RESUMO

Monensin sodium is one of the most common ionophores used in livestock feeding; however, ionophores are condemned by organized consumer groups. Bioactive compounds from plants found in the seasonally dry tropical forest have similar mechanisms of action as ionophores. The aim was to investigate the effects of replacing monensin sodium with phytogenic additives on the nutritional efficiency of beef cattle. Five 14-month-old Nellore bulls (average body weight 452.68 ± 42.60 kg) were used in the study. The experiment was designed as a 5 × 5 Latin Square (five treatments and five 22-day experimental periods). Within each period, 15 days were used for adaptation of animals to experimental conditions and 7 days for data collection. Bulls were fed a control diet (without additives), monensin (a diet containing monensin sodium 40% as a synthetic additive), and three diets containing phytogenic additives prepared from Anadenanthera macrocarpa (Benth) Brenan, Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd) Poiret, or Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. Nutritional efficiency was assessed through feed intake, nutrient digestibility, feeding behavior, and hematological parameters. Monensin and phytogenic additives did not influence (P > 0.05) feeding behavior or hematological parameters, but the nutrient intake was highest for bulls supplemented phytogenic additives (P < 0.05). Monensin supplementation did not influence (P > 0.05) feed intake. The phytogenic additives and monensin sodium increased (P < 0.05) the nutrient digestibility. Therefore, the phytogenic additives from P. juliflora, A. macrocarpa, and M. tenuiflora can be recommended to enhance the nutritional efficiency of confined Nellore cattle.

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RESUMO

Although chemical additives are able to improve the efficiency of ruminal fermentation, they can leave residues in the meat. However, a blend of secondary metabolites can improve ruminal fermentation without harming the population welfare. Five levels (0.0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0 g/day) of a blend of secondary metabolites from mesquite extract in sheep feed to promote increases in the nutritional value, ruminal parameters, nitrogen (N) use efficiency, microbial protein (MP) synthesis, and blood metabolites. Ten intact male Santa Inês sheep with average body weight of 55 ± 9.81 kg were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square design, replicated twice. There was a quadratic response of the digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), and total digestible nutrients (TDN). Microbial protein concentrations, MP synthesis efficiency, propionic acid levels, and acetic/propionic acid ratio also showed a quadratic response. The blend promoted a quadratic effect on plasma glucose and lactate levels. On the other hand, it decreased the concentrations of ammoniacal nitrogen, plasma urea, and plasma cholesterol. It is recommended to supply a blend of secondary metabolites at 3.43 g/day.

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We evaluated the effect of phytogenic additive Prosopis juliflora on populations of ruminal ciliated protozoa and its correlation with variables related to sheep nutrition. In this experiment, five cannulated adult Santa Ines ewes were submitted to the additive intake. Each animal received 6 mL of the extract daily. The experimental design adopted was the Latin square 5 × 5 (five concentrations of additive 0, 200, 400, 600 and 800 mg/mL of water and five periods of 18 days). The additive quadratically reduces the number of large, small and total ciliating protozoa, without promoting changes in the number of medium protozoa in the rumen. Among the genera investigated, Isotricha and Dasytricha were the only ones affected by supplementation. Additionally, the concentration of ruminal protozoa correlates significantly with the variables related to the nutrition of the animal. The effects of the additive on these variables were particularly pronounced at concentrations around 600 mg/mL.

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RESUMO

The objective was to evaluate the intake, digestibility, and ingestive sheep behavior with feeding phytogenic additives derived from plant extracts. Five non-emasculated sheep without defined breed at 28 ± 1.81 kg initial body weight and 6 months age were used. Treatments consisted of administering four phytogenic additives from the garlic extracts, coriander seed, oregano, and pods of mesquite, plus a control treatment (without additive). The ration was composed of Tifton 85 hay grass, corn, soybean meal, and mineral salt. As experimental design, we used a 5 × 5 Latin square design (five treatments and five periods). The data were analyzed through the mixed model through the procedure PROC MIXED of software Systems Statistical Analysis version 9.1, with comparation analysis between the treatment without additive (control) with phytogenic additives produced from vegetable extracts of mesquite pod, of coriander seed, the bulb of garlic, and the oregano leaves. There were no significant differences for the nutrient intake and ingestive behavior patterns. However, the additive intake derived from mesquite pods and coriander extracts provided an increase in digestibility. Extracts from garlic, coriander, and mesquite pods can be used as phytogenic additives in feeding sheep.

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RESUMO

The objective of the present study to assess the effects of mesquite pod addition replacing corn (0, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 g/kg in the dry matter basis) on nutrient intake, animal performance, feeding behavior, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, and microbial protein synthesis. Twenty-five Holstein-Zebu crossbred dairy steers at 219 ± 22 kg initial body weight and 18 months of age were used. The experiment lasted 84 days, divided into three periods of 28 days. A completely randomized design was used, and data were submitted to analysis using PROC GLM for analysis of variance and PROC REG for regression analysis using the software Statistical Analysis Systems version 9.1. Experimental diets were composed of Tifton 85 hay, soybean meal, ground corn, mesquite pod meal, and mineral salt. Samples of food offered were collected during the last 3 days of each period, and the leftovers were collected daily, with samples bulked per week. At the end of each 28-day period, the remaining animals were weighed to determine total weight gain and average daily gain. The assessment of behavioral patterns was performed through instantaneous scans in 5-min intervals for three consecutive 12-h days. A single urine sample from each animal was collected on the last day of each collection period at about 4 h after the first feeding. The replacement of corn by mesquite pod meal did not significantly influence treatments regarding nutrients intake, animal performance, and feeding behavior. Retained and consumed nitrogen ratio did not statistically differ between replacement levels. Likewise, there were no statistical differences regarding microbial protein synthesis and efficiency between replacement levels. Mesquite pod meal can be used in Holstein-Zebu crossbred dairy steers' diet with total corn replacement.

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Um experimento foi realizado para determinar a composição química e os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e EMA corrigida para nitrogênio (EMAn) de três tipos de farelo de algodão (FA): FA extrusado, FA com extração por solvente com casca e FA com 40% de proteína bruta (PB); duas variedades de sorgo e farelo residual de milho (FRM). Valores de EMAn do FA e do sorgo da literatura foram usados para estabelecer equações de predição através da composição nutricional. Pintos de corte machos Ross (n=210) foram alojados com seis repetições por tratamento e cinco aves por gaiola. Foi utilizada uma ração-referência (RR) e seis rações-teste contendo os ingredientes a avaliar em substituição de 40 % da RR. A composição química dos ingredientes foi: 92,92; 91,80; 89,08; 86,44; 87,19; 88,50% de matéria seca; 32,96; 35,11; 40,50; 9,83; 8,17 e 10,80% de PB, 17,81; 1,03; 3,59; 2,27; 2,67 e 12,90% de extrato etéreo (EE) e os valores de EMAn foram 2977, 2793, 2827, 2766, 3117 e 3017 kcal/kg para o FA extrusado, FA com casca, FA com 40% PB, sorgo IPA, sorgo Dow e FRM, respectivamente. A equação de EMAn para o FA foi -9158,67 + 1106,94*PB - 12,05*PB*PB - 1866,99*Cinzas (CZ) + 100,16*CZ*CZ - 834,01*Fibra Bruta (FB) + 30,43*FB*FB e para o sorgo foi 4365,59 + 175,41*PB - 10,35*PB*PB - 99,55*EE + 525,34*CZ - 85,06*CZ*CZ - 1310,47*FB + 251,61*FB*FB. Os valores de EMAn de uma variedade de sorgo e um tipo de FA não se ajustaram às equações de predição estabelecidas.(AU)

An experiment was conducted to determine the chemical composition and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and AME corrected for nitrogen (AMEn) of three types of cottonseed meal (CM): CM extruded, CM by solvent extraction with husk and CM with 40% crude protein (CP), two varieties of sorghum and hominy feed. AMEn values of CM and sorghum from the existing literature were used to create prediction equations using chemical composition. Male Ross broilers at 14 days of age (n=210) were used in a metabolism assay and housed in metabolism cages in groups of five animals with six replicates per treatment. A reference diet (RD) and six test diets containing the ingredients under evaluation replacing 40% of RD constituted the set of established treatments. The chemical composition of the ingredients was as follows: 92.92, 91.80, 89.08, 86.44, 87.19 and 88.50% for dry matter, 32.96, 35.11, 40.50, 9.83, 8.17 and 10.80% for CP, 17.81, 1.03, 3.59, 2.27, 2.67 and 12.90% for ether extract (EE) and the values of AMEn were 2977, 2793, 2827, 2766, 3117 and 3017 kcal/kg, respectively, for extruded CM, CM with hulls, CM with 40% CP, IPA sorghum, Dow sorghum and hominy feed. The established AMEn equation for CM was -9,158.67 + 1,106.94*CP - 12.05*CP*CP - 1,866.99*Ash + 100.16*Ash*Ash - 834.01*Crude Fiber (CF) + 30.43*CF*CF and for sorghum was 4,365.59 + 175.41*CP - 10.35*CP*CP - 99.55*EE + 525.34*Ash - 85.06*Ash*Ash - 1,310.47*CF + 251.61*CF*CF. AMEn values of one sorghum and one CM type did not adjust to the prediction equations established.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Um experimento foi realizado para determinar a composição química e os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e EMA corrigida para nitrogênio (EMAn) de três tipos de farelo de algodão (FA): FA extrusado, FA com extração por solvente com casca e FA com 40% de proteína bruta (PB); duas variedades de sorgo e farelo residual de milho (FRM). Valores de EMAn do FA e do sorgo da literatura foram usados para estabelecer equações de predição através da composição nutricional. Pintos de corte machos Ross (n=210) foram alojados com seis repetições por tratamento e cinco aves por gaiola. Foi utilizada uma ração-referência (RR) e seis rações-teste contendo os ingredientes a avaliar em substituição de 40 % da RR. A composição química dos ingredientes foi: 92,92; 91,80; 89,08; 86,44; 87,19; 88,50% de matéria seca; 32,96; 35,11; 40,50; 9,83; 8,17 e 10,80% de PB, 17,81; 1,03; 3,59; 2,27; 2,67 e 12,90% de extrato etéreo (EE) e os valores de EMAn foram 2977, 2793, 2827, 2766, 3117 e 3017 kcal/kg para o FA extrusado, FA com casca, FA com 40% PB, sorgo IPA, sorgo Dow e FRM, respectivamente. A equação de EMAn para o FA foi -9158,67 + 1106,94*PB - 12,05*PB*PB - 1866,99*Cinzas (CZ) + 100,16*CZ*CZ - 834,01*Fibra Bruta (FB) + 30,43*FB*FB e para o sorgo foi 4365,59 + 175,41*PB - 10,35*PB*PB - 99,55*EE + 525,34*CZ - 85,06*CZ*CZ - 1310,47*FB + 251,61*FB*FB. Os valores de EMAn de uma variedade de sorgo e um tipo de FA não se ajustaram às equações de predição estabelecidas.

An experiment was conducted to determine the chemical composition and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and AME corrected for nitrogen (AMEn) of three types of cottonseed meal (CM): CM extruded, CM by solvent extraction with husk and CM with 40% crude protein (CP), two varieties of sorghum and hominy feed. AMEn values of CM and sorghum from the existing literature were used to create prediction equations using chemical composition. Male Ross broilers at 14 days of age (n=210) were used in a metabolism assay and housed in metabolism cages in groups of five animals with six replicates per treatment. A reference diet (RD) and six test diets containing the ingredients under evaluation replacing 40% of RD constituted the set of established treatments. The chemical composition of the ingredients was as follows: 92.92, 91.80, 89.08, 86.44, 87.19 and 88.50% for dry matter, 32.96, 35.11, 40.50, 9.83, 8.17 and 10.80% for CP, 17.81, 1.03, 3.59, 2.27, 2.67 and 12.90% for ether extract (EE) and the values of AMEn were 2977, 2793, 2827, 2766, 3117 and 3017 kcal/kg, respectively, for extruded CM, CM with hulls, CM with 40% CP, IPA sorghum, Dow sorghum and hominy feed. The established AMEn equation for CM was -9,158.67 + 1,106.94*CP - 12.05*CP*CP - 1,866.99*Ash + 100.16*Ash*Ash - 834.01*Crude Fiber (CF) + 30.43*CF*CF and for sorghum was 4,365.59 + 175.41*CP - 10.35*CP*CP - 99.55*EE + 525.34*Ash - 85.06*Ash*Ash - 1,310.47*CF + 251.61*CF*CF. AMEn values of one sorghum and one CM type did not adjust to the prediction equations established.

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RESUMO

Para avaliar o potencial do resíduo do farelo de manga nas dietas de tilápia do Nilo, sobre a digestibilidade aparente, desempenho produtivo, rendimento de carcaça, índice hepatossomático, índice de gordura víscero-somática e peso dos órgãos. No ensaio de digestibilidade utilizou-se 48 animais com peso médio de 53,9 g, e no de desempenho utilizou-se 300 juvenis, com peso médio de 44,3. O delineamento experimental utilizado em ambos os experimentos foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos, sendo o de desempenho com cinco repetições e o de digestibilidade com três. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de quatro rações isoproteicas e isoenergéticas, com diferentes níveis de inclusão do farelo de resíduo de manga (0, 5, 10 e 15%). Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente das rações foram respectivamente: matéria seca (79,6; 76,9; 76,5 e 78,0%), proteína bruta (88,8; 87,4; 87,2 e 87,8%), energia bruta (77,8; 75,9; 76,4 e 77,5%). A energia digestível das rações (3304, 3320, 3395 e 3484 kcal kg-1) e proteína digestível (29,3; 30,3; 29,8 e 29,8%). Não foram observados efeitos dos tratamentos sobre as variáveis analisadas no desempenho, o que possibilita a inclusão de até 15,0% do farelo de resíduo de manga nas rações de tilápia do Nilo.(AU)

To evaluate the potential of mango residues in the diets Nile tilapia on apparent digestibility, productive performance, body yield (with and without head), hepatosomatic index, somatic and visceral indexes, fat and organs weight in Nile tilapia. In the digestibility experiment were used 48 animals with average weight of 53.9 ± (1.04 g) and for the performance experiment 300 juveniles were used with the average weight of 44.3 ± (2.7 g). The experimental design for both was randomized with four treatments and the performance experiment with five replicates, and digestibility with three replications. The treatments consisted of four isoproteic- and isoenergetic diets with different levels of inclusion of mango waste bran (0, 5, 10 and 15%). The digestibility coefficients were: dry matter (79.6, 76.9, 76.5 and 78.0%), crude protein (88.8, 87.4, 87.2 and 87.8%), crude energy (77.8, 75.9, 76.4 and 77.5%). Digestible energy (3304, 3320, 3395 and 3484 kcal kg-1) and digestible protein (29.3, 30.3, 29.8 and 29.8%). There are no visible treatment effects on the variables analyzed. It is recommended the inclusion of about to 15,0% of mango wastes on Nile tilapia feeding.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Para avaliar o potencial do resíduo do farelo de manga nas dietas de tilápia do Nilo, sobre a digestibilidade aparente, desempenho produtivo, rendimento de carcaça, índice hepatossomático, índice de gordura víscero-somática e peso dos órgãos. No ensaio de digestibilidade utilizou-se 48 animais com peso médio de 53,9 g, e no de desempenho utilizou-se 300 juvenis, com peso médio de 44,3. O delineamento experimental utilizado em ambos os experimentos foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos, sendo o de desempenho com cinco repetições e o de digestibilidade com três. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de quatro rações isoproteicas e isoenergéticas, com diferentes níveis de inclusão do farelo de resíduo de manga (0, 5, 10 e 15%). Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente das rações foram respectivamente: matéria seca (79,6; 76,9; 76,5 e 78,0%), proteína bruta (88,8; 87,4; 87,2 e 87,8%), energia bruta (77,8; 75,9; 76,4 e 77,5%). A energia digestível das rações (3304, 3320, 3395 e 3484 kcal kg-1) e proteína digestível (29,3; 30,3; 29,8 e 29,8%). Não foram observados efeitos dos tratamentos sobre as variáveis analisadas no desempenho, o que possibilita a inclusão de até 15,0% do farelo de resíduo de manga nas rações de tilápia do Nilo.

To evaluate the potential of mango residues in the diets Nile tilapia on apparent digestibility, productive performance, body yield (with and without head), hepatosomatic index, somatic and visceral indexes, fat and organs weight in Nile tilapia. In the digestibility experiment were used 48 animals with average weight of 53.9 ± (1.04 g) and for the performance experiment 300 juveniles were used with the average weight of 44.3 ± (2.7 g). The experimental design for both was randomized with four treatments and the performance experiment with five replicates, and digestibility with three replications. The treatments consisted of four isoproteic- and isoenergetic diets with different levels of inclusion of mango waste bran (0, 5, 10 and 15%). The digestibility coefficients were: dry matter (79.6, 76.9, 76.5 and 78.0%), crude protein (88.8, 87.4, 87.2 and 87.8%), crude energy (77.8, 75.9, 76.4 and 77.5%). Digestible energy (3304, 3320, 3395 and 3484 kcal kg-1) and digestible protein (29.3, 30.3, 29.8 and 29.8%). There are no visible treatment effects on the variables analyzed. It is recommended the inclusion of about to 15,0% of mango wastes on Nile tilapia feeding.

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