RESUMO
Los meniscos son láminas cartilaginosas que contribuyen a ampliar la escasa concavidad de las superficies articulares de la tibia para recibir a los convexos cóndilos femorales. Satisfacen una necesidad funcional, lo que queda demostrado con su reconstitución después de su extirpación total. Con el propósito de aportar datos sobre sus características biométricas, se registraron diámetros anteroposteriores, transversal y de espesor a diversos niveles, para complementar la anatomía de los mismos en nuestra población. Para ello, se realizó un estudio en 20 meniscos, 10 laterales y 10 mediales, extraídos de cadáveres formolizados, de individuos adultos, chilenos, en los Laboratorios de Anatomía de la Universidad de La Frontera, los cuales se prepararon para efectuar las diversas mediciones, efectuando una limpieza de las estructuras fibrosas que están asociadas a estos cartílagos. Los registros fueron realizados con un caliper digital Mitutoyo de precisión 0,05 mm. El menisco lateral tuvo un promedio para la distancia anteroposterior entre las partes más prominentes del margen anterior del cuerno anterior y el posterior del cuerno posterior de 31,7 mm. La abertura meniscal fue de 11,5 mm; la distancia entre los márgenes anterior y posterior de su cuerno anterior fue de 10,9 mm; la de su cuerno posterior fue de 10,9 mm; el espesor periférico de su parte anterior fue de 3,8 mm, de su parte posterior fue de 6,1 mm y a nivel de su parte media fue de 5,9 mm. El menisco medial tuvo un promedio para la distancia anteroposterior entre las zonas más cercanas a la abertura meniscal de sus extremidades de 43,2 mm. La abertura fue de 26,1 mm; la distancia entre los margenes anterior y posterior de su cuerno anterior fue de 9,2 mm; la de su cuerno posterior fue de 13,5 mm; el espesor periférico a nivel de su parte anterior fue de 4,5 mm, de su parte posterior fue de 6,0 mm y a nivel de su parte media fue de 5,5 mm. Los datos aportados complementarán la anatomía ...
The menisci are cartilage plates that help to expand low concavity of articular surfaces of the tibia to receive the convex femoral condyles. They satisfy functional needs, as has been demonstrated with reconstitution following total excision. In order to provide biometric data on its characteristics, anteroposterior diameters, transverse and thickness at various levels were recorded to complement anatomy of the same in our population. We conducted a study in 20 menisci, 10 lateral and 10 medial from adult Chilean cadaver specimens, in the Anatomy Laboratory, Universidad de La Frontera. The samples were prepared to carry out various measurements cleaning the fibrous structures associated with these menisci. Recordings were registered with a Mitutoyo digital caliper with a 0.05 mm accuracy. Lateral meniscus showed an average anteroposterior distance between horns of 31.7 mm, meniscal opening was 11.5 mm, distance between anterior- posterior borders of the anterior horn was 10.9 mm, of the posterior horn 10.9 mm. The peripheral thickness of its anterior part was 3.8 mm, of its posterior part was 6.1 mm and in its middle section 5.9 mm.The medial meniscus had an average anteroposterior distance between anterior an posterior horn of 43.2 mm. Meniscal opening was 26.1 mm, distance between anterior and posterior borders of the anterior horn was 0.2 mm, in its posterior horn 13.5 mm, peripheral thickness in its anterior part was 4.5 mm, its posterior part was 6.0 mm and at the middle section of the meniscus was 5.5 mm. The data provided will complement anatomy of the menisci in Chilean population.
Assuntos
Adulto Jovem , Meniscos Tibiais/anatomia & histologia , Meniscos Tibiais/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Meniscos Tibiais/ultraestrutura , Joelho/anatomia & histologia , Joelho/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Biometria/métodos , CadáverRESUMO
PIP: This work seeks to assess rural-urban and regional fertility trends and differentials in Bolivia since 1965, and to examine the relationship between the level of fertility and the proximate fertility determinants in the different regions using the Bongaarts method. Important social and cultural differences in Bolivia's 3 principal geographic regions are reflected in reproductive patterns. The 2 Andean regions, the Altiplano and the Valles, are inhabited predominantly by Quechua and Aymara speaking indigenous populations, while the Llanos or lowlands are inhabited primarily by persons of Spanish-speaking origin. The 1976 population census, the 1988 National Survey of Population and Housing, and the 1989 Demographic and Health Survey were the basis for fertility estimates for Bolivia during 1965-90. The estimate for 1990 was an extrapolation based on recent trends. The total fertility rates estimated for the country as a whole, the urban population, and the rural population, respectively, have declined from 6.50, 5.50, and 7.00 in 1965 to 6.00, 4.90, and 6.90 in 1980 and 5.20, 4.00, and 6.30 in 1985. Total fertility rates in the Altiplano, Valles, and Llanos, respectively, were 6.00, 6.60, and 7.00 in 1965, 5.80, 6.20, and 6.00 in 1980, and 5.00, 5.40, and 5.10 in 1985. The fertility levels of the 3 geographic regions thus differ less than those of urban and rural zones. The apparent similarity of fertility levels in the 3 ecological zones masks significant differences between the regions in the proximate fertility determinants of nuptiality, contraceptive usage, and lactation. Compensatory mechanisms result in the apparent similarity. The Llanos are characterized by an earlier age at union than the other 2 regions. Almost all women marry or enter a union at some point, and about 1/3 of unions are consensual. Nuptiality patterns are consistent with maximizing the reproductive potential of women and are more similar to those of Central America than those of the rest of Bolivia. The 1989 Demographic and Health Survey showed an average age at 1st union of around 20 years for Bolivia, 18.8 for the Llanos, 21 for the Valles, and 20.5 for the Altiplano. Women in the Llanos also breast fed their infants for a shorter time on average than women in the other 2 regions. The average duration of breast feeding was 16.4 months for Bolivia, 17.8 months for the Altiplano, 16.1 months for the Valles, and 13.4 months for the Llanos. Postpartum abstinence was also 3 months shorter on average in the Llanos than in the Altiplano. These differences were clearly reflected in the durations of postpartum insusceptibility to pregnancy, which were 13.5 months in Bolivia, 14.8 and 13.8 months in the Altiplano and Valles, and only 10.1 months in the Llanos. But contraceptive usage was much more common in the Llanos, where 42.9% of women in union used a method vs. 24.7% in the Altiplano and 30.8% in the Valles. Women in the Llanos were also much more likely to use a modern method.^ieng