RESUMO
Multiligament injuries of the knee joint are characterized by the involvement of two or more major ligaments, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), medial collateral ligament (MCL), lateral collateral ligament (LCL), posteromedial corner (PMC) and posterolateral corner (PLC). Statistically, multiligament injuries are rare as they are found in less than 0.02% of all traumatic knee injuries; however, different aggregate injuries are what make this pathology a serious health and functional condition. Taking into account that most of the patients are young people of highly productive age, it is of vital importance to observe their short and long term evolution, as well as their reincorporation to their daily life. It has been reported that vascular lesions are present in approximately 32% of cases, meniscal lesions in 35% and up to 60% with some type of bone lesion. These injuries mainly affect the male sex most commonly between the third and fourth decade of life, which makes this type of injury of great importance, since this group of patients are in their greatest period of labor production. The main objective of the treatment of these injuries, in addition to resolving the aggregate damage that usually aggravates the state of health, is to achieve a speedy recovery and subsequent reincorporation to their work activities and in some cases sports.
Las lesiones multiligamentarias de la articulación de la rodilla se caracterizan por la afección de dos o más ligamentos principales, ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA), ligamento cruzado posterior (LCP), ligamento colateral medial (LCM), ligamento colateral lateral (LCL), esquina posteromedial (EPM) y esquina posterolateral (EPL). Estadísticamente, las lesiones multiligamentarias son poco frecuentes, ya que se encuentran en menos de 0.02% de todas las lesiones traumáticas de rodilla; sin embargo, diferentes lesiones agregadas son las que hacen de esta patología un estado grave para salud y funcionalidad. Tomando en cuenta que la mayoría de los pacientes son personas jóvenes en edad altamente productiva, es de vital importancia observar la evolución de los mismos a corto y largo plazo, así como su reincorporación a su vida cotidiana. Se ha descrito que las lesiones vasculares se presentan aproximadamente en 32% de los casos, lesiones meniscales en 35% y hasta 60% con algún tipo de lesión ósea. Estas lesiones afectan principalmente al sexo masculino con más frecuencia entre la tercera y cuarta década de la vida, lo cual hace a este tipo de lesiones de gran importancia, ya que este grupo de pacientes se encuentran en su mayor período de producción laboral. El objetivo principal del tratamiento de estas lesiones, además de resolver los daños agregados que suelen ser los agravantes del estado de salud, es lograr una pronta recuperación y posterior reincorporación a sus actividades laborales y en algunos casos deportivas.
Assuntos
Lesões do Ligamento Cruzado Anterior , Traumatismos do Joelho , Ligamento Cruzado Posterior , Humanos , Masculino , Adolescente , Lesões do Ligamento Cruzado Anterior/cirurgia , Resultado do Tratamento , Traumatismos do Joelho/cirurgia , Articulação do Joelho , Ligamento Cruzado Posterior/cirurgia , Ligamento Cruzado Posterior/lesõesRESUMO
This study reports the first MEMS multiplexed coaxial electrospray sources in the literature. Coaxial electrospraying is a microencapsulation technology based on electrohydrodynamic jetting of two immiscible liquids, which allows precise control with low size variation of the geometry of the core-shell particles it generates, which is of great importance in numerous biomedical and engineering applications, e.g., drug delivery and self-healing composites. By implementing monolithic planar arrays of miniaturized coaxial electrospray emitters that work uniformly in parallel, the throughput of the compound microdroplet source is greatly increased, making the microencapsulation technology compatible with low-cost commercial applications. Miniaturized core-shell particle generators with up to 25 coaxial electrospray emitters (25 emitters cm-2) were fabricated via stereolithography, which is an additive manufacturing process that can create complex microfluidic devices at a small fraction of the cost per device and fabrication time associated with silicon-based counterparts. The characterization of devices with the same emitter structure but different array sizes demonstrates uniform array operation. Moreover, the data demonstrate that the per-emitter current is approximately proportional to the square root of the flow rate of the driving liquid, and it is independent of the flow rate of the driven liquid, as predicted by the theory. The core/shell diameters and the size distribution of the generated compound microparticles can be modulated by controlling the flow rates fed to the emitters.
RESUMO
We present here a review of the work on neuromodulation - defined as application of an inhibitory or excitatory current - on intracranial structures for the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy. Near 250 patients were treated using a neuromodulation technique of the cerebellum (paravermian cortex), the CM-pf nucleus of the thalamus, the hippocampus, epileptogenic foci, and anterior ventral nucleus of the thalamus, with a one- to 15-year follow-up. Four contact strips were used for cerebellar and functional region neuromodulation, and DBS-type depth electrodes were stereotactically implanted for CM-pf and anterior nuclei of the thalamus and hippocampal neuromodulation. Electric stimulation was cyclic in almost all trials, using low frequency (10-40 Hz) for excitation and high frequency (60-185 Hz) for inhibition. Seizure frequency reduction was variable, depending on the neuromodulation site and patient selection, although seizure duration decreased in most patients. Cerebellar neuromodulation was followed by a 78% reduction in tonic and tonic-clonic seizures, CM-pf neuromodulation by an 83% reduction in tonic-clonic seizures and atypical absence of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, with a 17.2% seizure-free and drug-free patient rate. Hippocampal neuromodulation was followed by a 73% reduction in partial complex seizures, with a 33% seizure-free patient rate. Anterior ventral nucleus of the thalamus was followed by a 63% reduction in tonic-clonic, tonic and atonic seizures. Several prognostic factors were identified in order to improve future results. There was no mortality and morbidity was limited to skin erosion at the neurostimulator site. Seizure reduction was associated with improved neuropsychological performance and better quality of life. Neuromodulation is safe and effective for the treatment of epileptic seizures of various origins. Several targets may be associated in a single patient, especially when bilateral hippocampal seizure foci are present.