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This study aimed to investigate the sustainable use of recycled plastics, specifically polypropylene (PP) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE), in the manufacture of geogrids for geotechnical and civil engineering applications. Plastics were collected from a recycling center, specifically targeting containers used for food, cleaning products, and other domestic packaging items. These plastics were sorted according to the Möbius triangle classification system, with HDPE (#2) and PP (#5) being the primary categories of interest. The research methodologically evaluates the mechanical properties of PP/HDPE (0/100, 25/75, 50/50, 75/25 and 100/0% w/w) composites through tensile and flexural tests, exploring various compositions and configurations of geogrids. The results highlight the superiority of pure recycled HDPE processed into 1.3 mm thick laminated yarns and hot air welded for 20 to 30 s, exhibiting a deformation exceeding 60% in comparison to the PP/HDPE composites. Through SolidWorks® Simulation, it was shown that the adoption of a trigonal geogrid geometry optimizes force distribution and tensile strength, significantly improving slope stabilization efficiency. Based on the results obtained, a laboratory-scale prototype geogrid was developed using an extrusion process. The results underscore the importance of careful composite design and yarn configuration selection to achieve the desired mechanical properties and performance in geogrid applications. It emphasizes the potential of recycled plastics as a viable and environmentally friendly solution for stabilizing slopes, contributing to the reduction in plastic waste and promoting sustainable construction practices.
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Background: Middle-aged and older adults often mistakenly underestimate the risk to which they are exposed when they engage in risky sexual behaviors. Furthermore, a reliable and valid measurement of the construct is necessary to capture its scope and meaning. Objective: To validate the structure of the Perceived Risk Scale for STIs in middle-aged and older adults, identify their perceived risk of STIs, and identify their relationship with some sociodemographic characteristics. Methods: The sample was composed of 295 middle-aged and older adults. A virtual online sampling was used. Males and females aged 50 years and older, sexually active in the last 12 months, were included. To measure the perceived risk of STIs, the scale of perceived risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was adapted, and a confirmatory factor analysis of the proposed three-factor structure was carried out. Results: The proposed structure of the scale was found to present acceptable adjustment rates (X 2= 48.283, p <.001; CFI = .962, RMSEA = .079, GFI = .963, TLI = .938). 28.1% of the participants presented low perceived risk; 46.8%, medium perceived risk; and 25.1%, high perceived risk. Association between marital status and perceived risk of STIs was identified. Conclusion: The Perceived Risk Scale for STIs is a reliable and valid instrument for capturing perceived risk of STIs in middle-aged and older adults. An appropriate measurement is considered important to accurately examine the relationship between perceived risk and behavior.
Antecedentes: Los adultos de mediana y tercera edad suelen subestimar erróneamente el riesgo al que se exponen cuando realizan conductas sexuales de riesgo, además, es necesaria una medición fiable y válida del constructo para captar su alcance y significado. Objetivo: Validar la estructura de la Escala de Riesgo Percibido a las ITS en adultos de mediana y tercera, identificar su riesgo percibido a las ITS e identificar su relación con algunas características sociodemográficas. Métodos: La muestra estuvo compuesta por 295 adultos de mediana y tercera edad. Se utilizó un muestreo virtual en línea. Se incluyeron hombres y mujeres de 50 años o más, se-xualmente activos en los últimos 12 meses. Para medir el riesgo percibido a las ITS se adaptó la escala de riesgo percibido al Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH) y se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio de la estructura propuesta conformada por tres factores. Resultados: Se comprobó que la estructura propuesta de la escala presentaba mostró índices de ajuste aceptables (X2 = 48.283, p <.001; CFI = .962, RMSEA = .079, GFI = .963, TLI = .938). El 28.1% de los participantes presentó un riesgo percibido bajo, el 46.8% un riesgo percibido medio y el 25.1% un riesgo percibido alto. Se identificó la asociación entre el estado civil y el riesgo percibido de ITS. Conclusiones: La Escala de Riesgo Percibido de ITS es un instrumento fiable y válido para captar el riesgo percibido a las ITS en adultos de mediana y tercera edad. Se considera importante una medición adecuada para examinar con precisión la relación entre el riesgo percibido y la conducta.
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Introducción: La infección de herida quirúrgica causa altas tasas de morbilidad y repercute sobre los índices de mortalidad. Constituye la primera infección intrahospitalaria entre pacientes quirúrgicos del total de infecciones nosocomiales y la primera entre los pacientes quirúrgicos. Existen factores de riesgo como la clasificación ASA, la diabetes mellitus, la hipertensión arterial y los días de estancia hospitalaria, los cuales influyen en su desarrollo. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de infecciones de sitio quirúrgico por cirugías realizadas en el Hospital Dr. Carlos Canseco de Tampico, ciudad del estado mexicano de Tamaulipas. Métodos: Diseño observacional, analítico, transversal y retrospectivo de 54 pacientes con diagnóstico de infección de sitio quirúrgico. Las variables de estudio se clasificaron como dependientes (género, edad, lugar de origen, días de estancia hospitalaria, peso, índice de masa corporal) e independientes (diagnóstico, procedimiento quirúrgico realizado y clasificación ASA otorgada). Resultados: La población de 40 a 50 años fue la más afectada, con mayor predominancia sobre el género femenino. La Clasificación ASA II y III presentaron mayor prevalencia de infección de sitio quirúrgico, sobre todo en cirugías electivas (28 por ciento). Mientras mayor fue la estancia hospitalaria, mayor fue la probabilidad de desarrollar infección de sitio quirúrgico. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de infección en el sitio quirúrgico en pacientes operados por los distintos servicios quirúrgicos no es similar a la reportada por otros autores. La Clasificación ASA II y III presentaron infección del sitio quirúrgico con más frecuencia, mientras que la comorbilidad más llamativa de este estudio fue el índice de masa corporal como factor de riesgo que no debe pasar desapercibido(AU)
Introduction: Surgical wound infection causes high morbidity rates and impacts mortality rates. It is the first in-hospital infection among surgical patients of all nosocomial infections and the first among surgical patients. There are risk factors that influence its development, such as the ASA classification, diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension and days of hospital stay. Objective: To determine the prevalence of surgical site infections from surgeries performed at Hospital Dr. Carlos Canseco, of Tampico, a city in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas. Methods: An observational, analytical, cross-sectional and retrospective study was carried out with 54 patients with a diagnosis of surgical site infection. The study variables were classified as dependent variables (gender, age, place of origin, days of hospital stay, weight and body mass index) and independent variables (diagnosis, surgical procedure performed, and given ASA classification). Results: The population aged 40 to 50 years was the most affected, with a greater predominance of the female gender. ASA classification II and III had a higher prevalence of surgical site infection, above all in elective surgeries (28 %). The longer the hospital stay, the higher the probability of developing surgical site infection. Conclusions: The prevalence of surgical site infection in patients operated on by the different surgical services is not similar to that reported by other authors. ASA Classification II and III presented surgical site infection more frequently, while the most remarkable comorbidity in this study was body mass index as a risk factor that should not go unnoticed(AU)
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Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infecção da Ferida Cirúrgica/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Estudo ObservacionalRESUMO
Introducción: la diabetes mellitus se produce por la alteración en el metabolismo de los carbohidratos, su prevalencia viene en aumento debido al incremento en la tasa de obesidad y los cambios en los hábitos nutricionales. En Colombia, alrededor de 8,36 % de la población padece diabetes tipo 2 y menos del 1 % diabetes tipo 1. Metodología: se seleccionaron 51 artículos sobre diabetes y diferentes escenarios clínicos, publicados en su mayoría entre los años 2015-2021. Resultados: en los pacientes con enfermedad hepática crónica, se aumenta la resistencia a la insulina e intolerancia a la glucosa; por esto, deben ser tratados en primera instancia con metformina o insulinas. En los diabéticos el riesgo cardiovascular se incrementa tanto para infarto como para accidente cerebrovascular. En estos, se puede realizar tratamiento con metformina, empagliflozina, entre otros. Los pacientes con falla renal tienen mayor riesgo de hipoglicemia por el metabolismo prolongado de la insulina como consecuencia de la filtración glomerular, en estos son útiles medicamentos como liraglutide y sus similares. Conclusión: existen múltiples escenarios clínicos que se presentan en conjunto con la diabetes mellitus. Se deben tener en cuenta las múltiples comorbilidades de los pacientes al momento de instaurar un tratamiento y sus diferentes determinantes, para garantizar su efectividad.
Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is caused by alterations in carbohydrate metabolism and its prevalence is increasing due to the increase in the rate of obesity and changes in nutritional habits. In Colombia, about 8.36% of the population suffers from type 2 diabetes and less than 1% from type 1 diabetes. Methods: Fifty-one articles were selected, on diabetes and different clinical scenarios, mostly published between 2015-2021. Results: In patients with chronic liver disease, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance are increased; therefore, they should be treated in the first instance with Metformin or Insulin. In diabetics, cardiovascular risk is increased for both infarction and stroke. In these patients, treatment can be performed with Metformin, Empagliflozin, among others. Patients with renal failure have a higher risk of hypoglycemia due to prolonged insulin metabolism as a consequence of glomerular filtration; medications such as Liraglutide and similar drugs are useful in these patients. Conclusion: There are multiple clinical scenarios that occur in conjunction with diabetes mellitus. The multiple comorbidities of patients should be taken into account when instituting treatment and its different determinants to ensure the effectiveness of the treatment to be appropriate for the patients.
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Humanos , Idoso , Diabetes Mellitus , Nefropatias , Qualidade de Vida , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Se han utilizado aplicaciones móviles para promover el uso del condón que carecen de fundamento teórico y no consideran la opinión de los usuarios en su desarrollo por lo que han sido evaluadas negativamente. El objetivo fue desarrollar y evaluar una aplicación móvil para promover el uso correcto y consistente del condón en jóvenes mexicanos con riesgo de VIH, basado en enfoque de pensamiento de diseño centrado en el usuario. Utilizando metodología cualitativa se realizaron tres fases. En la primera fase, inspiración, se identificaron las necesidades de 9 jóvenes con respecto al uso del prototipo. En la segunda fase, ideación, se transformaron estas necesidades en soluciones y se validaron en 15 jóvenes. En la tercera fase, implementación, se realizó una prueba de usabilidad en otros 15 jóvenes. En conclusión, este enfoque ofreció una solución práctica para el desarrollo de un prototipo móvil para fomentar el uso de condón en jóvenes(AU)
Mobile applications have been used to promote the use of condoms, but those have no theoretical basis and do not consider the opinion of users in their development, which is why they have been evaluated negatively. The objective was to develop and evaluate a mobile application to promote the correct and consistent use of the condom in youth at risk of HIV, based on a user-centered design thinking approach. Using qualitative methodology, three phases were carried out. In the first phase, inspiration, the needs of 9 young people were identified with respect to the use of the prototype. In the second phase, ideation, these needs were transformed into solutions and validated in 15 youths. In the third phase, implementation, a usability test was conducted on other 15 youths. In conclusion, this approach offered a practical solution for the development of a mobile prototype to encourage the use of condoms in young people(AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Aplicações da Informática Médica , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Preservativos , Aplicativos Móveis , MéxicoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: to compare the biomarkers and the allostatic load levels in a sample of older persons with and without canine companionship. METHOD: descriptive and comparative study. Data were collected using a sociodemographic questionnaire and a fasting blood sample. The allostatic load comprised 11 biomarkers that are primary and secondary stress mediators, which arise from the following systems: neuroendocrine, immune, metabolic, cardiovascular and anthropometric. RESULTS: a significant difference was found in two biomarkers: cortisol (t= -3.091, df=104, p=0.003) and total cholesterol (t= -2.566, df=104, p=0.012), in the allostatic load levels between older adults with and without a canine companionship (U= 1714.00, Z= 2.01, p=0.044). By associating the allostatic load level with the canine companionship, there was a higher frequency of older adults with low allostatic load among those who have canine companion, compared with those who do not have canine companionship. (χ2= 3.69, df=1, p= 0.043). CONCLUSION: canine companionship influences health in a positive way, as the allostatic load is lower in older adults who have a dog as companion, in addition to presenting lower levels of cortisol and total cholesterol.
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Alostase/fisiologia , Biomarcadores/sangue , Cães , Animais de Estimação , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Pressão Sanguínea/fisiologia , Proteína C-Reativa/análise , LDL-Colesterol/sangue , Estudos Transversais , Jejum/sangue , Feminino , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/análise , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/sangue , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective: to compare the biomarkers and the allostatic load levels in a sample of older persons with and without canine companionship. Method: descriptive and comparative study. Data were collected using a sociodemographic questionnaire and a fasting blood sample. The allostatic load comprised 11 biomarkers that are primary and secondary stress mediators, which arise from the following systems: neuroendocrine, immune, metabolic, cardiovascular and anthropometric. Results: a significant difference was found in two biomarkers: cortisol (t= -3.091, df=104, p=0.003) and total cholesterol (t= -2.566, df=104, p=0.012), in the allostatic load levels between older adults with and without a canine companionship (U= 1714.00, Z= 2.01, p=0.044). By associating the allostatic load level with the canine companionship, there was a higher frequency of older adults with low allostatic load among those who have canine companion, compared with those who do not have canine companionship. (χ2= 3.69, df=1, p= 0.043). Conclusion: canine companionship influences health in a positive way, as the allostatic load is lower in older adults who have a dog as companion, in addition to presenting lower levels of cortisol and total cholesterol.
RESUMO Objetivo: comparar os biomarcadores e o nível de carga alostática em uma amostra de idosos com e sem companhia canina. Método: estudo descritivo e comparativo. Os dados foram coletados por meio de uma ficha sociodemográfica e uma amostra de sangue em jejum. A carga alostática incluiu 11 biomarcadores que são mediadores primários e secundários de estresse, os quais são resultantes dos sistemas: neuroendócrino, imune, metabólico, cardiovascular e antropométrico. Resultados: houve diferença significativa em dois biomarcadores: cortisol (t= -3,091; gl=104; p=0,003) e colesterol total (t= -2,566; gl=104; p=0,012), no nível de carga alostática entre os idosos com e sem companhia canina (U= 1714,00; Z= 2,01; p= 0,044). Ao associar o nível de carga alostática com a companhia canina, houve uma maior frequência de idosos com baixa carga alostática naqueles que têm companhia canina, em comparação com aqueles que não têm a companhia canina (χ2= 3,69; gl=1; p=0,043). Conclusão: a companhia canina interfere na saúde de maneira positiva, pois a carga alostática dos idosos que têm um cão como companhia é menor, além de apresentarem uma concentração menor de cortisol e de colesterol total.
RESUMEN Objetivo: comparar los biomarcadores y el nivel de carga alostática en una muestra de adultos mayores con y sin acompañamiento canino. Método: estudio descriptivo, comparativo. Los datos se colectaron mediante una ficha sociodemográfica y una muestra de sangre en ayuno. La carga alostática incluyó 11 biomarcadores que son mediadores primarios y secundarios del estrés, los cuales provienen de los sistemas: neuroendocrino, inmune, metabólico, cardiovascular y antropométrico. Resultados: hubo diferencia significativa en dos biomarcadores: cortisol (t=-3.091, gl=104, p=0.003) y colesterol total (t=-2.566, gl=104, p=0.012), en el nivel de carga alostática entre los adultos mayores con y sin compañía canina (U=1714.00, Z=2.01, p=0.044). Al asociar el nivel de carga alostática con la compañía canina, existió mayor frecuencia de adultos mayores con carga alostática baja en quienes son acompañados por un canino, comparado con aquellos que no tienen acompañamiento canino (χ2=3.69, gl=1, p=0.043). Conclusión: el acompañamiento canino interviene en la salud de forma positiva, ya que es menor la carga alostática de los adultos mayores que tienen un perro como compañía, asimismo, presentan menor concentración de cortisol y colesterol total.
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Humanos , Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Pressão Sanguínea/fisiologia , Proteína C-Reativa/análise , Biomarcadores/sangue , Alostase/fisiologia , Hipoglicemia/sangue , LDL-Colesterol/sangue , Estudos TransversaisRESUMO
Abstract Introduction: Clinical evidence-based medicine has found increasing benefits of yoga. Objective: To describe the effects on lung function assessed by rest spirometry -vital forced capacity (VFC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and FEV1/VFC ratio- in a group of apparently healthy adults, as well as to explore the effects of pranayama techniques in lactate kinetics. Materials and methods: Quasi-experimental study performed in sedentary adults with no prior experience in yoga practice, who received a stimulus during 12 weeks with a minimum frequency of two sessions per week. They were divided into a yoga group (YG) and a control group (CG). Body composition, blood pressure, heart rate, double product (DP), peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), blood lactate (Lacts), hematocrit (Htc) by micromethod, and spirometry were determined before and after a training plan with Pranayama. The variables analyzed were forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and FEV1/ FVC ratio. Results: Significant differences were found in FVC, FEV1 and lactate among YG and CG (p<0.05), and before and after the stimulus in the YG (p<0.05). The double product improved in both groups. Conclusions: Targeted practice ofpranayama for 12 weeks improved FVC, FEV1, double product (p <0.05) and lactate production capacity (anaerobic capacity).
Resumen Introducción. La medicina basada en evidencia clínica encuentra cada vez más beneficios del yoga en sus practicantes. Objetivo. Describir los efectos en la función pulmonar y la cinética del lactato ocasionados por la práctica de pranayamas en adultos con apariencia saludable. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio cuasiexperimental en adultos sedentarios sin experiencia en la práctica de yoga, quienes realizaron un estímulo durante 12 semanas con un frecuencia mínima de dos sesiones por semana. Se dividieron en un grupo de yoga (GY) y un grupo de control (GC). Se determinó composición corporal, presión arterial, frecuencia cardíaca, doble producto (DP), saturación periférica de oxígeno (SpO2), lactato en sangre (Lacts), hematocrito (Htc) por micrométodo, y espirometría previa y posterior a un plan de entrenamiento con pranayamas. Las variables analizadas fueron: capacidad vital forzada (CVF), volumen espiratorio forzado del primer segundo (VEF1) y relación VEF1/CVF. Resultados. Los resultados de la CVF, VEF1 y lactato presentaron diferencias significativas entre el GY y el GC (p<0.05), antes y después del estímulo en el GY (p<0.05). El doble producto mejoró en ambos grupos. Conclusiones. La práctica dirigida de pranayamas durante 12 semanas mejoró la CVF, el VEF1, el doble producto (p<0.05) y la capacidad de producción de lactato (capacidad anaeróbica).
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BACKGROUND: Type 1 diabetes can be difficult to control. Augmented pump therapy (CSII-rtCGM) has become an important tool for controlling blood glucose and decreasing hypoglycemia. METHODS: Describe the results 1 year after starting CSII-rtCGM in patients with diabetes in Medellín, Colombia. This is an observational, retrospective study. Patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes started on CSII-rtCGM between January 2008 and June 2015 were included. Qualitative variables were analyzed as absolute or relative frequencies. Quantitative variables were obtained through central tendency and dispersion according to the normal distribution of the analyzed variable using Kolmogorov-Smirnov. SPSS 19 from IBM was used. RESULTS: Two hundred forty-seven patients were identified, of those 183 were included. The starting HbA1C was 8.7% ± 1.7% and 7.4% ± 0.8% (P < 0.05) 1 year later. 16.5% of patients had been admitted to the hospital before starting CSII-rtCGM, after 1 year the admission rate was 6.0% (P < 0.05). The incidence of severe hypoglycemia at the beginning was 32%, 1 year later it was 7.1%. CONCLUSION: CSII-rtCGM therapy improves glucose control and decreases severe hypoglycemic events and hospital admission rate.
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Glicemia/análise , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Sistemas de Infusão de Insulina , Insulina/uso terapêutico , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Colômbia , Feminino , Humanos , Hipoglicemiantes/administração & dosagem , Insulina/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Several clinical trials have substantiated the efficacy of the co-administration of statins like atorvastatin (ATO) and fibrates. Without information currently available about the interaction between the two drugs, a pharmacokinetic study was conducted to investigate the effect when both drugs were co-administered. The purpose of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic profile of tablets containing ATO 20 mg, or the combination of ATO 20 mg with fenofibrate (FNO) 160 mg administered to healthy Mexican volunteers. This was a randomized, two-period, two-sequence, crossover study; 36 eligible subjects aged between 20-50 years were included. Blood samples were collected up to 96 h after dosing, and pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained by non-compartmental analysis. Adverse events were evaluated based on subject interviews and physical examinations. Area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) and maximum plasma drug concentration (Cmax) were measured for ATO as the reference and ATO and FNO as the test product for bioequivalence design. The estimation computed (90% confidence intervals) for ATO and FNO combination versus ATO for Cmax, AUC0-t and AUC0-∞, were 102,09, 125,95, and 120,97%, respectively. These results suggest that ATO and FNO have no relevant clinical-pharmacokinetic drug interaction.
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OBJECTIVE: To identify dengue-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices among primary school students in Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico, before and after an educational intervention. METHODS: The study was carried out at 19 randomly selected public primary schools. Surveys of knowledge, attitudes, and practices were conducted before and after educational sessions with fifthand sixth-grade elementary school students. The educational strategy "Escuelas sin mosquitos" ("Schools without Mosquitoes") emphasized the importance of students' participation in taking care of their schools and homes in order to prevent dengue through vector control. RESULTS: Before and after the educational sessions, a total of 3 124 surveys were conducted on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of 1 562 fifth and sixth-grade students (772 and 790 students, respectively) between 10 and 12 years of age. The students' level of knowledge was significantly higher after the implementation of the educational strategy. In comparison with the fifth-graders, the sixth-grade students both already had and also acquired significantly more knowledge of several aspects of the disease and the vector. In all the schools, there were containers with water identified as potential breeding sites, and in 68% of the schools, these containers tested positive for Aedes aegypti larvae. CONCLUSIONS: It was demonstrated that by implementing an educational strategy, children's knowledge, attitudes, and practices were improved in terms of taking care of their schools and promoting a change of attitude to this disease at home.
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Dengue , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Criança , Educação em Saúde , Humanos , México , Instituições Acadêmicas , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Identificar los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre el dengue en alumnos de escuelas primarias de Tapachula, Chiapas, México, antes y después de una intervención educativa. MÉTODOS: El estudio se desarrolló en 19 escuelas primarias públicas seleccionadas al azar. Se aplicaron encuestas de conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas antes y después de una estrategia educativa a alumnos de 5º y 6º grado de nivel primario. La estrategia educativa se denominó "Escuelas sin mosquitos" e hizo énfasis en la importancia de la participación de los alumnos en el autocuidado de sus escuelas y hogares para la prevención del dengue mediante el control del vector. RESULTADOS: Se aplicaron 3 124 encuestas de conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas antes y después de la estrategia educativa, a 1 562 alumnos de 5º y 6º grado (772 y 790 alumnos, respectivamente) con edades que oscilaron entre los 10 y los 12 años. El nivel de conocimiento aumentó de manera significativa en comparación con el que los alumnos tenían antes de la estrategia educativa. Los alumnos de 6º grado tenían y adquirieron significativamente más conocimiento sobre varios aspectos de la enfermedad y el vector en comparación a los de 5º grado. En todas las escuelas se hallaron recipientes con agua y 68% de las escuelas tuvieron recipientes positivos para larvas de Aedes aegypti. CONCLUSIONES: Se demostró que mediante la implementación de una estrategia educativa, aumentan el conocimiento, actitudes y prácticas de los niños sobre el autocuidado de sus escuelas y que pueden actuar como promotores del cambio de actitud sobre esta enfermedad en sus hogares.
OBJECTIVE: To identify dengue-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices among primary school students in Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico, before and after an educational intervention. METHODS: The study was carried out at 19 randomly selected public primary schools. Surveys of knowledge, attitudes, and practices were conducted before and after educational sessions with fifthand sixth-grade elementary school students. The educational strategy "Escuelas sin mosquitos" ("Schools without Mosquitoes") emphasized the importance of students' participation in taking care of their schools and homes in order to prevent dengue through vector control. RESULTS: Before and after the educational sessions, a total of 3 124 surveys were conducted on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of 1 562 fifthand sixth-grade students (772 and 790 students, respectively) between 10 and 12 years of age. The students' level of knowledge was significantly higher after the implementation of the educational strategy. In comparison with the fifth-graders, the sixth-grade students both already had and also acquired significantly more knowledge of several aspects of the disease and the vector. In all the schools, there were containers with water identified as potential breeding sites, and in 68% of the schools, these containers tested positive for Aedes aegypti larvae. CONCLUSIONS: It was demonstrated that by implementing an educational strategy, children's knowledge, attitudes, and practices were improved in terms of taking care of their schools and promoting a change of attitude to this disease at home.
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Humanos , Criança , Dengue , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Educação em Saúde , México , Instituições Acadêmicas , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Introducción: En los últimos años se ha reportado un incremento de enfermedades y accidentes laborales debido a factores psicosociales negativos en el lugar de trabajo. Objetivo: Analizar la asociación entre los factores de riesgo psicosociales laborales y los aspectos de salud de los trabajadores del transporte público. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal y analítico. La población la conformaron 506 trabajadores del sistema de transporte público urbano de una ciudad de México, tanto directivos como operativos, que mostraran disposición para contestar los instrumentos de evaluación: un cuestionario con ítems sociodemográficos, laborales y de problemas de salud y la Guía de Identificación de Factores Psicosociales, elaborada por el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Resultados: Entre los resultados más sobresaliente se observó que el 43,4% mencionó haber tenido alguna enfermedad y un 20% refirió que está relacionada con su trabajo. Se obtuvo una prevalencia del 26,9% de factores psicosociales negativos en su área de trabajo, y las asociaciones negativas se inclinaron a las áreas de interacción social y del sistema de trabajo. Conclusiones: Todo trabajador está expuesto a una diversidad de riesgos de tipo psicosocial, los cuales generan una serie de repercusiones en la salud y el bienestar del trabajador. Laborar bajo condiciones inseguras impide que el trabajador realice óptimamente sus funciones...
Introduction: In recent years, an increase in diseases and accidents have been reported due to the presence of adverse psychosocial factors in the workplace. Objective: To analyze the association between psychosocial factors at work and health aspects of public transport workers. Method: We conducted a crosssectional descriptive and analytical study. The population was made up of 506 workers (census) of an Urban Public Transport System of a city in Mexico including top management and operational personnel, that showed a willingness to answer the assessment instruments: A questionnaire with items of social-demographic, labor, and health problems and the Guidelines for the Identification of Psychosocial Factors developed by the Mexican Social Security Institute. Results: Among the most striking results we found that 43.4% reported having had an illness and 20% said that it was related to their work. The prevalence was 26.9% of adverse psychosocial factors in the work area, and the negative associations leant towards the areas of social interaction and the working system. Conclusions: Any worker is exposed to a variety of psychosocial risks, which generate a series of impacts on the health and wellbeing of the worker. Unsafe working conditions do not allow the worker to perform his/her functions optimally...
Assuntos
Riscos Ocupacionais , Condições de Trabalho , Categorias de TrabalhadoresRESUMO
Antecedentes: El sobrepeso y la obesidad son problemas de salud que se presentan con frecuencia en la población general, estos tienen múltiples consecuencias sobre la salud. Los tratamientos para bajar de peso son difíciles, tienen problemas de adherencia y en general, se requiere un abordaje multidisciplinario en su tratamiento. La auriculoterapia es una alternativa terapéutica conocida pero cuya eficacia no ha sido abordada desde una revisión sistemática. Objetivo: Determinar si la auriculoterapia como monoterapia o como terapia combinada es útil para disminuir el índice de masa corporal en personas que sufren de sobrepeso u obesidad. Metodologia: Se realizó una búsqueda intensiva en la literatura médica a través de las bases de datos PUMBED, EMBSCO, LiLaCS, IMBIOMED, OVID y EMBASE de los ensayos clínicos controlados en los cuales se estudiara la eficacia de la auriculoterapia en los tratamientos para disminuir el peso publicados entre los años 2000 y 2011. Se incluyeron estudios en idiomas español, inglés, mandarín y francés. El riesgo de sesgo en los estudios se evaluó con una escala de cinco ítems. Se realizó un análisis cualitativo y se realizó un meta análisis para la estimación del efecto del tratamiento. Resultados: La búsqueda permitió identificar 7 estudios experimentales, 6 ensayos clínicos y un estudio cross over. Los 6 ensayos clínicos fueron incluidos dentro del análisis cuali y cuantitativo. En general los estudios presentaron un riesgo de sesgo de moderado a alto. El tratamiento con auriculoacupuntura mas electroacupuntura corporal logró la disminución de -2.11 kg (IC95% -2.51, -1.72) contra no acupuntura, -2.63 kg (IC95% - 2.67, -2.59) contra placebo y -1.76 (IC95% -1.96, -1.56) contra la dieta. No se encontraron estudios que hicieran una comparación cabeza a cabeza contra el tratamiento farmacológico. El tratamiento de auriculoacupuntura benefició también los síntomas depresivos y ansiosos y los niveles de colesterol total, colesterol LDL y trigliceridos. Conclusión: Comienza a construirse la evidencia en torno a esta indicación de la auriculoacupuntura. Aunque la evidencia aún no es contundente, existen indicios que sugieren que la auriculoacupuntura mas electroacupuntura corporal es un tratamiento eficaz en la reducción del peso.
Assuntos
Humanos , Literatura de Revisão como Assunto , Sobrepeso/terapia , Auriculoterapia , Obesidade/terapia , Eletroacupuntura , Base de DadosRESUMO
Disability after traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) results from physical trauma and from "secondary mechanisms of injury" such as low metabolic energy levels, oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation. In order to prove if early metabolic reactivation is a better therapeutic option than antioxidant therapy in the acute phase of TSCI, spinal cord contusions were performed in adult rats using a well-characterized weight drop technique at thoracic 9 level. After TSCI, pyrophosphate of thiamine or non-degradable cocarboxylase (NDC) enzyme was used to maintain energy levels, antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase and catalase (ANT) were used to decrease oxidative damage and methylprednisolone (MP), which has both therapeutic properties, was used as a control. Rats were divided into one sham group and six with TSCI; one of them received no treatment, and the rest were treated with NDC, MP, NDC + MP, NDC + ANT or ANT. The ANT group decreased lactate and creatine phosphokinase levels and increased the amount of preserved tissue (morphometric analysis) as well as functional recovery (Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan or BBB motor scale). In contrast, NDC treatment increased lipid peroxidation, measured through thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels, as well as spinal cord tissue destruction and functional deficit. Early metabolic reactivation after a TSCI may be deleterious, while natural early metabolic inhibition may not be a "secondary mechanism of injury" but a "secondary neuroprotective response". While increased antioxidant defence after a TSCI may currently be an ideal therapeutic strategy, the usefulness of metabolic reactivation should be tested in the sub-acute or chronic phases of TSCI and new strategies must continue to be tested for the early ones.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/tratamento farmacológico , Tiamina Pirofosfato/uso terapêutico , Complexo Vitamínico B/uso terapêutico , Doença Aguda , Envelhecimento , Animais , Catalase/uso terapêutico , Creatina Quinase/metabolismo , Feminino , Ácido Láctico/metabolismo , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Distribuição Aleatória , Ratos , Ratos Long-Evans , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica , Medula Espinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Medula Espinal/metabolismo , Medula Espinal/patologia , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/metabolismo , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/patologia , Superóxido Dismutase/uso terapêutico , Substâncias Reativas com Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/metabolismo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
La triada de anemia, síndrome nefrótico y opacidad corneal sugiere deficiencia de lecitin-colesterol aciltransferasa (LCAT), desorden familiar autosómico recesivo que cursa con altos niveles de fosfatidilcolina y colesterol no esterificado con formación de una lipoproteína anormal (lipoproteína X)...
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Lipoproteína-X , Síndrome NefróticaRESUMO
The photosynthetic protist Euglena gracilis contains chloroplasts surrounded by three membranes which arise from secondary endosymbiosis. The genes petA and petD, encoding cytochrome f and subunit IV of the cytochrome bf complex, normally present in chloroplast genomes, are lacking from the chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) of E. gracilis. The bf complex of E. gracilis was isolated, and the identities of cytochrome f and subunit IV were established immunochemically, by heme-specific staining, and by Edman degradation. Based on N-terminal and conserved internal protein sequences, primers were designed and used for PCR gene amplification and cDNA sequencing. The complete sequence of the petA cDNA and the partial sequence of the petD cDNA from E. gracilis are described. Evidence is provided that in this protist, the petA and petD genes have migrated from the chloroplast to the nucleus. Both genes exhibit a typical nuclear codon usage, clearly distinct from the usage of chloroplast genes. The petA gene encodes an atypical cytochrome f, with a unique insertion of 62 residues not present in other f-type cytochromes. The petA gene also acquired a region that encodes a large tripartite chloroplast transit peptide (CTP), which is thought to allow the import of apocytochrome f through the three-membrane envelope of E. gracilis chloroplasts. This is the first description of petA and petD genes that are nucleus-localized.
Assuntos
Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Cloroplastos/genética , Grupo dos Citocromos b/genética , Complexo Citocromos b6f , Citocromos/genética , Euglena gracilis/genética , Genoma de Planta , Fotossíntese , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Citocromos f , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Hibridização de Ácido Nucleico , Subunidades ProteicasRESUMO
La Tetralogía de Fallot, es la cardiopatía congénita cianosante más importante. Se hizo un estudio descriptivo de los posibles factores de riesgo asociados a esta patología. El universo de estudio fué el total de la población atendida en al Fundación Cardio Infantil durante el período de Agosto 1 de 1989 a Marzo 31 de 1990. Se presentaron 34 casos de Tetralogía de Fallot a los cuales se les aplicó un cuestionario elaborado para investigar factores de riesgo basados en la revisión bibliográfica. El 61.8 por ciento de los casos fueron mujeres (21 de 34 casos) y 38.2 por ciento hombres (13 de 34 casos). El 91.2 por ciento de las madres estuvieron entre 25 y 35 años. El 20.6 por ciento de estas, fueron primigestantes. El 38.2 por ciento del total de las madres tuvieron abortos. El 63.6 por ciento de las madres consumieron multivitamínicos y el 77.2 por ciento antibióticos (tipo amoxacilina y penicilina). Ninguna madre en el estudio era farmacodependiente o alcohólica. El 55.8 por ciento de los recién nacidos fueron pretérmino. Se encontró una mayor frecuencia en el sexo femenino. No se asoció con antecedentes familiares, patológicos, farmacológicos o toxicoalérgicos durante el embarazo; tampoco se asoció con edad de la madre, paridad ni gravidez aun cuando la frecuencia de abortos fue mayor a la de la población general. Este estudio puede servir de base para futuras investigaciones para comprobar la asociación directa de factores específicos en relación a la Tetralogía de Fallot