RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The infant's own mother's milk, fortified with proteins, minerals, and vitamins, is considered the best food for low-birth-weight infants. This paper describes the process to obtain a liquid human milk fortifier. METHODS: The fortifier comprises a protein concentrate, calcium, phosphate, and zinc salts, as well as vitamins A and D. A powdered whey protein extracted from bovine milk was concentrated from 31.5-76.8 g/100 g using repetitive dialysis. The protein concentrate was dissolved in a 0.2 M phosphate buffer pH 7.4 and mixed with calcium-glycerophosphate and calcium-gluconate, vitamins A and D, folic acid, and zinc. Each 10 mL of this liquid fortifier has 0.78 g protein, 53 mg calcium, 36 mg phosphate, and 0.93 mg zinc. RESULTS: Repetitive dialysis did not modify the protein structure as demonstrated by electrophoresis. A total of 95% of lactose content was discarded. Enriching human milk using this human milk fortifier increased the concentration per deciliter of all added nutrients; proteins increased from 1.68-2.35 g, calcium from 26-90 mg, and phosphorus, from 15-51 mg. CONCLUSIONS: A liquid human milk fortifier was successfully manufactured using a noncomplex procedure. An intake of 180-200 mL/kg/day of the fortified human milk by the premature infant would satisfy the infant's nutritional requirements and achieve expected growth and development.
Assuntos
Proteínas Alimentares/administração & dosagem , Alimentos Fortificados , Glicerofosfatos/administração & dosagem , Alimentos Infantis , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Leite Humano , Vitamina A/análogos & derivados , Vitaminas/administração & dosagem , Gluconato de Cálcio/administração & dosagem , Química Farmacêutica/métodos , Colecalciferol/administração & dosagem , Diálise , Diterpenos , Feminino , Ácido Fólico/administração & dosagem , Humanos , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição do Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Necessidades Nutricionais , Fosfatos/administração & dosagem , Ésteres de Retinil , Vitamina A/administração & dosagem , Sulfato de Zinco/administração & dosagemRESUMO
This research was designed to evaluate the circadian variation in the lipid content of the milk obtained from 10 lactating Mexican women as well as the effects of a meal eaten by the mother and of previous milk sampling on the milk volume and fat yield. In addition, predictions were made to determine the most appropriate sampling schedule to obtain a milk sample representative of 24-hour production. Every 4 h over a 24-hour period, the contents of the left breast of predominantly breast-feeding volunteers were completely extracted, using an Engell pump, and analysed for lipid content. In a separate experiment, 6 volunteers were sampled hourly from 9.00 to 13.00 h on 2 consecutive days, one after eating breakfast and the second while fasting. Significant circadian variations of volume (p < 0.05) and lipid yield (p < 0.001) were noted, peaking at 8.00-12.00 and 16.00-20.00 h, respectively. No effects of eating breakfast or of the volume and fat content of the preceding pumping on the actual volume or fat yield were found. In this population, sampling at 12.00, 20.00 and 24.00 h is the most representative of the 24-hour lipid yield, tending to overestimate it by 2.59 g/24 h with a predictive range of 97-124%.
Assuntos
Ritmo Circadiano , Alimentos , Lactação , Lipídeos/biossíntese , Leite Humano/metabolismo , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , México , População RuralRESUMO
To evaluate the characteristics that the renin and aldosterone profile could present in essential hypertensive patients complicated with ischemic heart disease, and as a contribution to the knowledge of the roll that these hormones could have as possible "risk factors" of coronary heart disease, sixty male patients were studied. These were divided in three groups: group I, formed by 15 essential hypertensive patients with objectively demonstrated ischemic heart disease; group II integrated by 15 essential hypertensives with no ischemic heart disease and group III with 30 normal volunteers. Serum levels of plasma renin activity (PRA) and aldosterone determined by radioimmunoassay, and of urinary sodium excretion were measured in all the patients. The distribution of cases with high, normal and low renin and aldosterone were similar in group I and in group II. It was interesting to find that the four patients of group I who were non-smokers, presented the lower renin levels (from 0.36 to 2.8 ng/ml/h). The relation between PRA and the number of occluded coronary arteries revealed an increased number of patients and affected arteries in the subgroup with renin levels above 5 ng/ml/h in comparison with the subgroup with PRA from 0 to 5, although the difference was not statistically significant. By our study, we cannot conclude that the PRA and aldosterone behave in a different fashion in essential hypertensives from those complicated with ischemic heart disease.
Assuntos
Aldosterona/sangue , Angiotensina II/sangue , Doença das Coronárias/etiologia , Hipertensão/sangue , Renina/sangue , Adulto , Doença das Coronárias/sangue , Humanos , Hipertensão/complicações , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Risco , Fumar , Sódio/urinaAssuntos
Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Humanos , Masculino , Doença das Coronárias , Hipertensão , ReninaAssuntos
Gastroenterite/sangue , Hidroxicolecalciferóis/sangue , Hipocalcemia/sangue , Adolescente , Adulto , Calcifediol , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Radioimunoensaio , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Luz SolarRESUMO
Los metodos para determinar 25 hidroxicolecalciferol (25OHD3) presentam grandes problemas para solubilizar esta hormona en un sistema de radioensayo. Se describe una tecnica en la que se utiliza etanol para extraer del plasma y solubilizar en un sistema de radioanalisis la 25OHD3. La eficiencia de extraccion fue de 85+/-1.3 por ciento.La sensibilidad del metodo fue de 1.36 ng/l, la variacion intraensayo de 6.2 por ciento y la interensayo fue de l6.5 por ciento. Las concentraciones plasmaticas de un grupo de adolescentes sanos fueron de 34.8+/-12,7 ng/l, mientras que las de un grupo de obreras pobremente expuestas al sol (23.6+/-12.2 ng/l) y los de un grupo de lactantes con hipocalcemia (6.6+/-3.8) fueron significativamente menores. La sensibilidad y precision del procedimiento, asi como las concentraciones plasmaticas de 25OHD3, son comparables a las obtenidas con otros metodos
Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Proteínas Sanguíneas , CalcifediolAssuntos
Transtornos do Crescimento/metabolismo , Adeno-Hipófise/efeitos dos fármacos , Hormônio Liberador de Tireotropina/administração & dosagem , Tireotropina/metabolismo , Adolescente , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Adeno-Hipófise/metabolismo , Receptores de Superfície Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores da TireotropinaRESUMO
Se administraton dosis unicas de 5,10 y 20 mg de TRH oral a 15 ninos sanos con baja talla primordial. La respuesta mas importante en la secrecion de TSH hipofisaria se obtuvo con la dosis de 10 mg, mientras que se obtuvo una respuesta significativamente mas baja con 20 mg (limites de p de 0.02 a 0.001). La respuesta mas pobre se observo con 5 mg. Las concentraciones sericas de T3 y T4 se incrementaron de manera paralela a los incrementos de TSH; asi se descarto que el mecanismo de retroalimentacion fuera el encargado de la inhibicion paradojica de TSH producida por la dosis mayor de TRH. Este efecto inhibitorio sobre la secrecion de TSH puede atribuirse a cambios en el numero, la afinidad o ambas cosas de los receptores hipofisarios para TSH, en lugar de un efecto inhibitorio de la T3