeric substance production, as well as the motility phenotype indicated that cdgD encoded a functional diguanylate protein. These results were correlated with a reduced overall cellular concentration of cyclic-di-GMP in the mutant over 48 h compared with that observed in the wild-type strain, which was recovered in the complemented strain. In addition, cdgD gene expression was measured in cells growing under planktonic or biofilm conditions, and differential expression was observed when KNO3 or NH4Cl was added to the minimal medium as a nitrogen source. The transcriptional fusion of the cdgD promoter with the gene encoding the autofluorescent mCherry protein indicated that the cdgD gene was expressed both under abiotic conditions and in association with wheat roots. Reduced colonization of wheat roots was observed for the mutant compared with the wild-type strain grown in the same soil conditions. The Azospirillum-plant association begins with the motility of the bacterium towards the plant rhizosphere followed by the adsorption and adherence of these bacteria to plant roots. Therefore, it is important to study the genes that contribute to this initial interaction of the bacterium with its host plant.

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Clinical coordination mechanisms (CCMs) have become key tools in healthcare networks for improving coordination between primary care (PC) and secondary care (SC) and are particularly relevant in health systems with highly fragmented healthcare provision. However, their implementation has been little studied to date in Latin America and particularly in Colombia. This study analyses the level of knowledge and use of CCMs between care levels and their changes between 2015 and 2017 in two public healthcare networks in Bogotá, Colombia. Comparison of two cross-sectional studies based on surveys among PC and SC doctors working in their networks (174 doctors per network/year). The COORDENA questionnaire was used for measuring knowledge concerning CCMs and the frequency of use and difficulties involved in using referral/reply letters (R/RLs) and hospital discharge reports (HDRs). Descriptive bivariate analysis and Poisson regression models with robust variance were used for analysing differences between networks and years. The results for both networks and years revealed greater knowledge and use of information coordination mechanisms than those regarding clinical management coordination (though their knowledge increased in 2017). Although widely known and used, significant problems regarding infrequent and late receipt of RLs and HDRs in PC as well as the poor quality of their contents limits their effective use, which may affect the quality of care. Strategies are required to improve CCMs use.

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OBJECTIVE: To analyse the care continuity across levels of care perceived by patients with chronic conditions in public healthcare networks in six Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Uruguay), and to explore associated factors. METHOD: Cross-sectional study by means of a survey conducted to a random sample of chronic patients in primary care centres of the study networks (784 per country) using the questionnaire Cuestionario de Continuidad Asistencial Entre Niveles de Atención (CCAENA)©. Patients had at least one chronic condition and had used two levels of care in the 6 months prior to the survey for the same medical condition. Descriptive analysis and multivariable logistic regression were carried out. RESULTS: Although there are notable differences between the networks analysed, the results show that chronic patients perceive significant discontinuities in the exchange of clinical information between primary care and secondary care doctors and in access to secondary care following a referral; as well as, to a lesser degree, regarding clinical coherence across levels. Relational continuity with primary care and secondary care doctors and information transfer are positively associated with care continuity across levels; no individual factor is systematically associated with care continuity. CONCLUSIONS: Main perceived discontinuities relate to information transfer and access to secondary care after a referral. The study indicates the importance of organisational factors to improve chronic patients' quality of care.

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INTRODUCCIÓN: En Argentina, como en el resto de Latinoamérica, el sistema de salud está fragmentado; los mecanismos de coordinación (MC) entre niveles de atención son un insumo para su mejora. El objetivo fue analizar, como parte del proyecto EQUITY LA II, el conocimiento y uso de MC entre niveles de atención en médicos de atención primaria (AP) y especializada (AE) en la red de Salud Municipal de Rosario, y sus cambios entre 2015 y 2017. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio transversal con aplicación del cuestionario COORDENA Argentina a médicos de AP y AE. Se encuestó a 350 médicos en 2015 y a 352 en 2017. Las variables fueron nivel de conocimiento, frecuencia, finalidad y dificultades en el uso de los MC de información (MCI): hoja de referencia/contrarreferencia-interconsulta (HR/CR), informe de alta hospitalaria, teléfono; y los MC de gestión clínica (MCGC): guías de práctica clínica (GPC) y reuniones conjuntas. Se efectuó un análisis comparativo entre años y niveles. RESULTADOS: En 2015 la mayoría conocía MCI, aunque hubo diferentes porcentajes de uso según niveles de atención. Los MCGC eran menos conocidos, pero muy usados entre quienes los conocían. Hubo cambios significativos en 2017: disminuyó el envío de CR y el uso del teléfono en AP, y aumentó el conocimiento de reuniones conjuntas y de GPC (solo entre AP). DISCUSIÓN: Existen diferencias en la implementación de MC entre niveles. La adecuación al contexto local es clave para lograr una efectiva y eficiente implementación.

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Resumen: El objetivo fue analizar el nivel y caracterizar el uso de mecanismos de coordinación clínica entre niveles de atención, y sus factores asociados, en dos redes públicas de servicios de salud en México. Se realizó estudio transversal mediante el cuestionario COORDENA a médicos de atención primaria y especializada del estado de Veracruz. Se encontraron diferencias entre redes y niveles de atención, según el mecanismo. En ambas, la referencia/contrarreferencia es sobre todo utilizada para canalizar al paciente a otro nivel, principalmente por parte de los médicos de atención primaria. Se identificó una alta recepción de referencias por especialistas, pero escasa recepción de contrarreferencias en atención primaria. Ser hombre y reconocer al médico/a de atención primaria como responsable del seguimiento del paciente en su trayectoria asistencial, fueron factores asociados al envío frecuente de la contrarreferencia por especialistas. El informe de alta se utiliza en ambas redes para enviar información clínica al otro nivel, con mayor envío por médicos/as especialistas, y con menor recepción en atención primaria. En ambas redes, el seguimiento a las recomendaciones de los mecanismos para estandarizar la atención clínica (guías de práctica clínica, etc.) por parte médicos/as de atención primaria que de especializada. La utilización de mecanismos de coordinación entre niveles de atención es deficiente y limitada, con mayor uso de mecanismos para transferir información que para la gestión clínica. Se evidencia la necesidad de implementar estrategias que consideren la participación de los profesionales, para favorecer la adaptación local, apropiación y mejorar su uso.

Abstract: The aim was to analyze the level and characterize the use of clinical coordination mechanisms between levels of care, and their associated factors, in two public networks of health services in Mexico. A cross-sectional study was carried out using the COORDENA questionnaire to primary and specialized care physicians in the state of Veracruz. Differences were found between networks and levels of care, according to the mechanism. In both, the referral/counter-referral is mostly used to channel the patient to another level, mainly by primary care physicians. A high reception of referrals by specialists was identified, but few counterreferences in primary care. Being a man and recognizing the primary care physician, as responsible for monitoring the patient in his/her healthcare career, were factors associated with the frequent sending of the counter-referral by specialists. The discharge report is used in both networks to send clinical information to the other level, with more sending by specialist doctors, but with less reception in primary care. In both networks, the follow-up to the recommendations of the mechanisms to standardize clinical care was greater by primary care physicians than specialized ones. The use of coordination mechanisms between levels of care is deficient and limited, with greater use of mechanisms to transfer information than for clinical management. The need to implement strategies that consider the participation of professionals is evident, to favor local adaptation, appropriation and improve their use.

Resumo: O objetivo era analisar o nível e caracterizar o uso de mecanismos de coordenação clínica entre níveis de atenção e seus fatores associados em duas redes públicas de saúde no México. Estudo transversal por meio do questionário COORDENA aplicados a médicos da atenção primaria e especializada do Estado de Veracruz. Foram encontradas diferenças entre redes e níveis de atenção conforme o mecanismo. Em ambas, a referência/contrarreferência é sobre tudo utilizada para encaminhar o paciente para outro nível, principalmente por parte dos médicos da atenção primária. Foi identificado um alto recebimento de referências por especialistas, porém raras são as contrarreferências na atenção primária. Ser homem e reconhecer o médico/a de atenção primária como responsável pelo acompanhamento do paciente na sua trajetória de atendimento foram fatores associados ao envio frequente da contrarreferência por especialistas. O relatório de alta é utilizado nas duas redes para enviar informação clínica ao outro nível, com mais envios por médicos/as especialistas e menos recebimentos na atenção primária. Em ambas as redes, a observância das recomendações de mecanismos para padronizar a atenção clínica foi maior por parte dos médicos/as da atenção primária do que da especializada. O uso de mecanismos de coordenação entre níveis de atenção é deficiente e limitado, com o emprego maior de mecanismos para transmitir informação do que para a gestão clínica. Ficou evidenciada a necessidade de implementar estratégias que levem em conta a participação dos profissionais, para promover a adequação local, a apropriação e melhorar a sua utilização.

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Resumo: O artigo analisa a coordenação da informação e da gestão clínica entre níveis assistenciais na experiência de médicos e explora fatores laborais, organizacional, de atitude frente ao trabalho e de interação relacionados. Trata-se de estudo transversal com aplicação do questionário COORDENA-BR à amostra de 64 médicos da atenção primária à saúde (APS) e 56 da atenção especializada (AE) da rede pública em um município de médio porte. Os resultados mostram limitada articulação do cuidado na Rede de Atenção à Saúde (RAS), com diferenças entre APS e AE. Não há troca de informações sobre diagnóstico, tratamento e exames. Médicos da APS concordam mais com os tratamentos indicados na AE do que o contrário, porém a repetição de exames não é frequente. Médicos da APS encaminham pacientes para AE quando necessário. A maioria dos médicos da AE não realiza encaminhamento para consulta de acompanhamento, quando necessário, e não faz orientações para a APS, que por sua vez, não esclarece dúvidas com o profissional da AE. Ambos referem longos tempos de espera para consulta especializada. Vínculos laborais temporários são mais frequentes na APS. O tempo de consulta foi considerado insuficiente para a coordenação. A maioria dos médicos não pretendia mudar de emprego, embora seja elevada a insatisfação com os salários e o trabalho. Médicos não se conhecem pessoalmente e os especialistas não identificam o médico da APS como coordenador do cuidado. Políticas e ações para a garantia de condições estruturais de melhoria do acesso, de condições de trabalho e de adaptação mútua mais favoráveis precisam ser implementadas de forma sistêmica para o conjunto dos serviços do Sistema Único de Saúde.

Resumen: El artículo analiza la coordinación de la información y gestión clínica entre niveles asistenciales en la experiencia de médicos y explora factores laborales, organizativos, de actitud frente al trabajo y de interacción relacionados. Se trata de un estudio transversal con aplicación del cuestionario COORDENA-BR; la muestra cuenta con 64 médicos de la atención primaria en salud (APS) y 56 de la atención especializada (AE) de la red pública en municipios de tamaño medio. Los resultados muestran una limitada coordinación del cuidado en la Red de Atención en Salud (RAS), con diferencias entre APS y AE. No existe intercambio de información sobre diagnóstico, tratamiento y exámenes. Médicos de la APS están más de acuerdo con los tratamientos indicados en la AE que lo contrario, a pesar de que la repetición de exámenes no es frecuente. Médicos de la APS dirigen pacientes a la AE cuando es necesario. La mayoría de los médicos de la AE no realiza derivaciones a consultas de seguimiento, cuando es necesario, y no realiza orientaciones para la APS que, a su vez, no aclara dudas con el profesional de la AE. Ambos refieren largos tiempos de espera para una consulta especializada. Los vínculos laborales temporales son más frecuentes en la APS. El tiempo de consulta se consideró insuficiente para la coordinación. La mayoría de los médicos no pretendía cambiar de empleo, aunque sea elevada la insatisfacción con salarios y trabajo. Los médicos no se conocen personalmente y los especialistas no identifican al médico de la APS como coordinador del cuidado. Políticas y acciones para la garantía de condiciones estructurales de mejoría en el acceso, de condiciones de trabajo y de adaptación mutua más favorables necesitan ser implementadas de forma sistémica para el conjunto de los servicios del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS).

Abstract: The article analyzes the coordination of information and clinical management between levels of care in physicians' experience and explores related labor and organizational factors and attitudes towards the work and interaction. This is a cross-sectional study with application of the COORDENA-BR questionnaire to a sample of 64 primary health care (PHC) physicians and 56 specialized care (SC) from the public system in a medium-sized Brazilian city. The results show limited linkage of care in the Healthcare Network (RAS), with differences between PHC and SC. There is no exchange of information on diagnosis, treatment, or tests. Physicians in PHC agree more on the treatments prescribed by the specialists than vice versa, but repetition of tests is not frequent. PHC physicians refer patients to SC when necessary. Most medical specialists do not refer patients for follow-up consultations in PHC when necessary and do not give orientation to PHC physicians, who in turn fail to resolve their doubts with SC. Both PHC and specialties report long waiting times for specialist consultations. Temporary employment contracts are more common in PHC. Consultation time was considered too short for coordination between the two. Most physicians do not plan to change jobs, despite their heavy dissatisfaction with wages and work. Physicians do not know each other personally, and specialists do not identify physicians in PHC as the coordinators of care. Policies and measures to guarantee structural conditions to improve access, working conditions, and more favorable mutual adaptation need to be implemented systemically to the set of services in the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS).

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Healthcare coordination is considered key to improving care quality. Although participatory action research (PAR) has been used effectively to bridge the gap between evidence and practice in other areas, little is known about the key success factors of its use in healthcare organizations. This article analyses the factors influencing the implementation of PAR interventions to improve clinical coordination from the perspective of actors in public healthcare networks of Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Uruguay. A qualitative, descriptive-interpretative study was conducted in each country's healthcare network. Focus groups and semi-structured individual interviews were conducted to a criterion sample of: local steering committee (LSC) (29), professional platform (PP) (28), health professionals (49) and managers (28). Thematic content analysis was conducted, segmented by country and themes. The PAR process led by the LSC covered the return of baseline results, selection of problems and interventions and design, implementation and adjustment of the intervention, with PP. Interventions were implemented to improve communication and clinical agreement between primary and secondary care. Results reveal that contextual factors, the PAR process and the intervention's content influenced their implementation, interacting across time. First, institutional support providing necessary resources, and professionals' and managers' willingness to participate, emerge as contextual pivotal factors, influenced by other factors related to: the system (alignment with policy and political cycle), networks (lack of time due to work overload and inadequate working conditions) and individuals (not knowing each other and mutual mistrust). Second, different characteristics of the PAR process have a bearing, in turn, on institutional support and professionals' motivation: participation, flexibility, consensual decision-making, the LSC's leadership and the facilitating role of researchers. Evidence is provided that implementation through an adequate PAR process can become a factor of motivation and cohesion that is crucial to the adoption of care coordination interventions, leading to better results when certain contextual factors converge.

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RESUMEN Introducción: La resistencia a antiagregantes y el volumen plaquetario medio (VPM) son predictores de eventos en el síndrome coronario agudo (SCA). La asociación entre ambos ha sido poco estudiada. Objetivos: Evaluar si existe asociación entre la resistencia a la aspirina (AAS) e inhibidores del receptor P2Y12 (iP2Y12) y el VPM en pacientes mayores de 65 años con SCA. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron pacientes mayores de 65 años con diagnóstico de SCA. Se dividieron en: grupo 1 (resistencia a ambos antiagregantes), grupo 2 (a uno de los antiagregantes) y grupo 3 (a ningún antiagregante). Se midió la agregación plaquetaria entre las 12 y 24 horas poscarga (por light transmission aggregometry). Se consideró resistencia a iP2Y12 a un porcentaje máximo de agregación (PMA) con ADP > 60% y a la AAS a un PMA con ARA > 20%. En el seguimiento se consi-deró el punto final combinado de muerte global y reinternación cardiovascular. Resultados: Se incluyeron 195 pacientes que recibieron AAS e iP2y12 (120 recibieron clopidogrel y 75 ticagrelor); grupo 1 (19%), grupo 2 (34,4%) y grupo 3 (46,6%). El VPM se asoció a la resistencia a ambos antiagregantes (OR 1,02 (IC 95% 1,01-1,05), p = 0,03. A su vez, el VPM y el GRACE fueron predictores independientes del punto combinado (HR 1,03 (IC 95% 1,01-1,07), p = 0,04 y HR 1,02 (IC 95% 1,01-1,04), p = 0,02), respectivamente. Conclusiones: El VPM se asoció a la presencia de resistencia a ambos antiagregantes. En el seguimiento el VPM y el score GRACE fueron predictores del punto combinado.

ABSTRACT Background: Antiplatelet resistance and mean platelet volume (MPV) are event predictors in acute coronary syndrome (ACS). However, the association between both has been poorly studied. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between MPV and resistance to aspirin (ASA) and P2Y12 receptor inhibitors (P2Y12i) in elderly patients with ACS. Methods: Patients over 65 years old with diagnosis of ACS were included in the study. They were divided into group 1 (re-sistance to both antiplatelet agents), group 2 (resistance to one antiplatelet agent) and group 3 (no resistance to antiplatelet agents). Platelet aggregation was measured between 12 and 24 hours postload (by light transmission aggregometry). Resis-tance to P2Y12i was considered as maximum percentage of aggregation (MPA) with adenosine diphosphate (ADP) >60% and resistance to ASA as MPA with arachidonic acid (ARA) >20%. The composite endpoint of global death and cardiovascular re-hospitalization was considered during follow-up. Results: One hundred and ninety five patients included in the study received ASA and P2Y12i (120 received clopidogrel and 75 ticagrelor). Nineteen percent of patients belonged to group 1, 34.4% to group 2 and 46.6% to group 3. Mean platelet volume was associated with resistance to both antiplatelet agents [OR 1.02 (95% CI 1.01-1.05), p=0.03], while MPV and the GRACE score were independent predictors of the composite endpoint [HR 1.03 (95% CI 1.01-1.07), p=0.04] and [HR 1.02 (95% CI 1.01-1.04), p=0.02], respectively. Conclusions: Mean platelet volume was associated with the presence of resistance to both antiplatelet agents. During follow-up, MPV and the GRACE score were predictors of the composite endpoint.

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This article assesses awareness and use of mechanisms for clinical coordination between service levels in two health care networks in the Pernambuco State, Brasil. It is a descriptive, cross-sectional, survey-based study. We interviewed 381 doctors from the public primary health care and specialized health care networks in the cities of Caruaru and Recife (Sanitary Districts III and VII). We used a structured questionnaire (COORDENA) in order to assess awareness, frequency and characteristics of the use of the following mechanisms: referral and reply letters, discharge summary, phone and notes (mutual adaptation mechanisms), Health Ministry protocols and joint clinical sessions (standardization mechanisms). We analyzed the data using simple frequencies, means and percentages. In general, primary health care doctors are more familiar with the mechanisms, and use them more frequently, than specialized health care doctors. In the comparison between networks, Recife had better results. Referral and reply letters were the most used (61.4%) and joint clinical sessions were the least used (8.6%), in addition to the existence of informal mechanisms (phone 58%, notes 56.6%, WhatsApp 2.6%). Underutilization of mechanisms, divergences in information sent and received between primary health care and specialized health care professionals and inadequate mechanism use suggest communication failures among professionals and service levels. The findings reveal a need for investments that enable awareness, communication and collaboration between professionals, contributing to a better coordination between the different services levels.

O artigo avalia o conhecimento e o uso dos mecanismos de articulação clínica entre níveis assistenciais em duas redes de atenção à saúde no Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Trata-se de estudo descritivo e transversal, do tipo inquérito. Foram entrevistados 381 médicos das redes públicas de saúde da atenção básica e atenção especializada dos municípios de Caruaru e Recife (Distritos Sanitários III e VII). Foi aplicado um questionário estruturado (COORDENA) para avaliar o conhecimento, frequência e características no uso dos seguintes mecanismos: formulário de referência e contrarreferência, resumo de alta, telefone e bilhetes (mecanismos de adaptação mútua), protocolos do Ministério da Saúde e sessões clínicas conjuntas (mecanismos de padronização). Os dados foram analisados por meio de frequências simples, médias e percentuais. De modo geral, os médicos da atenção básica conhecem e utilizam mais os mecanismos que os médicos da atenção especializada. Na comparação entre redes, Recife apresentou os melhores resultados. Os formulários de referência e contrarreferência foram os mais usados (61,4%) e as sessões clínicas conjuntas as de menor uso (8,6%), além da existência de mecanismos informais (telefone 58%, bilhete 56,6%, WhatsApp 2,6%). A subutilização dos mecanismos, a divergência de informações no envio e recebimento entre os profissionais da atenação básica e atenção especializada, e o uso inadequado dos mesmos sugerem falhas na comunicação entre os profissionais e entre os níveis de atenção. Os achados revelam a necessidade de investimentos que propiciem o conhecimento, a comunicação e a colaboração entre profissionais, contribuindo para uma melhor articulação entre os diferentes níveis assistenciais.

El artículo evalúa el conocimiento y el uso de los mecanismos de coordinación clínica entre niveles asistenciales en dos redes de atención de salud en el Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo y transversal, basado en una encuesta. Se entrevistaron a 381 médicos de las redes públicas de salud en la atención básica y atención especializada de los municipios de Caruaru y Recife (Distritos Sanitarios III y VII). Se aplicó un cuestionario estructurado (COORDENA) para evaluar el conocimiento, frecuencia y características en el uso de los siguientes mecanismos: formularios de referencia y contrarreferencia, resumen de alta, teléfono y notas (mecanismos de adaptación mutua), protocolos del Ministerio de Salud y sesiones clínicas conjuntas (mecanismos de estandarización). Los datos se analizaron mediante frecuencias simples, medias y porcentajes. De manera general, los médicos de la atención primaria conocen y utilizan más los mecanismos que los médicos de la atención especializada. En la comparación entre redes, Recife presentó mejores resultados. Los formularios de referencia y contrarreferencia fueron los más utilizados (61,4%) y las sesiones clínicas conjuntas las de menor uso (8,6%), además de la existencia de mecanismos informales (teléfono un 58%, nota un 56,6%, WhatsApp un 2,6%). La subutilización de los mecanismos, la divergencia de información en el envío y recepción entre los profesionales de la atención primaria y atención especializada y el uso inadecuado de los mismos sugieren fallos en la comunicación entre los profesionales y entre los niveles de atención. Los hallazgos revelan la necesidad de intervenciones que propicien el conocimiento, la comunicación y la colaboración entre profesionales, contribuyendo a una mejor coordinación entre los diferentes niveles asistenciales.

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O artigo avalia o conhecimento e o uso dos mecanismos de articulação clínica entre níveis assistenciais em duas redes de atenção à saúde no Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Trata-se de estudo descritivo e transversal, do tipo inquérito. Foram entrevistados 381 médicos das redes públicas de saúde da atenção básica e atenção especializada dos municípios de Caruaru e Recife (Distritos Sanitários III e VII). Foi aplicado um questionário estruturado (COORDENA) para avaliar o conhecimento, frequência e características no uso dos seguintes mecanismos: formulário de referência e contrarreferência, resumo de alta, telefone e bilhetes (mecanismos de adaptação mútua), protocolos do Ministério da Saúde e sessões clínicas conjuntas (mecanismos de padronização). Os dados foram analisados por meio de frequências simples, médias e percentuais. De modo geral, os médicos da atenção básica conhecem e utilizam mais os mecanismos que os médicos da atenção especializada. Na comparação entre redes, Recife apresentou os melhores resultados. Os formulários de referência e contrarreferência foram os mais usados (61,4%) e as sessões clínicas conjuntas as de menor uso (8,6%), além da existência de mecanismos informais (telefone 58%, bilhete 56,6%, WhatsApp 2,6%). A subutilização dos mecanismos, a divergência de informações no envio e recebimento entre os profissionais da atenação básica e atenção especializada, e o uso inadequado dos mesmos sugerem falhas na comunicação entre os profissionais e entre os níveis de atenção. Os achados revelam a necessidade de investimentos que propiciem o conhecimento, a comunicação e a colaboração entre profissionais, contribuindo para uma melhor articulação entre os diferentes níveis assistenciais.

This article assesses awareness and use of mechanisms for clinical coordination between service levels in two health care networks in the Pernambuco State, Brasil. It is a descriptive, cross-sectional, survey-based study. We interviewed 381 doctors from the public primary health care and specialized health care networks in the cities of Caruaru and Recife (Sanitary Districts III and VII). We used a structured questionnaire (COORDENA) in order to assess awareness, frequency and characteristics of the use of the following mechanisms: referral and reply letters, discharge summary, phone and notes (mutual adaptation mechanisms), Health Ministry protocols and joint clinical sessions (standardization mechanisms). We analyzed the data using simple frequencies, means and percentages. In general, primary health care doctors are more familiar with the mechanisms, and use them more frequently, than specialized health care doctors. In the comparison between networks, Recife had better results. Referral and reply letters were the most used (61.4%) and joint clinical sessions were the least used (8.6%), in addition to the existence of informal mechanisms (phone 58%, notes 56.6%, WhatsApp 2.6%). Underutilization of mechanisms, divergences in information sent and received between primary health care and specialized health care professionals and inadequate mechanism use suggest communication failures among professionals and service levels. The findings reveal a need for investments that enable awareness, communication and collaboration between professionals, contributing to a better coordination between the different services levels.

El artículo evalúa el conocimiento y el uso de los mecanismos de coordinación clínica entre niveles asistenciales en dos redes de atención de salud en el Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo y transversal, basado en una encuesta. Se entrevistaron a 381 médicos de las redes públicas de salud en la atención básica y atención especializada de los municipios de Caruaru y Recife (Distritos Sanitarios III y VII). Se aplicó un cuestionario estructurado (COORDENA) para evaluar el conocimiento, frecuencia y características en el uso de los siguientes mecanismos: formularios de referencia y contrarreferencia, resumen de alta, teléfono y notas (mecanismos de adaptación mutua), protocolos del Ministerio de Salud y sesiones clínicas conjuntas (mecanismos de estandarización). Los datos se analizaron mediante frecuencias simples, medias y porcentajes. De manera general, los médicos de la atención primaria conocen y utilizan más los mecanismos que los médicos de la atención especializada. En la comparación entre redes, Recife presentó mejores resultados. Los formularios de referencia y contrarreferencia fueron los más utilizados (61,4%) y las sesiones clínicas conjuntas las de menor uso (8,6%), además de la existencia de mecanismos informales (teléfono un 58%, nota un 56,6%, WhatsApp un 2,6%). La subutilización de los mecanismos, la divergencia de información en el envío y recepción entre los profesionales de la atención primaria y atención especializada y el uso inadecuado de los mismos sugieren fallos en la comunicación entre los profesionales y entre los niveles de atención. Los hallazgos revelan la necesidad de intervenciones que propicien el conocimiento, la comunicación y la colaboración entre profesionales, contribuyendo a una mejor coordinación entre los diferentes niveles asistenciales.

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This study reports the introduction of egfp or mCherry markers to the Sp245, Sp7, and M40 wild-type strains of Azospirillum brasilense and the hhkB (encoding for a putative hybrid histidine kinase) minus mutant an isogenic strain of A. brasilense Sp245 to monitor colonization of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Two plasmids were constructed: (1) the pJMS-2 suicide plasmid derived from pSUP202 and harboring the mCherry gene expressed under the constitutive kanamycin resistance promoter to create a cis tag and (2) the broad-range plasmid pMP2449-5 that carries the mCherry gene under the lac promoter, which is derived from the plasmid pMP2444; to create the in trans tag. The stability of the plasmids encoding egfp and mCherry were confirmed in vitro for seven days of bacterial growth, and then, the A. brasilense strains harboring the plasmids were studied under nonselective conditions for adherence to seeds and, at seven or 14 days post-inoculation, for wheat root colonization. The utility of the labeled strains was proven by observation, using fluorescence microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) in wheat plants inoculated with the labeled strains and compared with the CFU g-1 for seed and wheat root. The method was suitable for observation of the in situ formation of mini-colonies, enabled visualization of bacterial colonization sites on large root fragments, and showed adherence to germinated seeds and root colonization of all strains by cell counts and direct microscopic examination. Thus, we are able to quantify the structures of the biofilms formed by each strain.

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Improving coordination between primary care (PC) and secondary care (SC) has become a policy priority in recent years for many Latin American public health systems looking to reinforce a healthcare model based on PC. However, despite being a longstanding concern, it has scarcely been analyzed in this region. This paper analyses the level of clinical coordination between PC and SC experienced by doctors and explores influencing factors in public healthcare networks of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Uruguay. A cross-sectional study was carried out based on a survey of doctors working in the study networks (348 doctors per country). The COORDENA questionnaire was applied to measure their experiences of clinical management and information coordination, and their related factors. Descriptive analyses were conducted and a multivariate logistic regression model was generated to assess the relationship between general perception of care coordination and associated factors. With some differences between countries, doctors generally reported limited care coordination, mainly in the transfer of information and communication for the follow-up of patients and access to SC for referred patients, especially in the case of PC doctors and, to a lesser degree, inappropriate clinical referrals and disagreement over treatments, in the case of SC doctors. Factors associated with a better general perception of coordination were: being a SC doctor, considering that there is enough time for coordination within consultation hours, job and salary satisfaction, identifying the PC doctor as the coordinator of patient care across levels, knowing the doctors of the other care level and trusting in their clinical skills. These results provide evidence of problems in the implementation of a primary care-based model that require changes in aspects of employment, organization and interaction between doctors, all key factors for coordination.

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