RESUMO
This study analyzed a predictive model of posttraumatic growth (PTG) in a cohort of 244 workers affected by an occupational accident. A longitudinal design with three points in time (i.e., 1, 6, and 12 months after the accident) was used. PTG, posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), subjective severity of the event, deliberate rumination, and seeking social support were evaluated. In addition, time since the accident, age, and gender were included as predictors in our model. Deliberate rumination and seeking social support significantly predicted PTG trajectory in a multilevel model. Practical conclusions from the results suggest that work accident victims should be encouraged to seek social support and to positively reframe their experience.
Assuntos
Crescimento Psicológico Pós-Traumático , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos , Humanos , Adaptação Psicológica , Acidentes de Trabalho , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/diagnósticoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Occupational accidents are highly stressful events that frequently occur and impact both the physical and mental health of workers. The aim of this study was to longitudinally assess a predictive model of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in workers who have suffered a recent accident. METHOD: Two hundred and forty-four workers (77.8% men), aged 18 to 73 years, who had experienced an accident during the last month that resulted in hospitalization and/or ten or more days of sick leave, were surveyed. A second survey was carried out six months later. Regression analyses included psychological predictors (i.e. subjective severity of event, brooding and positive and negative religious coping), along with objective predictors (i.e. hospitalization, sick leave days and unemployment). RESULTS: It was found that the main predictors of PTSS were brooding, negative religious coping, days of sick leave and unemployment, with a large effect size (R2 = .45). CONCLUSIONS: The discussion is based on the usefulness of including selected psychological and objective predictors for detecting people more susceptible to developing psychopathology due to the stress following an accident. Identifying at-risk people for developing PTSS after an accident may help to introduce selective preventive strategies or early interventions in this population.
Assuntos
Acidentes de Trabalho/psicologia , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/etiologia , Adaptação Psicológica , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Modelos Psicológicos , Fatores de Risco , Licença Médica , Desemprego/psicologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The Pemberton Happiness Index (PHI) is a recently developed integrative measure of well-being that includes components of hedonic, eudaimonic, social, and experienced well-being. The PHI has been validated in several languages, but not in Portuguese. Our aim was to cross-culturally adapt the Universal Portuguese version of the PHI and to assess its psychometric properties in a sample of the Brazilian population using online surveys.An expert committee evaluated 2 versions of the PHI previously translated into Portuguese by the original authors using a standardized form for assessment of semantic/idiomatic, cultural, and conceptual equivalence. A pretesting was conducted employing cognitive debriefing methods. In sequence, the expert committee evaluated all the documents and reached a final Universal Portuguese PHI version. For the evaluation of the psychometric properties, the data were collected using online surveys in a cross-sectional study. The study population included healthcare professionals and users of the social network site Facebook from several Brazilian geographic areas. In addition to the PHI, participants completed the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Diener and Emmons' Positive and Negative Experience Scale (PNES), Psychological Well-being Scale (PWS), and the Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS). Internal consistency, convergent validity, known-group validity, and test-retest reliability were evaluated. Satisfaction with the previous day was correlated with the 10 items assessing experienced well-being using the Cramer V test. Additionally, a cut-off value of PHI to identify a "happy individual" was defined using receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve methodology.Data from 1035 Brazilian participants were analyzed (health professionals = 180; Facebook users = 855). Regarding reliability results, the internal consistency (Cronbach alpha = 0.890 and 0.914) and test-retest (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.814) were both considered adequate. Most of the validity hypotheses formulated a priori (convergent and know-group) was further confirmed. The cut-off value of higher than 7 in remembered PHI was identified (AUC = 0.780, sensitivity = 69.2%, specificity = 78.2%) as the best one to identify a happy individual.We concluded that the Universal Portuguese version of the PHI is valid and reliable for use in the Brazilian population using online surveys.
Assuntos
Felicidade , Nível de Saúde , Satisfação Pessoal , Psicometria/métodos , Psicometria/normas , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Brasil , Comparação Transcultural , Estudos Transversais , Etnicidade , Feminino , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Idioma , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Portugal , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In this article, the evaluation of a structural model that seeks to identify predictors and mediators of posttraumatic growth (PTG) of people affected by a natural disaster is presented. METHOD: The sample was composed of 349 adult men and women who experienced the earthquake and tsunami on February 27, 2010 in Chile. A modeling with structural equations was used, contrasting two predictive models of PTG. The latent variables assessed were subjective severity, social sharing of emotion, intrusive rumination, deliberate rumination, problem-focused coping and posttraumatic growth. RESULTS: The best fit was obtained with the model that shows a direct influence of the subjective severity, problem-focused coping, and deliberate rumination in the presence of PTG. Problem-focused coping mediated the relation between subjective severity and social sharing with PTG. In turn, deliberate rumination mediated the relation of problem-focused coping and intrusive rumination with PTG. CONCLUSIONS: The results show the relevant role of cognitive processes such as deliberate rumination and behavioral processes such as problem-focused coping in the presence of PTG.
Assuntos
Adaptação Psicológica , Terremotos , Modelos Psicológicos , Adulto , Chile , Desastres , Feminino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
Los sesgos cognitivos juegan un papel importante como factores de vulnerabilidad en los trastornos emocionales. Recientemente se han empezado a desarrollar intervenciones para la Modificación de Sesgos Cognitivos (MSC), con el objetivo final de mejorar los síntomas clínicos. Aunque estos procedimientos innovadores se han utilizado más en los problemas de ansiedad, existe una investigación creciente sobre su uso en la depresión. En este trabajo efectuamos una revisión del marco teórico, los procedimientos utilizados y los principales resultados de la MSC en la depresión, en especial en la corrección de sesgos atencionales y de interpretación. Finalmente se analizan las limitaciones conceptuales y metodológicas de estas nuevas intervenciones y se discuten sus implicaciones clínicas, teóricas y aplicadas.
Cognitive biases play an important role as vulnerability factors in emotional disorders. Interventions for Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) have recently begun to be developed with the ultimate goal of improving clinical symptoms. Although these innovative procedures have been applied mainly in anxiety problems, there is increasing research on the application in depression. This work reviews the theoretical framework, the procedures used, and the main results of CBM in depression, especially in the modification of attention and interpretative bias. Finally the conceptual and methodological limitations of these promising interventions procedures are analyzed as well as the clinical, theoretical and applied implications.
Assuntos
Humanos , Depressão/psicologia , Depressão/terapia , Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental/métodosRESUMO
Objective. We examined whether benefit finding (BF) in children with a life-threatening illness (such as cancer or organ transplantation) would be related to a wide range of positive and negative measures of psychological functioning and some medical variables. Methods. A sample of children with a life threatening illness (N=67, ages 7-18 years) completed the Benefit Finding Scale for Children (BFSC) and other positive and negative measures of psychological functioning. Results. Children exposed to a moderate severity of their disease had the strongest levels of BF. While BF was positively associated with different dimensions of well-being, it was generally not related to distress with some exceptions in the health-related quality of life domain. Conclusion. Our results showed that BF reflects a positive outcome in its own right and not just a mere reduction of distress. Yet, there are some health-related domains of quality of life that should be considered in therapeutic intervention to facilitate BF.
Objetivo. Examinamos en qué medida la percepción de beneficios o benefit finding (BF) en niños con una enfermedad amenazante para la vida (como el cáncer o el trasplante de órganos) estaría relacionado con un rango de medidas positivas y negativas de funcionamiento psicológico así como con algunas variables médicas. Método. Una muestra de niños con una enfermedad amenazante para la vida (N=67, edad entre 7 y 18 años) completaron la Escala de Percepción de Beneficios para Niños (Benefit Finding Scale for Children, BFSC) y otras medidas positivas y negativas de funcionamiento psicológico. Resultados. Los niños expuestos a una enfermedad de gravedad moderada mostraron niveles más altos de BF. BF se asoció positivamente a diferentes dimensiones de bienestar. Sin embargo, no se encontró relación con medidas de malestar, a excepción de algunos dominios de calidad de vida relacionados con la enfermedad. Conclusión. Estos resultados mostraron que el BF refleja un resultado positivo en sí mismo y no una mera reducción de malestar. A pesar de eso, deben considerarse algunos dominios de calidad de vida relacionados con la salud a la hora de realizar intervenciones terapéuticas para facilitar la percepción de beneficios.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adolescente , Feminino , Criança , Adaptação Psicológica , Neoplasias/psicologia , Testes Psicológicos , Satisfação Pessoal , Transplante de Órgãos/psicologia , Afeto , Resiliência Psicológica , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-TraumáticosRESUMO
En este trabajo se revisan los estudios que han examinado la presencia de sesgos de atención selectiva en la depresión, comparando el rendimiento de personas con y sin depresión (clínica y subclínica) en tareas experimentales cognitivas. Los datos recientes mediante técnicas de registro de movimientos oculares indican que la depresión se caracteriza por la presencia de un procesamiento atencional sostenido hacia información negativa y una ausencia de sesgos a información positiva. Asimismo, se considera la evidencia empírica acerca del papel causal de estos sesgos en el inicio y mantenimiento de la depresión, la cual sugiere que estos sesgos atencionales hacia información negativa y positiva, asociados a un estilo de respuesta rumiativo y a estrategias ineficaces de regulación emocional, pueden ser marcadores estables de vulnerabilidad a la depresión. Las implicaciones clínicas de estos hallazgos y las futuras líneas de investigación en este campo son discutidas.
This review examines studies that have addressed the presence of selective attentional biases in depression (clinical and subclinical samples) in several experimental cognitive tasks. Current data using eye-tracking techniques indicate that depression is characterized by the presence of sustained attentional processing towards negative information and absence of biases towards positive information. Available empirical evidence about the causal role of these biases on the onset and maintenance of depression suggests that these biases, in association with a ruminative style and ineffective emotional regulation strategies, could be stable vulnerability markers of depression. Clinical implications of these findings and future research in this field are discussed.
Assuntos
Humanos , Atenção , Depressão/psicologiaRESUMO
The purpose of this study was to analyze, within a more extensive intervention program, the existence of positive emotions and positive coping in the refugees at the two largest shelters created after the earthquakes of El Salvador in January, 2001. One hundred and fifteen survivors were interviewed in the shelters about different aspects related to positive cognitions and emotions experienced during their sojourn at the camps, as well as their perception of aspects of posttraumatic growth. The results show that most of the people affected by the earthquake revealed a consistent pattern of positive reactions and emotions. The potential implications of these results in the individual sphere, as buffering elements to protect people from the effects of a traumatic experience receive comment.