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The aim of the study was to describe the oral health and orofacial function of Mexican patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and their association with clinical and radiological aspects of the disease. Patients with RA received a complete odontological exam, which also included a clinical and radiographic assessment of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). The rheumatologic assessment included detailed profiling of the disease and serological and radiographic parameters. The study included 62 RA patients; the median (min-max) age was 51 (18-72) years old and 8.5 (1-39) years of disease duration. The 63.6% of the patients had DAS28 ≥ 3.2, and a median (min-max) of Sharp/van der Heijde score (SvdHS) of 41 (0-214). 98.3% of the patients presented caries, which were severe in 53.3% of the cases. The 73.8% of the patients were missing teeth due to caries, with a median (min-max) of 4 (0-32) teeth missing per patient. Oral hygiene was classified as bad in 49.1% of patients and only 15.3% of them had a healthy periodontium. The TMJ function was abnormal in 98.4% of the patients and 62.9% of them presented moderate or severe TMJ disorder (TMD). The radiographic damage of the TMJ correlated positively with the SvdHS. No correlations were found between disease activity or structural progression and orofacial variables, including periodontitis. There are severe oral and orofacial health problems in RA patients despite having medical attention for their disease. Multidisciplinary management remains an area of opportunity for both the medical specialists and the health system in our country.

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Objetivo. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo efectuar una revisión actualizada de los modelos neuropsicológicos y psicolingüísticos de la intervención en las dificultades de la escritura. Método. Se partió de una revisión y un estudio teórico de documentos especializados, utilizando diversos descriptores específicos (disgrafía-neuropsicología, disgrafía-psicolingüística, reeducación/educación-disgrafía) de la Web of Science. Resultados. De modo habitual, la literatura especializada plantea que la intervención neuropsicológica y psicolingüística debe ser integral, en el sentido de centrarse en los procesos tanto generales como específicos que subyacen a la escritura de cada niño. De la misma forma, se identifica que la adaptación del modelo de trabajo a las necesidades reales del alumno en cuanto a su grafismo, calidad del escrito y dificultades concretas permite la optimización del resultado. Conclusión. Resulta necesario considerar que una adecuada intervención en la escritura no debe ser genérica, sino individualizada y específica. De ahí que la adopción de un modelo de trabajo integral le aporte beneficios al niño, dado que se centra en los factores que determinan su acto gráfico, su calidad de la composición y la corrección de sus errores concretos.

Objective. This study aimed to carry out an updated review of neuropsychological and psycholinguistic models in the intervention of writers who demonstrate poor acquisition of writing skills. Method. We have started a comprehensive review and theoretical study of specialized documents, using various specific descriptors (dysgraphia - neuropsychology, dysgraphia - psycholinguistic, reeducation / education - dysgraphia) in the Web of Science. Results. Regularly, the literature suggests that neuropsychological and psycholinguistic intervention must be comprehensive, in the sense of focus on both general and specific processes that underlie each child's writing. The adaptation of the working model to the real needs of the student in terms of graphics, quality of writing and their particular difficulties allows the optimization of the result. Conclusion. We need to consider that a good intervention in writing can't be generic, but must be individualized and specific. The adoption of a model of integrated work brings benefits to the child, since it focuses on the factors that determine their graphic act, the quality of the composition, and correction of their specific errors.

Escopo. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo efetuar uma revisão atualizada dos modelos neuropsicológicos e psicolinguísticos da intervenção nas dificuldades da escritura. Metodologia. Tem se partido de uma completa revisão e estudo teórico de documentos especializados, utilizando diversos descritores específicos (disgrafia-neuropsicologia, disgrafia-psicolinguística, reeducação/educação-disgrafia) na Web of Science. Resultados. De maneira habitual, a literatura especializada argumenta que a intervenção neuropsicológica e psicolinguística deve ser integral, no sentido de se enfocar nos processos tanto gerais como específicos que são subjacentes à escritura de cada criança. Do mesmo jeito, é identificado que a adaptação do modelo de trabalho às necessidades reais do aluno em quanto ao seu grafismo, qualidade do escrito e as suas dificuldades concretas permitem a optimização do resultado. Conclusão. É necessário considerar que uma boa intervenção na escritura não pode ser genérica, ao contrário, deve ser individualizada e específica. Assim, centra-se nos fatores que determinam seu ato gráfico, sua qualidade da composição e a correção de seus erros concretos.

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Los Trastornos Generalizados del Desarrollo (TGD) son perturbaciones graves y generalizadas que afectan áreas centrales del desarrollo (DSM-IV-TR). Se propone que el período perigestacional aglutina una serie de factores de riesgo que influyen y condicionan el desarrollo normal del feto. El objetivo de este artículo fue estudiar la presencia de riesgos durante el desarrollo perinatal, considerando las respuestas de 93 madres con hijos que presentan un Trastorno Generalizado del Desarrollo a un autoinforme estructurado, tal como es el caso del trastorno autista, trastorno de Asperger y TGD-no especificado. Del análisis de las respuestas al autoinforme se han encontrado diferencias significativas entre los grupos de TGD en la dimensión pregestacional -malnutrición/anorexia e hipertensión-, en la perigestacional -malnutrición/anorexia y problemas con el líquido amniótico- y en la psicosocial -género no deseado del bebé-.

Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDDs) are severe and pervasive disturbances affecting central areas of development (DSM-IV-TR). It is proponed that the perigestational period encompasses a number of risk factors that influence and affect normal fetal development. The aim of this paper was to study the presence of risks during the perinatal development, considering the responses of 93 mothers of children with a pervasive developmental disorder -autistic disorder, Asperger disorder and PDD-NOS- to a structured self-report. We found significant differences among the PDD groups in the pregestational -malnutrition/anorexia and hypertension- , in the perigestational - malnutrition/anorexia and problems with the amniotic fluid-, and in the psychosocial -unwanted gender baby- dimensions from the analysis of the responses.

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El autismo, al igual que el resto de los trastornos generalizados del desarrollo, es ampliamente estudiado en muchas investigaciones actuales. Sin embargo, su etiología sigue siendo la gran desconocida. Sus manifestacionesheterogéneas, junto con la disparidad de criterios clínicos y resultados de las investigaciones, dificultan su estudioy, con ello, la aplicación de medidas preventivas que minimicen sus efectos. El artículo que se presenta tienecomo objetivo ofrecer una revisión actualizada del tema del autismo y despejar las muchas incógnitas que todavía existen respecto al mismo. Se realiza una revisión de los autores más importantes y de las principales líneas de investigación emergentes de la producción científica, y que tratan de concretar su inconstante sintomatología, al igual que su prevalencia y etiopatogenia.

Autism, as any other pervasive developmental disorder, is the object of a large number of studies at present time. However, its aetiology is still unknown. Its heterogeneousmanifestations, together with a diversity of clinical criteriaand results from research, make its study a difficult task, and correspondingly, the application of preventive strategies in order to minimize its effects. The goal ofthis article is to offer an actual view of autism and to give answers to questions that still remain about it. In aneffort to clear up its fickle symptomatology, a review ofthe most important authors and the main emergent lines of research in the scientific production are presented, aswell as its prevalence and etiopathogeny.

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Introduction: Cerebrovascular diseases (CD) are a global health problem. They are the second and third causes of death in the world and in Cuba, respectively. Projections for year 2020 suggest they will continue to be among the main causes of death and disability, both in developed and developing countries. In 2006, the National Health System (NHS) presented its Public Health Projections in Cuba for Year 2015, which set the following specific goals for CD mortality reduction: overall mortality by 25%, female mortality by 30%, and hospital mortality by 30%. Objective: Analyze CD mortality in Cuba from 1970 to 2006, before and after implementation of the National Program for Cerebrovascular Disease Prevention and Control (NPCD-PC) to obtain a better understanding of the current situation, which may serve as the basis to meet the goals set for year 2015. Methods: CD mortality databases from the National Statistical Division of the Cuban Ministry of Public Health were used. The following variables were applied: sex, CD-related causes, and place of death. Crude and age-adjusted mortality rates were determined. Overall mortality, mortality by sex, years of potential life lost, hospital mortality, incidence, and prevalence were calculated. Results: Crude mortality rates showed a sustained increase within the time series under study; conversely, age-adjusted rates showed a decrease in mortality during the 1970s, were stable in the 1980s and 1990s and, finally, decreased since year 2000, when the NPCD-PC program was started in the country. The male/female ratio increased slightly from the late 1990s until 2005; yet female mortality has shown a tendency to increase. Between 1993 and 2002, cerebral hemorrhage caused more deaths than the cerebral infarction; since then, this profile has reversed. CD-related years of potential life lost (YPLL) showed a decrease from 1970 to 1975, followed by a sustained increase through 1985, and a gradual decrease since 1990. Hospital mortality diminished steadily from 1990 to 1999 and has remained stable since year 2000. Even though there was greater CD incidence from 2000 to 2001, it has decreased since then. However, prevalence has increased slightly every year from 2000 to 2005. Conclusion: Although overall mortality and female mortality rates, in particular, increased following implementation of the NPCD-PC program, age-adjusted mortality, hospital mortality, and incidence diminished during the same period. Further study is recommended to determine specific actions required to achieve CD mortality reduction goals by 2015.

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Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is classified within the group of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE). It is a rapidly progressive illness that affects mental functions. The average age of onset is 50 years. Various tests can help orient the clinical diagnosis, but the confirmatory test is still the post mortem analysis. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological, clinical and histopathological characteristics of patients diagnosed as suffering from CJD, at the National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery of Mexico (NINN). An observational, descriptive and transversal study was conducted. We collected information concerning these cases from the Departments of Epidemiology and Pathology, as well as the clinical charts of the patients with a diagnosis of CJD. Fifteen cases were registered of which three CJD cases were definite, five probable cases were identified, and seven were possible. The average age of the patients was 49 years. Two definite cases were female and one was male. It is important to improve the systems for surveillance of this type of disease and, furthermore, to permit greater accessibility to laboratories where the procedures necessary for supporting diagnosis can be followed.

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El libro presenta el resultado de la VI Jornadas Iberoamericanas de Educación de Adultos y reúne un conjunto de ponencias de los participantes, en las que reflexionan sobre las tendencias de la corriente histórica de la educación de adultos y popular, dentro del contexto actual de la vida democrática. Estas ponencias orientan a analizar las relaciones entre educación de adultos y democracia, teniendo como referentes las dimensiones actuales y futuras de ambos aspectos en relación con las tendencias políticas, sociales y económicas del desarrollo; las orientaciones surgidas de la teoría del desarrollo local; la concepción misma de la democracia en los países iberoamericanos; el rol del Estado y de la sociedad civil en los procesos actuales de democratización; los derechos humanos; el papel de las ONGs en la construcción democrática; la función cumplida por la educación de adultos en democracias más consolidadas. Asimismo, se incluyen algunas experiencias, las que muestras caminos alternativos y estrategias de acción para que la educación de adultos y popular se constituyan en instrumentos eficaces de la democracia política y la convivencia social

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