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Background: climate change is a reality, and more and more people are becoming aware of this global problem, which has generated anxiety in some populations. To validate a short survey to assess eco-anxiety in adults in South America. Methods: It is an instrumental study, and the validation was based on a previous survey, which had six questions and was generated by 217 respondents in the USA in 2021. These questions were subjected to a validation process with expert judgment, pilot and application, and then statistics were obtained. It was validated with 1907 people in six countries in South America, where the mean, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis were adequate. Results: The initial confirmatory factorial model obtained unsatisfactory goodness-of-fit indices, so the indices were modified through a re-specification, where two items were eliminated, after which adequate values were obtained (χ2 = 22.34, df = 2, p = 0.00; RMR = 0.020; GFI = 0.990; CFI = 0.990; TLI = 0.990; and RMSEA = 0.070). Finally, the overall Cronbach's α was calculated to be 0.88 (95% CI = 0.86-0.89). Conclusions: The test was validated in a large South American population and found that only four questions can efficiently measure anxiety about the effects of climate change. The instrument can be used with other tests to screen different age groups, ethnicities and realities.

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Introduction: Latin America was the region most affected by COVID-19 in the second quarter of 2020, and consequently, the impact on mental health requires evaluation. The aim of this study was to assess the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) caused by bereavement due to COVID-19 in 12 countries in Latin America. Methods: The current study was an analytical cross-sectional study. Validated tests were applied for PTSD, depression, anxiety, and stress (DASS-21), questions about the respondent's condition or their environment, and demographic questions, as well as the length of the mourning period of suffering. Results: The outcomes demonstrated that the PTSD risk increased for women (p < 0.001), when a friend or acquaintance had COVID-19 (p = 0.002), when a close relative died from COVID-19 (p = 0.010), having severe depression (p <0.001), severe anxiety (p <0.001), severe stress (p <0.001), residing in Chile (p <0.001), Paraguay (p <0.001), Bolivia (p <0.001), Costa Rica (p <0.001) or El Salvador (p = 0.005). On the other hand, there was less risk of PTSD at an older age (p <0.001) or if respondents had a sentimental partner (p = 0.025). In the case of severe PTSD, there was a greater gender risk for women (p <0.001), a close relative dying from COVID-19 (p = 0.017), having severe depression (p <0.001), severe anxiety (p <0.001), severe stress (p <0.001), residing in Chile (p <0.001), Paraguay (p <0.001), Bolivia (p <0.001) and Costa Rica (p = 0.002). It was also observed that there was less risk of severe PTSD at an older age demographic (p <0.001). Discussion: It can be concluded that the percentages of PTSD are high in its clinical presentation as severe, especially among Latin American women.

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Introducción. Los trastornos músculo esqueléticos (TME), son desórdenes que afectan los nervios, tendones, músculos y estructuras de soporte como los discos intervertebrales que resulta de un esfuerzo más allá de lo que son capaces de soportar. Por eso la finalidad es determinar los factores asociados a trastornos músculo esqueléticos en columna lumbar, diagnosticados por resonancia magnética, en operarios de construcción civil de un Programa de Vigilancia Ocupacional de una empresa de Lima. Materiales y Métodos. Investigación descriptiva, transversal, retrospectiva. Se revisaron 385 resonancias magnéticas de columna lumbar, de trabajadores operarios de construcción civil de un programa de vigilancia ocupacional realizado el 2014 y 2015. Se aplicó un análisis estadístico comparando características entre los grupos de pacientes con y sin trastorno músculo esquelético. El muestreo fue no probabilístico, por conveniencia, incluyendo el total de 385 casos, siendo el universo igual a la muestra. Se usaron el programa estadístico STATA 16, las medidas de tendencia central y se efectuó el análisis bivariado de Chi cuadrado y T de Student, considerando un valor de significancia de p < 0,001. Resultados. El 41 % no presentó trastornos músculo esqueléticos. El 49,6 % presentó compresión del foramen neural, el 42.9 % protrusión discal, el 18,2 % prominencias discales, el 16,1 %, estrechamiento de los recesos laterales y el 13,2 % rectificación de la lordosis lumbar. El 58,4 % presenta algún trastorno y la presencia de dolor se reporta en el 1.3 % de los pacientes. Se halló que el promedio de edad es mayor en el grupo con el trastorno, así como el tiempo laboral y el estado civil casado. Discusión. Los factores asociados fueron la edad, el tiempo laboral y el estado civil casado.

Summary Introduction: Musculoskeletal disorders are disorders that affect the nerves, tendons, muscles and supporting structures such as the intervertebral discs that result from an effort beyond what they are capable of withstanding. Therefore, the purpose is to determine the factors associated with musculoskeletal disorders in the lumbar spine, diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging, in civil construction workers of an Occupational Surveillance Program of a company in Lima. Materials and Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective research. 385 magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine of civil construction workers from an occupational surveillance program carried out in 2014 and 2015 were reviewed. A statistical analysis was applied comparing characteristics between the groups of patients with and without musculoskeletal disorders. The sampling was non-probabilistic, for convenience, including a total of 385 cases, the universe being equal to the sample. The statistical program STATA 16 was used, the measures of central tendency and the bivariate analysis of Chi square and Student's T were performed, considering a significance value of p < 0.001. Results: 41% did not present musculoskeletal disorders. 49.6% presented compression of the neural foramen, 42.9% disc protrusion, 18.2% disc prominence, 16.1% narrowing of the lateral recesses and 13.2% rectification of the lumbar lordosis. 58.4% have some disorder and the presence of pain is reported in 1.3% of patients. It was found that the average age is higher in the group with the disorder, as well as the working time and married marital status. Discussion: The associated factors were age, working time and married marital status.

Introdução: Distúrbios musculoesqueléticos são distúrbios que afetam os nervos, tendões, músculos e estruturas de sustentação, como os discos intervertebrais, que resultam de um esforço além do que conseguem suportar. Portanto, u objetivo é determinar os fatores associados a distúrbios musculoesqueléticos na coluna lombar, diagnosticados por ressonância magnética, em trabalhadores da construção civil de um Programa de Vigilância Ocupacional de uma empresa em Lima. Materiais e Métodos: Pesquisa descritiva, transversal, retrospectiva. Foram revisados 385 exames de ressonância magnética da coluna lombar de trabalhadores da construção civil de um programa de vigilância ocupacional realizada em 2014 e 2015. Foi aplicada uma análise estatística comparando características entre os grupos de pacientes com e sem distúrbio músculo esquelético. A amostragem foi não probabilística, por conveniência, incluindo um total de 385 casos, sendo o universo igual à amostra. Utilizou-se o programa estatístico STATA 16, foram realizadas as medidas de tendência central e a análise bivariada do Chi-quadrado e T de Student, considerando um valor de significância de p < 0,001. Resultados: 41% não apresentavam distúrbio músculo esquelético. 49,6% apresentaram compressão do forame neural, 42,9% protrusão discal, 18,2% proeminência discal, 16,1% estreitamento dos recessos laterais, 13,2% retificação da lordose lombar. 58,4% apresentam algum distúrbio e a presença de dor é relatada em 1,3% dos pacientes. Constatou-sé que a média de idade é maior no grupo com o transtorno, assim como o tempo de trabalho e o estado civil casado. Discussão: Os fatores associados foram idade, tempo de trabalho e estado civil casado.

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Objetivo. Identificar la relación entre los conocimientos y el tipo de actitudes frente a la COVID-19 en los ciudadanos de la zona urbana de Huánuco. Métodos. Estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal, con enfoque cuantitativo; realizado en la ciudad de Huánuco, 2020. La muestra fueron 168 ciudadanos. Se aplicaron un cuestionario de conocimientos y una escala de actitudes frente a la COVID-19 previamente validados. Se aplicó la prueba χ² de Pearson y el coeficiente de correlación (rho) de Spearman. Resultados. Al analizar el tipo de conocimiento frente a la COVID-19, el 62,5 % (105) de la muestra se ubicó en la categoría "desconoce". Analizando el tipo de actitudes percibidos por los ciudadanos frente a la COVID-19, el 36,9 % (62) tuvieron actitudes positivas, mientras que el 63,1 % (106) presentó actitudes negativas. Contrastando la relación del conocimiento y el tipo de actitudes frente a la COVID-19, se encontró significancia estadística entre ambas variables (p <0,005). El grado de escolaridad presentó relación significativa con los conocimientos sobre la COVID-19 (r = 0,314; p < 0,000). Conclusión. Existe relación directa entre los conocimientos y el tipo de actitudes frente a la COVID-19 en los ciudadanos de la zona urbana de Huánuco; es decir, existe desconocimiento sobre la COVID-ia19 y, a su vez, la gran mayoría evidencia actitudes negativas.

Objective. To identify relationship between knowledge and type of attitudes towards COVID-19 in the citizens of the urban area of Huánuco. Methods. Observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study, with a quantitative approach. It was carried out in the city of Huánuco, 2020. Sample comprised 168 citizens. A previously validated knowledge questionnaire and an attitudes scale towards COVID-19 were applied. Pearson's χ² test and Spearman's correlation coefficient (rho) were applied. Results. When analyzing the type of knowledge regarding COVID-19, 62.5% (105) of the sample was located in the category "unknown". Analyzing the type of attitudes perceived by citizens towards COVID-19, 36.9% (62) had positive attitudes, while 63.1% (106) presented negative attitudes. Contrasting the relationship of knowledge and the type of attitudes towards COVID-19, statistical significance was found between both variables (p <0.005). The level of education presented a significant relationship with knowledge about COVID-19 (r = 0.314; p <0.000). Conclusion. There is a direct relationship between the knowledge and the type of attitudes towards COVID-19 in the citizens of the urban area of Huánuco. In other words, there is ignorance about COVID-19. The vast majority show negative attitudes.

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Following the implementation of the National Cancer Prevention and Control Results-based Budget Programme (PpR Cancer-024) in 2011, the Peruvian Government approved the Plan Esperanza-a population-based national cancer control plan-in 2012. Legislation that ensured full government-supported funding for people who were otherwise unable to access or afford care and treatment accompanied the Plan. In 2013, the Ministry of Health requested an integrated mission of the Programme of Action for Cancer Therapy (imPACT) report to strengthen cancer control in Peru. The imPACT Review, which was executed in 2014, assessed Peru's achievements in cancer control, and areas for improvement, including cancer control planning, further development of population-based cancer registration, increased prevention, early diagnosis, treatment and palliative care, and the engagement and participation of civil society in the health-care system. This Series paper gives a brief history of the development of the Plan Esperanza, describes the innovative funding model that supports it, and summarises how funds are disseminated on the basis of disease, geography, and demographics. An overview of the imPACT Review, and the government's response in the context of the Plan Esperanza, is provided. The development and execution of the Plan Esperanza and the execution of and response to the imPACT Review demonstrates the Peruvian Government's commitment to fighting cancer across the country, including in remote and urban areas.

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