RESUMO
The contamination of aquatic environments by microplastic has become a major threat to biodiversity. The presence of microplastic is documented in the aquatic fauna of the oceans, but, in the Amazon basin, reports on microplastic occurrence are few. The present study surveyed microplastic occurrence in fishes in an area of the Peruvian Amazon. We sampled 61 specimens of 15 commercial species from local markets in the city of Iquitos, Loreto Department. We detected a total of 2337 microplastic particles, 1096 in the gills and 1241 in the internal organs (esophagus, stomach, intestine, liver, gonads, pancreas, swim bladder and heart). The prevalence of microplastic particles was 100% and the overall average abundance was of 38.3 particles per individual (17.9 particles per individual in gills and 20.3 particles per individual in internal organs). Most particles were found in carnivorous fish. There was no correlation of particle abundance with fish standard length and weight. These results provided evidence of the degree of microplastic contamination of the fish fauna in the region of Iquitos.(AU)
La contaminación de ambientes acuáticos por microplásticos se ha convertido en una gran amenaza para la biodiversidad. La presencia de microplásticos está bien documentada en la fauna acuática de los océanos, pero en la cuenca del Amazonas hay pocos reportes de ocurrencia. En este trabajo se investigó la ocurrencia de partículas de microplásticos en peces de un área de la Amazonía peruana. Se obtuvieron 61 especímenes de 15 especies comerciales provenientes de los mercados locales de la ciudad de Iquitos. Se detectó un total de 2337 partículas de microplástico, 1096 en las branquias y 1241 en los órganos internos (esófago, estomago, intestinos, hígado, gónadas, páncreas, vejiga natatoria y corazón). La prevalencia de partículas de microplástico fue del 100% y la abundancia general de partículas de microplástico fue de 38.3 partículas por individuo (17.9 partículas por individuo en las branquias y 20.3 partículas por individuo en los órganos internos). La mayor cantidad de particulas fué encontrada en peces carnivoros. No hubo correlación entre la abundancia de las particulas y el tamaño estandar y peso de los peces. Estos resultados proporcionan evidencia de los niveles de contaminación por microplásticos en la fauna de peces amazónica en la región de Iquitos.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Peixes/fisiologia , Microplásticos/análise , Peru , Poluição de Rios , Ecossistema Amazônico , BiodiversidadeRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Identify the psychometric properties of a measure of Employment Precariousness (EP) in six Central American Spanish-speaking countries (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama) through the items of the EPRES scale (Employment Precariousness Scale) included in the II Central American Survey of Working Conditions and Health (II ECCTS) of 2018. METHODS: The sample was 3,782 salaried persons, aged 18 and older, formal and informal, who participated in the II ECCTS. An EP measure of 10 items was constructed, grouped in the dimensions of temporality, salary, labor rights, and exercise of these rights. RESULTS: The sample was composed mostly of men, with a permanent contract, with a working age of between 2 to 5 years, a salary between $301 and $500s, who have labor rights and who exercise them. The factorial structure could not be verified. However, nine of the ten articles showed a high factorial load with their dimensions. A high acceptability of the EP measure was observed, and the Cronbach's Alpha coefficients of the dimensions were between 0.59 and 0.72, except for temporality (0.30). The reliability of the total scale was 0.68 and the EP patterns in women, youth, temporary and lower income countries were as expected. CONCLUSIONS: The EP measure constructed from the items available from the EPRES scale in the II ECCTS questionnaire shows acceptable psychometric properties to approximate the epidemiological quantification of job insecurity in Central America.
OBJETIVO: Establecer las propiedades psicométricas de una medida de Precariedad Laboral (PL) en seis países centroamericanos de habla española (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua y Panamá) mediante un conjunto de ítems incluidos en la II Encuesta Centroamericana de Condiciones de Trabajo y Salud (II ECCTS) de 2018 que se correspondían con ítems de la Escala de Precariedad Laboral (EPRES). Método: A partir de una muestra de 3.782 personas asalariadas de 18 años o más, formales e informales, en la II ECCTS, se construyó una medida de PL de 10 ítems representando cuatro dimensiones: temporalidad, salario, derechos y ejercicio de derechos. RESULTADOS: La muestra estuvo compuesta en su mayoría por hombres, con contrato permanente, con antigüedad laboral de entre 2 a 5 años, un salario entre 301 a 500 dólares, que reportaban tener derechos laborales y ejercerlos. La estructura factorial no pudo ser comprobada. Sin embargo, nueve de los diez ítems arrojaron alta carga factorial en sus dimensiones correspondientes. Se observó una alta aceptabilidad de medida de PL y los coeficientes de Alpha de Cronbach de las cuatro dimensiones fueron >0,59 excepto para temporalidad (0,30). La confiabilidad de la escala fue de 0,68 y los patrones de PL en mujeres, jóvenes, temporales y países con menores ingresos fueron los esperados. Conclusiones: La medida de PL construida a partir de ítems disponibles de la escala EPRES en el cuestionario de la II ECCTS evidencia propiedades psicométricas aceptables para aproximarnos a la cuantificación epidemiológica de la precariedad laboral en Centroamérica.
Assuntos
Emprego , Humanos , Adolescente , Masculino , Feminino , Psicometria/métodos , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , América Central , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Teacher mobility represents a serious problem due to the instability of the teaching force that has persisted over time in many countries. Therefore, retaining qualified teachers represents a challenge given the difficulty of having the necessary workforce to face the educational challenges of each year. Our objective was trying to identify how mobility is understood and measured, that is, teacher turnover and attrition, and to identify the results of the related factors according to the different perspectives. The PRISMA-Scr protocol was used, which establishes the information that should be included in a systematic review. The following key phrases were used: "teacher rotation" or "teacher mobility" or "teacher desertion" or teacher leavers or teacher stayers. The databases used were Web of Science, Scielo Citation Index and Google Scholar, which yielded an initial total of 760 documents published between 2008 and 2018, that after identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion processes, were reduced to 213. The selection of articles was carried out independently by two researchers using a structured and recursive hierarchical strategy. The existence of multiple ways of defining and measuring teacher mobility was identified and a definition based on two perspectives was proposed that summarizes the conceptual and operational findings, which are indirect and direct mobility. The first refers to the intention to leave and the second to leave. We have identified more evidence related to direct studies of a quantitative approach and focused on teachers with medium or short experience. The factors associated with mobility were identified based on the approaches used and a key element was identified when distinguishing teacher mobility, which is voluntary and involuntary mobility. We identified multiple factors associated with teacher mobility, among which the precarious working environment, poor organizational conditions such as lack of leadership and support among colleagues, excessive workload and low self-efficacy stand out. The limitations of this study are discussed. The findings of this study are highly relevant since they allow proposing medium or short-term policies, such as improving the organizational conditions of the school to promote the retention of the teaching workforce.
Assuntos
Pessoal de Educação , Humanos , Reorganização de Recursos Humanos , Instituições Acadêmicas , Autoeficácia , Recursos HumanosRESUMO
Computational thinking in the educational environment has awaken a rising interest, having been included as part of the curricula from the very beginnings of education. Programmable robots have become a valuable positive resource in order to succeed in the development of computational thinking, demanding proper training from kindergarten teachers and trainees in order to be able to teach robotic programming. This article has the purpose to 1) identify the frequent errors made by trainee kindergarten teachers when solving a series of robotic problems in a computational thinking module, which develops in the course of Didactics of Mathematics and 2) determine the level of comprehension of the robot concept acquired by the trainees when solving robotics problems. The research developed in a qualitative methodology manner; the data used for this article were collected through the solving of five robotic problems and an open-ended question that had to be answered by each of the 25 participants individually. The results showed that, in general, the most frequent error appeared in problems in which movements were set in a Euclidean space of two dimensions. That is to say, the problems' solving required a selection of different commands: turn, moving forward and/or backwards. Moreover, more than half of the participants who answered the open-ended question succeeded in owning the robot concept once they had solved the problems.
RESUMO
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education included school closures and the implementation of virtual teaching and teleworking without the knowledge or resources needed to do so. This situation accentuated the inequality in accessing quality education and generated high rates of stress, anxiety, and general discomfort in teachers. This study aimed to explore the mental health of teachers who were forced to telework because of COVID-19, and to analyze the association with sociodemographic, teacher-related, and working conditions. The sample was 278 classroom teachers in Chile who teleworked more than 50% during the 2020 academic year. The participants were mostly women (82%) who entered the teaching profession at age 30 or younger (87%) and worked two or more unpaid overtime hours per day (67%). The dependent variable was mental health measured through the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). The independent variables were sociodemographic, teacher-related, and work conditions. The internal structure of the mental health construct was evaluated using the Rasch model. Crude odds ratios (cORs) and adjusted odds ratios (aORs) were estimated using logistic regression models. A high rate of poor mental health was identified in teachers (58%). The variables associated with poor mental health were working in a private-subsidized school (aOR = 2.89; 95% CI: 1.16-7.22), working two or more unpaid overtime hours (aOR = 2.25; 95% CI: 1.11-4.59), and being absent due to sickness (aOR = 3.82; 95% CI: 1.53-9.58). These results provide evidence suggesting the need for actions to improve the working conditions of teachers who telework in order to improve their mental health, and thus have a positive impact on the entire educational community.
RESUMO
Resumen Introducción: en el siguiente artículo se describen los sentidos que asocian al juego y al juguete algunos profesionales de diversas áreas de la salud en el ámbito hospitalario. Objetivo: analizar los sentidos que asocian al juego y al juguete algunos profesionales de diversas áreas de la salud. Materiales y métodos: desde un diseño cualitativo y bajo el método de estudio de caso, se utiliza como técnica de construcción de datos la entrevista semiestructurada para exponer los resultados de la categoría sentidos a partir de dos núcleos de significación teórica: sentido subjetivo autobiográfico y sentido clínico. Resultados: en los hallazgos se pone de manifiesto la manera como el sentido subjetivo autobiográfico de estos profesionales permeó la práctica profesional y se describen algunos sentidos clínicos con relación a la manera como el juego y el juguete permite a estos profesionales formular hipótesis sobre aspectos subjetivos, afectivos, relacionales y comunicativos en los que se apoya un ejercicio diagnóstico, terapéutico o educativo. Conclusiones: estos sentidos se abordan desde dos pilares: la propia infancia de estos profesionales como punto de partida para construir los lazos con el paciente, ya que se evidencia una fuerte conexión entre la propia subjetividad para dinamizar, de manera particular, la relación terapéutica con los niños del hospital y, el segundo, la práctica profesional como experiencia a partir de la cual se configura un sentido para el juego y el juguete.
Abstract Introduction: this article describes the senses associated with plays and toys, by professionals from different areas of health in the hospital environment. Objective: analyze the senses associated with plays and toys, by professionals from different areas of health in the hospital environment. Materials and methods: from a qualitative design and under the case study method, the semi-structured interview is used as a data construction technique to expose the results of the senses category from two nuclei of theoretical significance: autobiographical subjective sense and clinical sense. Results: the findings reveal the way in which the subjective autobiographical sense of these professionals permeated the professional practice and some clinical senses are described in relation to the way in which play and toy allow these professionals to formulate hypotheses about subjective, affective, relational and communicative aspects in which a diagnostic, therapeutic or educational exercise is supported. Conclusions: these senses are oriented from two pillars: the infancy of these professionals as a starting point to build ties with the patient, since there is a strong connection between the subjectivity itself to dynamize, in particular, the therapeutic relationship with children in the hospital and, the second, the professional practice as an experience from which a sense for the play and the toy is configured.
Resumo Introdução: no seguinte artigo descreve-se os sentidos que associam ao jogo e ao brinquedo alguns profissionais de diversas áreas da saúde no âmbito hospitalar. Objetivo: analisar os sentidos que associam ao jogo e ao brinquedo alguns profissionais de diversas áreas da saúde no âmbito hospitalar. Materiais e métodos: desde um desenho qualitativo e através do método de estudo de caso, se utiliza como técnica de construção de dados a entrevista semiestruturada para apresentar os resultados da categoria sentidos a partir de dois núcleos de significação teórica: sentido subjetivo autobiográfico e sentido clínico. Resultados: nos resultados fica claro a forma como o sentido subjetivo autobiográfico destes profissionais permeou a prática profissional e descrevem-se alguns sentidos clínicos em relação à maneira como o jogo e o brinquedo permite a estes profissionais formular hipóteses sobre aspectos subjetivos afetivos, relacionais e comunicativos nos que se apoia um exercício diagnóstico, terapêutico ou educativo. Conclusões: estes sentidos se abordam desde dois pilares: a própria infância destes profissionais como ponto de partida para construir os laços com o paciente, já que evidencia-se uma forte conexão entre a própria subjetividade para dinamizar, de maneira particular, a relação terapêutica com as crianças do hospital e, o segundo, a prática profissional como experiência a partir da qual configura-se um sentido para o jogo e o brinquedo.
RESUMO
The sphingolipids (SLs) of rodent spermatogenic cells (spermatocytes, spermatids) and spermatozoa contain nonhydroxylated and 2-hydroxylated versions of very-long-chain (C26-C32) PUFAs (n-V and h-V, respectively) not present in Sertoli cells (SCs). Here, we investigated the expression of selected fatty acid elongases [elongation of very-long-chain fatty acid protein (Elovl)], with a focus on Elovl4, and a fatty acid 2-hydroxylase (Fa2h) in rat testes with postnatal development and germ cell differentiation. Along with Elovl5 and Elovl2, Elovl4 was actively transcribed in the adult testis. Elovl4 mRNA levels were high in immature testes and SCs, though the protein was absent. The Elovl4 protein was a germ cell product. All cells under study elongated [3H]arachidonate to tetraenoic and pentaenoic C24 PUFA, but only germ cells produced C26-C32 PUFAs. Spermatocytes displayed the highest Elovl4 protein levels and enzymatic activity. Fa2h mRNA was produced exclusively in germ cells, mostly round spermatids. As a protein, Fa2h was mainly concentrated in late spermatids, in the step of spermiogenesis in which they elongate and their heads change shape. The expression of Elovl4 and Fa2h thus correlate with the abundance of n-Vs and h-Vs in the SLs of rat spermatocytes and spermatids, respectively.
Assuntos
Amidoidrolases/genética , Proteínas do Olho/genética , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Espermatócitos/metabolismo , Espermatogênese/genética , Esfingolipídeos/metabolismo , Animais , Masculino , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Espermátides/citologia , Espermátides/metabolismo , Espermatócitos/citologiaRESUMO
La desnutrición es un problema de salud pública y una causa reconocida de mortalidad y morbilidad a nivel mundial. En la Clínica Infantil Santa Ana de la ciudad de Medellín, para el año 2009, el 63% de los niños atendidos tenían este diagnóstico. El objetivo de esta investigación es identificar las epresentaciones acerca de la maternidad, construidas por las madres de niños con desnutrición tipo marasmo en la Clínica Infantil Santa Ana durante el periodo 2011 y 2012. Método: se utilizó un diseño cualitativo, con un enfoque fenomenológico- hermenéutico, haciendo uso de la historia de vida como estrategia metodológica. La técnica de generación de información fue la entrevista en profundidad. Participaron 7 madres entre 15 y 46 años de edad, quienes ingresaron a la Clínica Infantil Santa Ana de la ciudad de Medellín con su hijo, el cual tenía como diagnóstico desnutrición tipo marasmo. Resultados: las representaciones sobre la maternidad, halladas en los relatos construidos por madres de hijos con desnutrición tipo marasmo, dan lugar a la denominación de esta investigación como Fallas maternas: la historia del no cuidado; comprendidas estas como un vínculo con características específicas, que dan lugar a déficits en la relación madre/hijo. Conclusiones: el fenómeno de la desnutrición es un asunto complejo que va más allá del alimento. Las personas que se ocupan de la salud y del tema deben considerar los aspectos psicológicos que se hallan presentes en la desnutrición tipo marasmo.
Malnutrition is a public health problem, it is a cause of mortality and morbidity recognized worldwide and especially in countries like ours, and specifically marasmus type malnutrition generates high risk of death. The Santa Ana Children Hospital in Medellín, reported in 2009, that 63% of its patients had this diagnosis. The purpose of this research Project is to identify the representations of motherhood that mothers of children with a diagnosis of marasmus type malnutrition in this clinic between 2011 and 2012. The method used was a qualitative design under a hermeneutics phenomenological approach, using life stories as a methodological strategy. The data collection technique employed was the interview with the participation of 7 mothers between the age of 15 and 46, who came to the Santa Ana Hospital in the city of Medellin with a child who had the diagnosis of marasmus type malnutrition. The motherhood representations, found in the stories told by these mothers give support to the name of this research project which is Maternal failures: the story of no nursing, being the relation with the specific characteristics in deficits in the mother-child relationship. Conclusions: the malnutrition phenomenon is a complex isuue that goes beyond nourishment. Health personnel should consider the psychological aspects present in the marasmus type malnutrition. Conclusions: the phenomenon of malnutrition is a complex issue, goes beyond food. And people who are concerned with health and topic should consider the psychological aspects that are present in marasmus type malnutrition.
Assuntos
Humanos , Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil/psicologia , Desnutrição Proteico-Calórica/diagnóstico , Poder Familiar/psicologia , Relações Mãe-Filho/psicologiaRESUMO
El presente trabajo es un trabajo de reflexión que tiene como objetivo exponer la revisión de algunas construcciones y reflexiones teóricas sobre las características que se presentan en la dinámica relacional madre/hijo/alimento. En concordancia con esto, se presentan trabajos investigativos que existen sobre la relación entre la desnutrición y los aspectos psicológicos que la acompañan. El método. Para seleccionar la bibliografía se tomaron los siguientes criterios de búsqueda: trabajos publicados entre 2001 y 2011 y se utilizaron palabras-frases clave: (desnutrición), (marasmo), (desnutrición tipo marasmo y aspectos psicológicos) y (relación madre/hijo y desnutrición). Como medios de búsqueda se consultaron las bases de datos electrónicas Ebsco, MedLINE, PubMed, Scielo y Embase. Se priorizaron trabajos de investigaciones en los contextos nacional y local. Se consideraron solo aquellos trabajos que utilizaban explícitamente el concepto de desnutrición / marasmo / vínculo madre hijo. Además, se identificaron los autores más destacados en el tema y se realizó un intercambio con especialistas que trabajan en el tema. Los resultados muestran que hasta el momento no hay trabajos recientes relacionados con esta temática específica, excepto los del médico y psicoanalista René Spitz en 1945. Ante la ausencia de trabajos investigativos, y dada la particularidad del fenómeno de la desnutrición tipo marasmo, como un problema inaceptable que afecta la salud mental infantil, surge la urgencia de crear acciones investigativas que favorezcan la construcción de nuevos mecanismos de intervención para esta compleja realidad.
This reflection aims to describe some theoretical reflections about the features that appear in the mother / son / food relational dynamic. It presents the research projects that are so far on the relationship between malnutrition and psychological aspects that accompany it. The chosen method in order to select the literature used the following search criteria: papers published between 2001 and 2011. It was used word-phrases: (Malnutrition), (marasmus), (marasmus type malnutrition and psychological) and (mother / child relationship and malnutrition). As search facilities: Electronic databases (Ebsco, Medline, PubMed, SciELO, Embase). Priority was given to research work at national and local levels. Only those works which explicitly use the concept of malnutrition / stagnation / mother son bond were considerate. Also it was identified the most prominent authors in the field, and it was conducted exchanges with specialists on the field. Results show that so far there is no recent work related to this specific subject, except the work done by the doctor and psychoanalyst Rene Spitz in 1945. Conclusions: In this absence of research papers and given the particular phenomenon of marasmus type malnutrition, unacceptable as a problem that affects children's mental health; there is the urge to create investigative actions that favor the construction of new intervention mechanisms for this complex reality.
Assuntos
Humanos , Desnutrição Proteico-Calórica , Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil/psicologia , Saúde da Criança , Relações Mãe-Filho/psicologiaRESUMO
Objetivo: Estudio de la Mortalidad por Enfermedades Infecciosas Intestinales (CIE-10: A00-A09) (EII) en los menores de 1 año en Venezuela según tiempo, persona, etiología y lugar durante 1996-2008. Materiales y métodos utilizados: Las fuentes son los Anuarios de Mortalidad del Min. Salud y del Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Análisis en números absolutos y cálculos de tasas específicas de menores de 1 año según sexo, etiología, entidad federal y tiempo, promedios, razones y proporciones. Correlación de Pearson entre tasa de mortalidad infantil por EII con Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH) (p < 0,05). Análisis con Microsoft Excel 2010 y SPSS.13.00. Resultados: Las muertes disminuyeron mucho, las tasas del primer trienio pasan de 3,18 por mil a 0,66; cayeron casi 5 veces. El índice de masculinidad es 1,33; estable en el lapso. Las EII son diarreas y gastroenteritis de presunto origen infeccioso; bacterianas (94,3%): Salmonella, Shigella e intoxicaciones intestinales bacterianas (1,5%); amebiasis y protozoarios (3,8%); el resto virales (0,05%). Las tasas varían en extremo por entidades federales. El último trienio, Delta Amacuro alcanza una tasa de 6,45; 10 veces por arriba de la tasa nacional, seguido a distancia por Zulia 2,64; Amazonas 2,28 y Apure 2,03. Se encontró una correlación de Pearson moderada (-0,416; p=0,03) inversamente proporcional entre la tasa de mortalidad y el IDH. Conclusiones: La mortalidad infantil por EII está descendiendo mucho en cifras absolutas y relativas. Es necesario mejorar el diagnóstico etiológico. Los estados con mayor población rural e indígena tienen las tasas más elevadas; abordando sanitariamente estos, tendríamos un gran impacto en la carga de muertes.
Objective: Study of the Mortality for Infectious Intestinal Diseases (IID) in 1-year-old minors in Venezuela according to time, person, etiology and place during 1996-2008. Materials and Used Methods: The sources are the Yearbooks of Mortality of the Min. and the National Institute of Statistics.Analysis are presented in absolute and relative numbers and calculations of specific rates of 1-year-old minors accordingto sex, etiology, federal entity and time, averages, rates and proportions. Pearson Correlation between rate of infant mortality for IID with Index of Human Development (IDH) (p<0.05). Analysis with Microsoft Excel 2010 and SPSS.13.00. Results: The deaths diminished very much, the rates of the first triennium dropped from 3.18 for thousand to 0.66; rates fell almost 5 times. The index of masculinity is 1.33, timelystable. The IID (94.3%) are diarrheas and gastroenteritis of presumable infectious origin; bacterial: Salmonella, Shigella and intestinal bacterial poisonings (1.5%); amebiasis and protozoans (3.8%); the rest viral (0.05%). The rates change much among the states. The last triennium, Delta Amacuroreaches a rate of 6.45, 10 times over of the national rate, followed distantly by Zulia 2.64, Amazonas 2.28 and Apure 2.03. There was a moderate correlation (-0.416; p=0.03) inversely proportional between the rate of mortality and the IDH. Conclusions: The infant mortality for IID is descending very much in absolute and relative numbers. It is necessary to improve the etiological diagnosis. States with high proportion of rural and indigenous population have the highest rates; tackling sanitarily these states, would have a great impact inthe load of deaths.
Assuntos
Humanos , Classificação Internacional de Doenças , Desenvolvimento Humano , Diarreia , Doenças Transmissíveis , Mortalidade Infantil , VenezuelaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine concordance with the New American Plate guideline that no more than one-third of one's plate be covered with foods of animal origin in Guatemalan schoolchildren. METHODS: Dietary intake data collected with a 24-h pictorial diary in a convenience sample of 449 third- and fourth-grade schoolchildren were inspected. The weights of animal and vegetable items in each meal were calculated with respect to the food on the main plate and all elements of the meal. The percentage of animal contribution to the meal was tabulated by repast and by social group and gender and compared with the suggested limit of <33%. RESULTS: Twenty-nine percent of the food depicted on main plates was of animal origin at lunch and 35% at dinner, considering all subjects using plates; 24% of all food consumed at the lunch meal was of animal origin, as was 28% at dinner. Sixty-eight percent of children were concordant with the <33% limit on animal-origin foods served on main plates at lunch, as were 60% with the dinner main plates. Expanding to the whole meal, concordance with the <33% criterion increased to 73% at lunch and 67% at dinner. CONCLUSIONS: In general, the habitual modes of consumption of these schoolchildren are compatible with a predominantly plant-based diet. The food consumed away from the main plate is principally of vegetal origin and needs to be accounted for in guidance for overall healthful eating.
Assuntos
Dieta , Fidelidade a Diretrizes , Animais , Criança , Dieta/estatística & dados numéricos , Inquéritos sobre Dietas , Feminino , Guatemala , Humanos , Masculino , Carne , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a model eukaryotic organism for classical genetics and genomics, and yet its ecology is still largely unknown. In this work, a population genetic analysis was performed on five yeast populations isolated from wine-making areas with different enological practices using simple sequence repeats and restriction fragment length polymorphism of mitochondrial DNA as molecular markers on 292 strains. In accordance with other studies, genome size estimation suggests that native S. cerevisiae strains are mainly homothallic and diploids. Analysis of mtDNA data showed that yeast populations from nonindustrial areas have 40% higher genetic diversity than populations isolated from industrial areas, demonstrating that industrial enological practices are likely to affect native yeast populations negatively by reducing its biodiversity. On the other hand, genetic differentiation analysis based on their microsatellite showed no correlation between genetic and geographic distance and a nonsignificant value when a Mantel test was applied. Finally, in the five populations studied, positive inbreeding (F(is)) values from 0.4 to 0.75, a low but significant level of linkage disequilibrium and a high number of multilocus genotypes were detected. These results strongly advocate that sexual reproduction is frequent enough to erase clonal signature in natural populations and that self-fertilization is the main mating system.
Assuntos
Recombinação Genética , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/classificação , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Vinho/microbiologia , DNA Mitocondrial/análise , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Citometria de Fluxo , Genes Fúngicos Tipo Acasalamento , Variação Genética , Genética Populacional , Repetições de Microssatélites , Ploidias , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , Reprodução/genética , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Este trabalho tem como objetivo a reformulação do modelo de requisição do exame citopatológico de câncer cérvico-uterino. Propõe simplificar o seu preenchimento, facilitar a rápida identificação e localização das usuárias de risco e possibilitar o uso desta requisição como instrumento de pesquisa epidemiológica...