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Hydroacoustic technologies are widely used in fisheries research but few studies have used them to examine the effects of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). We evaluate the efficacy of hydroacoustics to examine the effects of closure to fishing and habitat type on fish populations in the Cabo Pulmo National Park (CPNP), Mexico, and compare these methods to Underwater Visual Censuses (UVC). Fish density, biomass and size were all significantly higher inside the CPNP (299%, 144% and 52% respectively) than outside in non-MPA control areas. These values were much higher when only accounting for the reefs within the CPNP (4715%, 6970% and 97% respectively) highlighting the importance of both habitat complexity and protection from fishing for fish populations. Acoustic estimates of fish biomass over reef-specific sites did not differ significantly from those estimated using UVC data, although acoustic densities were less due to higher numbers of small fish recorded by UVC. There is thus considerable merit in nesting UVC surveys, also providing species information, within hydroacoustic surveys. This study is a valuable starting point in demonstrating the utility of hydroacoustics to assess the effects of coastal MPAs on fish populations, something that has been underutilised in MPA design, formation and management.
Assuntos
Biodiversidade , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Ecossistema , Peixes , Acústica , Animais , Biomassa , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/métodos , México , Densidade DemográficaRESUMO
The Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico was the largest maritime oil spill in history resulting in the accumulation of genotoxic substances in the air, soil, and water. This has potential far-reaching health impacts on cleanup field workers and on the populations living in the contaminated coastal areas. We have employed portable airborne particulate matter samplers (SKC Biosampler Impinger) and a genetically engineered bacterial reporter system (umu-ChromoTest from EBPI) to determine levels of genotoxicity of air samples collected from highly contaminated areas of coastal Louisiana including Grand Isle, Port Fourchon, and Elmer's Island in the spring, summer and fall of 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014. Air samples collected from a non-contaminated area, Sea Rim State Park, Texas, served as a control for background airborne genotoxic particles. In comparison to controls, air samples from the contaminated areas demonstrated highly significant increases in genotoxicity with the highest values registered during the month of July in 2011, 2013, and 2014, in all three locations. This seasonal trend was disrupted in 2012, when the highest genotoxicity values were detected in October, which correlated with hurricane Isaac landfall in late August of 2012, about five weeks before a routine collection of fall air samples. Our data demonstrate: (i) high levels of air genotoxicity in the monitored areas over last four years post DWH oil spill; (ii) airborne particulate genotoxicity peaks in summers and correlates with high temperatures and high humidity; and (iii) this seasonal trend was disrupted by the hurricane Isaac landfall, which further supports the concept of a continuous negative impact of the oil spill in this region.
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Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Exposição Ambiental , Mutagênicos/análise , Material Particulado/análise , Poluição por Petróleo/efeitos adversos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental , Golfo do México , Louisiana , Estações do AnoRESUMO
Efficiency of the identification of eggs of Engraulis anchoita can be greatly improved by a method developed from egg measurements, using photography and the ImageJ programme, analysed by discriminant analysis using R software.
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Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is now recognized as an important pathway between land and sea. As such, this flow may contribute to the biogeochemical and other marine budgets of near-shore waters. These discharges typically display significant spatial and temporal variability making assessments difficult. Groundwater seepage is patchy, diffuse, temporally variable, and may involve multiple aquifers. Thus, the measurement of its magnitude and associated chemical fluxes is a challenging enterprise. A joint project of UNESCO and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has examined several methods of SGD assessment and carried out a series of five intercomparison experiments in different hydrogeologic environments (coastal plain, karst, glacial till, fractured crystalline rock, and volcanic terrains). This report reviews the scientific and management significance of SGD, measurement approaches, and the results of the intercomparison experiments. We conclude that while the process is essentially ubiquitous in coastal areas, the assessment of its magnitude at any one location is subject to enough variability that measurements should be made by a variety of techniques and over large enough spatial and temporal scales to capture the majority of these changing conditions. We feel that all the measurement techniques described here are valid although they each have their own advantages and disadvantages. It is recommended that multiple approaches be applied whenever possible. In addition, a continuing effort is required in order to capture long-period tidal fluctuations, storm effects, and seasonal variations.
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Ecologia/métodos , Meio Ambiente , Água Doce , Movimentos da Água , Brasil , Ecologia/estatística & dados numéricos , Geografia , Itália , Maurício , New York , Nações Unidas , Austrália OcidentalRESUMO
Government policies can play an important role in the development of private pensions. These policies can be divided into three groups: (1) policies that are essential to providing a favorable economic environment for pensions; (2) policies that encourage the development of private pensions, given that a favorable economic environment for them exists; and (3) policies that deal with weaknesses of private pension systems. While the policies discussed are generally applicable for middle-income countries, the economic and legal environments for pensions differ across countries. This article focuses in particular on the situation in Brazil.
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Pensões , Política Pública , Idoso , Brasil , Países em Desenvolvimento , Humanos , RendaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Relative to non-Latino Whites, Latinos have a worse socioeconomic profile but a lower mortality rate, a finding that presents an epidemiologic paradox. This study tested the salmon bias hypothesis that Latinos engage in return migration to their country of origin and are thereby rendered "statistically immortal" and the alternative hypothesis that selection of healthier migrants to the United States accounts for the paradox. METHODS: National Longitudinal Mortality Study data were used to examine mortality rates of the following groups for whom the salmon hypothesis is not feasible: Cubans, who face barriers against return migration; Puerto Ricans, whose deaths in Puerto Rico are recorded in US national statistics; and US-born individuals, who are not subject to either salmon or healthy migrant effects. RESULTS: The sample included 301,718 non-Latino Whites and 17,375 Latino Whites 25 years or older. Cubans and Puerto Ricans had lower mortality than non-Latino Whites. Moreover, US-born Latinos had lower mortality than US-born non-Latino Whites. CONCLUSIONS: Neither the salmon nor the healthy migrant hypothesis explains the pattern of findings. Other factors must be operating to produce the lower mortality.
Assuntos
Modificador do Efeito Epidemiológico , Hispânico ou Latino/estatística & dados numéricos , Mortalidade , Adulto , Idoso , Cuba/etnologia , Cultura , Emigração e Imigração/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Porto Rico/etnologia , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
In this article, I examine how changes in technology, social organization, and economic opportunity are fundamentally altering the encounter between therapists and migrant clients. Approaches are required that take into account the recursive nature of the newly emerging two-home, trans-context lifestyle. I outline a second-order position and lines of questioning that may help migrants and therapists to situate problems in historical-geographical context, examine structural constraints on choice, and co-develop options for the future. To illustrate and enlarge upon hypotheses about the life experience of migrants, I analyze a particular Caribbean-Canadian immigrant story.
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Características Culturais , Emigração e Imigração , Terapia Familiar/normas , Estilo de Vida , Adaptação Psicológica , Adulto , Canadá , Criança , Terapia Familiar/métodos , Feminino , Humanos , Jamaica/etnologia , Masculino , Dinâmica Populacional , Relações Profissional-Paciente , Características de ResidênciaRESUMO
In this article, I examine how changes in technology, social organization, and economic opportunity are fundamentally altering the encounter between therapists and migrant clients. Approaches are required that take into account the recursive nature of the newly emerging two-home, trans-context lifestyle. I outline a second-order position and lines of questioning that may help migrants and therapists to situate problems in historical-geographical context, examine structural constraints on choice, and co-develop options for the future. To illustrate and enlarge upon hypotheses about the life experience of migrants, I analyze a particular Caribbean-Canadian immigrant story. (AU)
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Humanos , Criança , Adulto , Masculino , Feminino , Características Culturais , Emigração e Imigração , Terapia Familiar/normas , Estilo de Vida , Adaptação Psicológica , Canadá , Terapia Familiar/métodos , Jamaica/etnologia , Relações Profissional-Paciente , Características de Residência , Dinâmica PopulacionalRESUMO
Two patients are presented with ectopic drainage of the common bile duct entering in the fourth portion of the duodenum. The awareness of this biliary systems anomalies in stressed to prevent damage to vital structures in this area.