RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Lactose intolerance is characterized by the absence of the enzyme lactase (beta-galactosidase) and affects two thirds of the world adult population. Our aim was to evaluate a lactase gastro-resistant formulation to ensure increased activity in the action site of the enzyme (lumen of the small intestine). Simultaneously, we also evaluated the commercial product stability and enzyme activity, because the product containing beta-galactosidase is classified as food supplement according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), so it is free to pass quality testing, efficacy and stability. So, it is possible that contain some irregularities as to the content and enzymatic activity. METHODS: The dissolution assay was performed using a dissolution test system and commercial product and the gastro-resistant formulation were evaluated according to a method adapted to the conditions recommended by United States Pharmacopeia (US Pharmacopeia) for gastro-resistant formulations. For the assessment of enzymatic activity throughout the dissolution test was employed the official method of lactase assay described in US Pharmacopoeia. This method is based on a colorimetric reaction which the substrate reacts with the enzyme generate a colored product further analyzed by UVVisible spectrophotometry. RESULTS: When carrying out dissolution test in commercial product it is noted that the existing formulation is not able to protect the enzyme from degrading action of gastric environment (a loss of 86.0 ± 0.8% of lactase activity was observed). Our proposed gastro-resistant pharmaceutical form there was no loss of activity during the acid step and the end of the dissolution test the found activity was 95 ± 1.3%. CONCLUSION: The formulations proposed in this work using hypromellose capsules ensure the enzymatic activity of lactase, preventing its contact with the acid medium. For the other side, the results of commercial tablets for lactase release indicate a significant loss of enzyme activity due to the immediate release of the enzyme in the simulated gastric fluids.
Assuntos
Lactase/química , Cápsulas/química , Química Farmacêutica/métodos , Solubilidade , Comprimidos/química , Estados Unidos , United States Food and Drug AdministrationRESUMO
Pancreatin is a biotechnological product containing an enzyme complex, obtained from porcine pancreas, that is employed in treating pancreatic diseases. Experiments regarding the stability of the pharmaceutical formulation containing pancreatin were performed using standard binary mixtures with 6 excipients in a 1:1 ratio (m/m) and a commercial formulation. To accomplish these goals, samples were stored for 1, 3 and 6 months at 40 ± 1 °C and 75 ± 5 % relative humidity (RH) and 40 ± 1 °C and 0 % RH. Stress testing was also performed. All samples were analyzed to evaluate the α-amylase, lipase and protease activities through UV/Vis spectrophotometry. The results revealed that the excipient proprieties and the storage conditions affected enzyme stability. Humidity was a strong influencing factor in the reduction of α-amylase and protease activities. Stress testing indicated that pH 9.0 and UV light did not induce substantial alterations in enzyme activity.
Assuntos
Excipientes/química , Fármacos Gastrointestinais/metabolismo , Pancreatina/metabolismo , Animais , Brasil , Química Farmacêutica , Estabilidade de Medicamentos , Armazenamento de Medicamentos , Estabilidade Enzimática , Fármacos Gastrointestinais/química , Guias como Assunto , Temperatura Alta/efeitos adversos , Umidade/efeitos adversos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Lipase/química , Lipase/metabolismo , Oxirredução , alfa-Amilases Pancreáticas/química , alfa-Amilases Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Pancreatina/química , Peptídeo Hidrolases/química , Peptídeo Hidrolases/metabolismo , Pós , Sus scrofa , Raios Ultravioleta/efeitos adversosRESUMO
abstract Valsartan was submitted to forced degradation under acid hydrolysis condition as prescribed by the ICH. Degraded sample aliquots were separated via HPLC using a Hypersil ODS (C18) column (250 x 4.6 mm i.d., 5 µm). Either photodiode array (PDA) detection or mass spectrometry (MS) full scan monitoring of HPLC runs were used. HPLC-PDA failed to indicate Valsartan degradation under forced acid degradation, showing an insignificant peak area variation and that Valsartan apparently remained pure. HPLC-MS using electrospray ionization (ESI) and total ionic current (TIC) monitoring did not reveal any peak variation either, but inspection of the ESI mass spectra showed the appearance of m/z 306 and m/z 352 ions for the same retention time as that of Valsartan (m/z 436). These ions were identified as being protonated molecules of two co-eluting degradation products formed by hydrolysis. These assignments were confirmed by ESI-MS/MS with direct infusion of the degraded samples. The results showed that the use of selective HPLC-MS is essential for monitoring Valsartan degradation. Efficient HPLC separation coupled to selective and structural diagnostic MS monitoring seems therefore mandatory for comprehensive drug degradation studies, particularly for new drugs and formulations, and for method development.
resumo Valsartana (VAL) foi submetida à degradação forçada em meio ácido conforme procedimento descrito no ICH. Os produtos de degradação (PDs) foram monitorados ao longo do tempo de degradação pela técnica de Cromatografia Líquida (LC) utilizando uma coluna Hypersil ODS (C18) (250 x 4,6 mm d.i., 5 µm). A detecção foi feita com dois detectores: espectrofotométrico (PDA) e espectrometria de massas (MS) por corrente iônica total. Ambas as técnicas falharam na identificação dos PDs obtidos ao longo do monitoramento, mostrando insignificantes variações na área do pico e permanecendo com pureza de pico ao longo de toda a eluição. Somente depois da avaliação por íon extraído (XIC), foi possível observar o aumento do íon m/z 306 e m/z 352 exatamente no mesmo tempo de retenção do íon molecular (m/z 436). Estes resultados mostram um caso simples e didático em que somente o uso de um método seletivo de LC-MS pode ser utilizado para monitorar produtos de degradação. Neste trabalho, é apresentado um caso real em que a separação por LC deve ser acoplada a métodos seletivos obtidos por MS, especialmente no estudo de PDs para novos fármacos, formulações e no desenvolvimento de métodos.
Assuntos
Espectrometria de Massas/classificação , Valsartana/farmacocinética , Metabolismo , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Teste de Esforço , HidróliseRESUMO
O cloridrato de ziprasidona foi físico-quimicamente caracterizado pelas técnicas de Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial (DSC), Termogravimetria (TG), Espectroscopia no Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FT-IR), Difração de Raios X de Pó (DRX) e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). O estudo de compatibilidade foi realizado com 5 excipientes farmacêuticos diferentes (amido pré-gelatinizado, estearato de magnésio, celulose microcristalina, manitol e polivinilpirrolidona PVP) . Amostras de misturas binárias fármaco: excipiente 1:1 m/m foram estocadas por 3 meses em câmara de estabilidade (75% ± 5% de umidade relativa e 40 ºC ± 1 ºC), e então analisadas por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE) para avaliar o efeito de cada excipiente na estabilidade química e, consequentemente, no teor do fármaco, em cada amostra . Os resultados de DRX e FT-IR identificaram a forma polimórfica F, correspondente ao cloridrato de ziprasidona monohidrato. A análise térmica demonstrou que o fármaco apresentou uma perda de massa de 4%, até 100ºC, correspondente à saída de uma molécula de água. A próxima perda de massa ocorreu a partir da temperatura de fusão (297ºC), e o fármaco foi totalmente degradado até 600ºC. Os resultados de CLAE demonstraram que o estearato de magnésio foi o único, entre os 5 excipientes testados, que provocou uma redução significativa de teor do fármaco na amostra (teor encontrado = 77% ± 3%). Dessa forma, o fármaco foi compatível com amido pré-gelatinizado, celulose microcristalina, manitol e PVP; e incompatível com estearato de magnésio nas condições estudadas.
Ziprasidone hydrochloride was fully characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetry (TG), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The stability study was carried out with 5 different pharmaceutical excipients (pregelatinized starch, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, mannitol, polyvinylpyrrolidone PVP). Binary mixtures of the drug-excipient were prepared in a 1:1(w/w) ratio and stored for 3 months in stability chamber (75% ± 5% of relative humidity and temperature of 40 ºC ± 1 ºC), then these samples were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to evaluate the effect of each excipient on chemical stability and, consequently, on amount of drug in each sample. Data obtained by FT-IR and PXRD shown the polymorphic form F, corresponding to monohydrate ziprasidone hydrochloride. The thermal analysis demonstrated a mass loss of 4% until 100ºC, corresponding to a water molecule. The following mass loss occurred from melting temperature (297ºC) to 600ºC, with total sample degradation. The HPLC results shown that, between 5 tested excipients, only magnesium stearate caused significant amount reduction of drug in the sample (amount found = 77% ± 3%). Then, the drug was compatible with pregelatinized starch, microcrystalline cellulose, mannitol and PVP; and incompatible with magnesium stearate, in these work conditions.
Assuntos
Antipsicóticos/análise , Excipientes Farmacêuticos/química , Estabilidade de MedicamentosRESUMO
This study has evaluated the performance of a multivariate statistical model to predict embryo implantation potential by processing data from the chemical fingerprinting of culture medium samples used for human embryo culture. The culture medium for 113 embryos from 55 patients undergoing ICSI was collected after embryo transfer. The samples were split into positive (n=29) and negative (n=84) implantation groups according their implantation outcomes (100% or 0% implantation). The samples were individually diluted and analyzed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The m/z ratios and relative abundances of the major ions in each spectrum were considered for partial least square discriminant analysis. Data were divided into two subsets (calibration and validation), and the models were evaluated and applied to the validation set. A total of 5987 ions were observed in the groups. The multivariate statistical model described more than 82% of the data variability. Samples of the positive group were correctly identified with 100% probability and negative samples with 70%. The culture media used for embryos that were positive or negative for successful implantation showed specific biochemical signatures that could be detected in a fast, simple, and noninvasive way by ESI-MS. To our knowledge, this is the first report that uses MS fingerprinting to predict human embryo implantation potential. This biochemical profile could help the selection of the most viable embryo, improving single-embryo transfer and thus eliminating the risk and undesirable outcomes of multiple pregnancies.
Assuntos
Ectogênese , Implantação do Embrião , Transferência Embrionária , Proteínas Fetais/análise , Modelos Biológicos , Zigoto/metabolismo , Adulto , Calibragem , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Meios de Cultivo Condicionados/química , Análise Discriminante , Feminino , Proteínas Fetais/química , Proteínas Fetais/metabolismo , Humanos , Infertilidade Feminina/etiologia , Infertilidade Feminina/terapia , Infertilidade Masculina/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mapeamento de Peptídeos , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização por Electrospray , Injeções de Esperma IntracitoplásmicasRESUMO
Valsartan (VAL) is a highly selective blocker of the angiotensin II receptor that has been widely used in the treatment of hypertension. Active pharmaceutical ingredient compatibility with excipients (crospovidone, hypromellose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose and titanium dioxide) is usually evaluated in solid pharmaceutical development. Compatibility and stability can be evaluated by liquid chromatography. Studies were performed using binary mixtures of 1:1 (w/w) VAL/excipient; samples were stored under accelerated stability test conditions (40 ºC at 75% relative humidity). The results indicate that VAL is incompatible with crospovidone and hypromellose, which reduced the VAL content and gave rise to new peaks in the chromatogram due to degradation products.
Valsartana (VAL) é um bloqueador altamente seletivo do receptor da angiotensina II, que tem sido amplamente utilizado para o tratamento da hipertensão. Testes de compatibilidade com excipientes usualmente empregados em formulações sólidas são utilizados no desenvolvimento de formulações sólidas. Neste trabalho, realizaram-se testes utilizando misturas binárias na proporção 1:1 (m/m) de VAL/excipiente e as amostras foram armazenadas em condições de estabilidade acelerada (40 ºC em 75% de umidade relativa). Os resultados obtidos indicam a incompatibilidade de VAL com crospovidona e hipromelose, através da redução do teor de VAL e a presença de novos picos no cromatograma provenientes de produtos de degradação.