RESUMO
The present study investigates the chemical composition, anti-inflammatory, and antihypertensive activities, inâ vitro, from extracts of Cuphea lindmaniana and Cuphea urbaniana leaves. The extraction was performed ultrasound-assisted, and UHPLC/MS analysis was in positive mode ionization. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts and miquelianin were assayed at concentrations 0.001-10â µg/mL by chemotaxis on rat polymorphonuclear neutrophils. The antihypertensive activity was performed by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition. From the nineteen proposed compounds, six of them are described for the first time in this genus. The extracts displayed antichemotactic effect with a reduction of 100 % of the neutrophil migration, inâ vitro, in most concentrations. The ACE-inhibition presented results ranging from 19.58 to 22.82 %. In conclusion, C. lindmaniana and C. urbaniana extracts contain a rich diversity of flavonoids and display inâ vitro anti-inflammatory and antihypertensive potential. Thus, this study could serve as a scientific baseline for further investigation, on developmental novel products with therapeutic actions.
Assuntos
Inibidores da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Anti-Hipertensivos/farmacologia , Cuphea/química , Neutrófilos/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Polifenóis/farmacologia , Inibidores da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina/química , Inibidores da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina/isolamento & purificação , Angiotensinas/antagonistas & inibidores , Angiotensinas/metabolismo , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/química , Anti-Inflamatórios/isolamento & purificação , Anti-Hipertensivos/química , Anti-Hipertensivos/isolamento & purificação , Lipopolissacarídeos/antagonistas & inibidores , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Polifenóis/química , Polifenóis/isolamento & purificação , RatosRESUMO
Neuroinflammation has been associated to neurodegenerative disease development, with evidence suggesting that high levels of proinflammatory cytokines promote neuronal dysfunction and death. Therefore, it is necessary to study new compounds that may be used as adjuvant treatments of neurodegenerative diseases by attenuating the inflammatory response in the central nervous system (CNS). The aim of this study was to utilize the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induction model of neuroinflammation to evaluate the modulation of inflammation by rosmarinic acid (RA) isolated from Blechnum brasiliense in adult zebrafish. First, we investigated the toxicity and antioxidant properties of fractionated B. brasiliense extract (ethyl acetate fraction- EAF) and the isolated RA in zebrafish embryos. Next, we developed a model of neuroinflammation induction by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of LPS to observe the RA modulation of proinflammatory cytokines. The median lethal concentration (LC50) calculated was 185.2 ± 1.24 µg/mL for the ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) and 296.0 ± 1.27 µM for RA. The EAF showed free radical inhibition ranging from 23.09% to 63.44% at concentrations of 10-250 µg/mL. The RA presented a concentration-dependent response ranging from 18.24% to 47.63% at 10-250 µM. Furthermore, the RA reduced LPS induction of TNF-α and IL-1ß levels, with the greatest effect observed 6 h after LPS administration. Thus, the data suggested an anti-inflammatory effect of RA isolated from B. brasiliense and reinforced the utility of the new model of neuroinflammation to test the possible neuroprotective effects of novel drugs or compounds.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/farmacologia , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Cinamatos/farmacologia , Depsídeos/farmacologia , Gleiquênias/química , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Peixe-Zebra/imunologia , Animais , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Citocinas/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Inflamação/metabolismo , Peixe-Zebra/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Peixe-Zebra/metabolismo , Ácido RosmarínicoRESUMO
Atropine is an antimuscarinic alkaloid identified in Atropa belladonna. In pharmacopeias, percolation is standardized as an extraction method for A. belladonna leaves, along with liquid-liquid extraction as a cleanup procedure and titration as an analytical method for assaying the atropine in the leaves. In this study, a faster, solvent-saving, and more reliable method for quality control of A. belladonna samples was developed. Ultrasound-assisted extraction was proposed and optimized by fractional factorial design followed by Box-Behnken design. For modeling atropine content, the following optimal conditions were established: particle size, 180 µm; percentage methanol in water, 50%; volume of solvent, 15 ml; time of extraction, 60 min; and number of extractions, two. This led to a significant improvement in atropine extraction (P < 0.001). For cleanup, solid-phase extraction was used as an alternative to liquid-liquid extraction, giving similar results, with higher reproducibility. Finally, for the atropine assay, a UPLC method was validated as a substitute for the classic titration method. Taken together, the development of an ultrasound-assisted extraction-solid-phase extraction-UPLC approach allowed the determination of atropine content in A. belladonna leaves in a time- and solvent-saving manner, with high reliability.
Assuntos
Atropa belladonna/química , Atropina/análise , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Extratos Vegetais/química , Folhas de Planta/química , Extração em Fase Sólida/métodos , Antagonistas Muscarínicos/análise , Solventes/químicaRESUMO
Erythrina L. genus (Fabaceae) comprises about 115 species, and it has been extensively studied, mainly because of its alkaloids, which have pharmacological properties. References demonstrated that Erythrina spp. have a potential to act in the central nervous system, presenting anxiolytic and anticonvulsant properties already established. Phytochemical investigations confirmed the presence of tetracyclic alkaloids as the major compounds. However, other alkaloid classes have also been reported, including dimeric and trimeric substances, coupled through direct polymerization or two erythrinine units via an acetyl glucose. The present review covers the relevant literature from 1990 until 2017 and outlines the current data on chemical composition and preclinical and clinical studies on Erythrina species. Additionally, the quite striking analogy in the biosynthetic route of erythrin, morphinans, and Amaryllidaceae family alkaloids was also discussed.
Assuntos
Alcaloides/uso terapêutico , Erythrina/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Alcaloides/farmacologia , HumanosRESUMO
Palicourea genus is chemically and taxonomically close to Psychotria genus, a well-known source of neuroactive alkaloids. It has been previously reported the pharmacological potential of these alkaloids in some targets related to the neurodegenerative process. In this context, this study was carried out in order to evaluate the toxic effects and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory potential of Palicourea deflexa fraction of total alkaloids (FTA). P. deflexa FTA was analyzed by means of HPLC-DAD and HRMS-ESI. We performed toxicological screening through Fish Embryo Toxicity (FET) test using zebrafish embryo and abnormal developmental phenotypes were recorded daily. For AChE inhibition, zebrafish brains were used as enzymatic source and formation of thiolate dianion of 5,5'-Dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) was used to monitor acetylthiocholine hydrolysis. Lineaweaver-Burk double reciprocal plots were used to indicate mode of inhibition. Chemical analysis of the P. deflexa FTA allowed the identification of the main compound as harman-3-carboxylic acid. This fraction was evaluated in vivo for its toxicological effect. The zebrafish embryo test indicated that the FTA has a lethal concentration of 50% (LC50)=72.18µg/mL. Further, the FTA was evaluated for its AChE inhibitory profile, demonstrating an inhibitory concentration of 50% (IC50) of 50.65µg/mL. Lineaweaver-Burk double reciprocal plots indicated a mixed mode of inhibition. It is reported for the first time the toxicological and pharmacological profile of the alkaloid fraction of Palicourea deflexa in zebrafish models.