RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to estimate five harmonized healthy aging indicators covering functional ability and intrinsic capacity among older women and men from Brazil and England and evaluate their association with loneliness. STUDY DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study. METHODS: We used two nationally representative samples of men and women aged ≥60 years from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil) wave 2 (2019-2021; n = 6929) and the English Longitudinal Study of Aging wave 9 (2018-2019; n = 5902). Healthy aging included five separate indicators (getting dressed, taking medication, managing money, cognitive function, and handgrip strength). Loneliness was measured by the 3-item University of California Loneliness Scale. Logistic regression models stratified by sex and country were performed. RESULTS: Overall, age-adjusted healthy aging indicators were worse in Brazil compared with England for both men and women. Considering functional ability, loneliness was negatively associated with all indicators (ranging from odds ratio [OR] = 0.26, [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.13-0.52] in English men regarding the ability to take medication to OR = 0.49 [95% CI 0.27-0.89] in Brazilian women regarding the ability to manage money). Considering intrinsic capacity, loneliness was negatively associated with a higher cognitive function (OR = 0.72; 95% CI 0.55-0.95 in English women) and a higher handgrip strength (OR = 0.61; 95% CI 0.45-0.83 in Brazilian women). Lonely women demonstrated lower odds of a higher number of healthy aging indicators than men in both countries. CONCLUSIONS: Country-specific social environments should be targeted by public policies to decrease loneliness and promote healthy aging later in life.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento Saudável , Solidão , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Idoso , Solidão/psicologia , Estudos Longitudinais , Brasil , Estudos Transversais , Força da Mão , Caracteres Sexuais , InglaterraRESUMO
Pannexins (Panx) are proteins that form functional single membrane channels, but they have not yet been described in dogs. The aim of the present study was to detect Panx1, Panx2 and Panx3 in frozen-thawed dog spermatozoa using flow cytometry and immunofluorescence analyses, evaluating the relationship of these proteins with propidium iodide (PI) in frozen-thawed spermatozoa. Fresh and frozen-thawed dog spermatozoa from eight dogs were preincubated with 3µM PI with or without 15µM carbenoxolone (CBX) or 1mM probenecid (PBD), two Panx channel inhibitors, and then incubated with rabbit anti-Panx1, anti-Panx2 and anti-Panx3 antibodies (1:200). Panx immunolocalisation was assessed by fluorescence microscopy. Flow cytometry data were evaluated by analysis of variance. All three Panx proteins were found in dog spermatozoa: Panx1 was mostly localised to the acrosomal and equatorial segment, Panx2 was found in the posterior region of the head and tail and Panx3 was localised to the equatorial and posterior head segment. The percentage of PI-positive cells determined by flow cytometry was reduced (P<0.05) in the presence of Panx inhibitors. These results show that Panx proteins are present in dog spermatozoa and increase PI permeability in frozen-thawed dog sperm, suggesting that the percentage of PI-positive spermatozoa used as an indicator of non-viable cells may lead to overestimation of non-viable cells.
Assuntos
Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Conexinas/metabolismo , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/metabolismo , Propídio/farmacologia , Espermatozoides/metabolismo , Acrossomo/efeitos dos fármacos , Acrossomo/metabolismo , Animais , Carbenoxolona/farmacologia , Membrana Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Criopreservação/veterinária , Cães , Masculino , Permeabilidade , Probenecid/farmacologia , Preservação do Sêmen/veterinária , Espermatozoides/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
STUDY DESIGN: This work is an experimental and prospective study in adult, female, Long-Evans rats. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to probe the effect of metabolic inhibition after an acute traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) using a standardized contusion model (NYU impactor) to know whether the metabolic inhibition is a 'secondary mechanism of injury' or a mechanism of protection. SETTING: All experimental procedures were carried out in the Mexico City. METHODS: Animals were divided into five groups: one sham and four with TSCI, including no treatment, rotenone (inhibitor of mitochondrial complex I), sodium azide (inhibitor of mitochondrial complex IV) and pyrophosphate of thiamine or non-degradable cocarboxylase as a metabolic reactivator. RESULTS: After TSCI, the metabolic inhibition with sodium azide treatment diminished the lipid peroxidation process (malondialdehyde levels by spectrophotometric procedures) and the damage to the spinal cord tissue (morphometric analysis), and increased the activity of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase enzymes (P<0.05) (measured by spectrophotometric procedures 24 h after TSCI as well as after the functional recovery of the hind limb (evaluated weekly for 2 months by the BBB (Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan) scale)) when compared with the TSCI group without treatment. CONCLUSION: The results show that the partial and transitory inhibition of the aerobic metabolism after an acute TSCI could be a self-protection mechanism instead of being a 'secondary mechanism of injury'.
Assuntos
Metabolismo Energético/efeitos dos fármacos , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/tratamento farmacológico , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/metabolismo , Medula Espinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Medula Espinal/metabolismo , Animais , Creatina Quinase/efeitos dos fármacos , Creatina Quinase/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Complexo de Proteínas da Cadeia de Transporte de Elétrons/efeitos dos fármacos , Complexo de Proteínas da Cadeia de Transporte de Elétrons/metabolismo , Metabolismo Energético/fisiologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Feminino , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/efeitos dos fármacos , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/fisiologia , Masculino , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Ratos , Ratos Long-Evans , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica/efeitos dos fármacos , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica/fisiologia , Rotenona/farmacologia , Azida Sódica/farmacologia , Medula Espinal/fisiopatologia , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/fisiopatologia , Tiamina Pirofosfato/farmacologia , Resultado do Tratamento , Desacopladores/farmacologia , Complexo Vitamínico B/farmacologiaRESUMO
We describe a novel method to study drastic change in ecosystems, based on generic functions used in the study of phase transitions and related physical phenomena. We illustrate its use by applying it to the problem of shallow lake eutrophication, and express our results in terms of an interplay between phosphorus content in the water column and fluxes of this substance between the lake and both its biological community and its surroundings. We contrast our solution to this problem with a previous one based on the concept of resilience, and on bifurcation analysis of a dynamical equation that also involves phosphorus concentration and fluxes. We then suggest a generalized dynamical scheme incorporating the generic functions above, that reduces to our original method in the stationary condition, and allows in addition dealing with cyclic and chaotic regimes, as illustrated through a particular example.
Assuntos
Ecologia/métodos , Ecossistema , Ecologia/estatística & dados numéricos , Eutrofização , Água Doce/análise , Matemática , Modelos Biológicos , Dinâmica não Linear , Fósforo/análise , TermodinâmicaRESUMO
Recent reports indicate that populations of the black sea urchin Diadema antillarum are slowly coming back in several localities in the Caribbean after 15 years of absence. In La Parguera, Puerto Rico, urchins were totally absent from reef localities until 1996, when isolated, medium size individuals were observed in shallow reef habitats. To assess the status (distribution, densities and size structure) of populations of D. antillarum 17 years after the die-off, twelve 20 m2 (10 x 2 m) band transects in each of four depth interval (0-3, 3-7, 7-11 and >11 m) in each of four fringing coral reefs, and six-eight band-transects in each of two depth intervals (0-3 and >3 m) in three lagoonal mounds were surveyed in 2001. All urchins present in the band transects in two depth intervals (0-3 and 3-8 m) were collected and measured (test diameter) in situ to determine the average size and size (age) structure of populations. Overall, average densities were low and not significantly different (F = 1.29, p = 0.125) across reef sites (0.83-1.39 ind/m2) and the seagrass mounds (1.09 +/- 0.6-1.30 +/- 0.6 ind/m2). Urchins were only found in the shallow areas (<3 m) on the seagrass mounds where they formed tight aggregations during daytime. Densities decreased significantly with increasing depth (r2 = -0.60) in reef sites and were significantly higher (F = 5.97, p < 0.001) in shallow reef platforms (0.89 +/- 0.69 - 1.98 +/- 0.65 ind/m2) (0-3 m), and the upper fore-reef (0.56 +/- 0.14 - 2.33 +/- 1.1 ind/m2) habitats (3-7m), compared to deeper (> 7 m) habitats (0.01 +/- 0.02 - 0.88 +/- 1.06 ind/m2). Enrique reef had a significantly higher (K-W, H = 165.19, p < 0.001) population average size (Median = 7.7) compared to all other sites. Populations in the sea grass mounds were dominated by midsize to large individuals. Within reefs, the average size did not vary significantly across depth intervals with medium to large size urchins dominating. Higher number of aggregations and higher number of urchins per aggregation were correlated with low complexity (rugosity) habitats (Pearson's r = -0.772, p < 0.001 and r = -0.778, p < 0.001 respectively), which supports the idea that this behavior provides protection. Although average densities were well below pre-mass-mortality densities in Puerto Rico, results of this study indicate that Diadema seem to be making a slow come back in La Parguera.
Assuntos
Animais , Ecossistema , Ouriços-do-Mar/fisiologia , Monitoramento Ambiental , Densidade Demográfica , Dinâmica Populacional , Porto Rico , Água do MarRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The importance of cerebral ischemia in clinical practice has driven the development of diverse experimental models of its different forms and different methods of producing it have been described. Here we report our experience with the use of the internal carotid artery (ICA) as an access route for the permanent endoluminal occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in Wistar rats, and a detailed description of the procedure. AIMS: Our aim at the at the Universidad de Cuenca Research Institute was to establish a standard technique for the constant and repeatable production of a focal cerebral infarct in the MCA territory in Wistar rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using a cervical approach, the ICA was dissected in 20 Wistar rats and, by means of an arteriotomy, a 25 mm long nylon 3-0 or 4-0 filament was introduced until the MCA was obstructed. The infracted area was delimited with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride and its volume was calculated using computer software. RESULTS: Positive results were obtained in 10 cases, the mean volume of the infarct was 488.84 mm3, and the standard error was found to be 63.91 mm3. Subcortical infarcts occurred on three occasions. Two cases presented subarachnoid haemorrhage and two others showed parenchymatous haemorrhages; there were three deaths. CONCLUSIONS: The use of the ICA as an entry point is an effective alternative for the endovascular production of focal cerebral ischemia and the use of a nylon 4-0 filament was more efficient than using a calibre 3-0 filament.
Assuntos
Artéria Carótida Interna/cirurgia , Infarto Cerebral , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Infarto da Artéria Cerebral Média , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Vasculares/métodos , Animais , Feminino , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , SuturasRESUMO
We explore the feasibility of using mutual information to characterize the homeopathic effect. This quantity measures the information gained about a signal at time, from its value at an earlier... (AU)
Assuntos
Teoria da Informação , Frequência Cardíaca , Strophantus hispidusRESUMO
There are two aspects to the problem of describing the homeopathic effect in physical terms: the nature of the therapeutic agent, and the system on which it acts. The latter can be considered as a network, which provides a conceptual framework that throws new light on long-standing questions, based on generic results such as the enhanced susceptibility of networks near critical states. It suggests a characterisation of health and disease in terms of distance from a critical state. The Internet provides a concrete analogy. This predicts a limiting condition on the acceptable loss of highly connected nodes in the system, and suggests a procedure to measure its connectivity and related parameters.
Assuntos
Homeopatia , Internet , Metáfora , HumanosRESUMO
It is argued that succussion drives the homeopathic tincture undergoing potentisation to a turbulent regime, where vortices continually formanddisappear, ranging in size from the linear extent of the... (AU)
Assuntos
Dinamização , Turbulência de Fluidos , Pesquisa Homeopática BásicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The "burnout syndrome" is characterized by emotional exhaustion, despersonalization and decrease of the feeling of personal accomplishment, above all, in the field of professional achievement. It appears to be frequent in the helping professions and the human services workers, and in its origin labour factors seem to intervent. HYPOTHESIS: The "burnout syndrome" can be affecting to the collective of spanish pediatric surgeons since the profession presents risk factors. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of "burnout" and level of work satisfaction among spanish pediatric surgeons, and related factors. METHODS. DESIGN: [corrected] Crossover descriptive study. SUBJECTS: Random sample of members of the Spanish Society of Pediatric Surgery. MEASUREMENTS: A survey for self-administration with social and demographic variables, a spanish version of the Maslach Bournout Inventory (MBI), and the Font Roja questionnaire was used. The MBI consists of 22 items and the Font Roja of 24. Respectively, they explore the components of the syndrome and the factors of satisfaction with the work. It is considered "burnout" when it is scoring high in emotional exhaustion and despersonalization and low in personal achievement. RESULTS: 85 people responded (response rate: 45.5%. Male: 81.2%. Mean age: 49.8 years. Burnout scores were in the average range (43.88 +/- 5.59). The emotional exhaustion subscale of the MBI averaged 19.16 +/- 5.35, with 75.3% in the moderate range. The despersonalization score averaged 11.79 +/- 3.68, with 45.9% of respondents scoring in the high range. The personal achievement subscore averaged 12.93 +/- 3.68, with 82.4% scoring in the low range. The overall mean satisfaction: 70.46 +/- 11.23. The factors that promote a greater satisfaction level are: intrinsic occupational satisfaction, social relationship in the work and appropriateness for the task. CONCLUSIONS: It exists a moderate level of "burnout syndrome" with a middle level of work satisfaction. Though contradictory this circumstance is possible, since it is considered professional satisfied with their profession (vocational election) that at the same time lives some difficult work conditions that generate a situation of high exhaustion professional.
Assuntos
Esgotamento Profissional/epidemiologia , Cirurgia Geral , Pediatria , Adulto , Estudos Cross-Over , Feminino , Humanos , Satisfação no Emprego , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Espanha/epidemiologia , Recursos HumanosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The written information that is provided to the patient must gather a series of characteristics, quantitative and qualitative, so that fulfill the ethical criteria that govern the theory of the Informed Consent. AIMS: To evaluated the degree of exhaustivity and readability of a series of Informed Consents forms in Pediatric Surgery units. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 1. Forms: We evaluated 118 consent forms submitted by 17 pediatric surgery units. 2. Exhaustivity: The studied variables have been: name of the hospital, name of the patient, name of the physician, date, description of the procedure, objectives, risks mention, personalized risks, possibility of recovery, benefits of the procedure, alternatives, possibility from withdrawing the assent, arrangement to widen the information, comprehension of the document, express assent and signatures. All the variables are dichotomics, being collected your presence or absence. 3. Readability: Each document has been introduced in the program "Corel Word Perfect". It was applied to the usefulness "Grammatik" and were collected: number of words, number of phrases, Flesch/Kincaid index, Orational Complexity index and LEGIN index. RESULTS: 1. Exhaustivity: The paragraphs presence in the different forms by order of frequency were: physician signature (100%), express assent (100%), signatures (100%), date (98%), name of the patient (97%), comprehension of the forms (97%), name of the physician (94%), risks mention (92%), name of the hospital (85%), description of the procedure (78%), possibility from withdrawing the assent (70%), personalized risks (67%), arrangement to widen information (43%), to explain alternatives (41%), objectives of the procedure (36%), benefits (36%), and possibility of the recovery (16%). 2. Readability: 11.1% of the forms fulfills the Flesch index, 27.9% the Orational Complexity index, and 22.1% LEGIN index. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the documents offer sufficient quantity of information with respect to the formal aspect and the risks an less with respect to the benefits. This seems to indicate your defensive character. Equally, they are difficult to reading and by difficult to understanding.
Assuntos
Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Operatórios , Criança , Ética Médica , HumanosRESUMO
We reproduce global features of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), a prominent source of heart rate variability, from two signals coupled in alternate fashion so dominance periodically switches back and forth between them. We consider two different possibilities for this coupling and illustrate our method with numerical simulations that we contrast with the corresponding results from real data. We interpret our findings within the context of the two-pacemaker model of the heartbeat, an alternative to the single-pacemaker mechanism of pulse generation in the orthodox conduction model.
Assuntos
Arritmias Cardíacas/fisiopatologia , Marca-Passo Artificial , HumanosRESUMO
A case of a adenocarcinoma renal in a patient with situs inversus complete to which was associated bronchiectasis and chronic sinusitis (kartagener's syndrome) is reported. It is the third case described in the international literature of a renal cells carcinoma in a patient with situs inversus totalis and the first in patient the one which has the triada classic of the kartagener's syndrome plus sterility. The tumor was discovered in a way incidental upon accomplishing a TAC toracoabdominal and was solved through nefrectomia for lumbotomy approach.
Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células Renais/complicações , Síndrome de Kartagener/complicações , Neoplasias Renais/complicações , Situs Inversus/complicações , Adulto , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Several studies have demonstrated that, between 30-60% of the cases, the urgent attention demand is considered inappropriate. This situation causes an increase in the sanitary costs and supposes for the patient a partial medical care. In the area of the Pediatric Surgery we have not found any work accomplished to such effect. DESIGN: Transverse observational study. SETTING: Emergency Service of a University Hospital. PATIENTS: a sample random (alpha: 0.05; precision: 0.05) of the patients attended during 1998. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Dependent: appropriateness. Independent: age, gender, proximity, diagnostic, studies of the parents, previous assistance, if attends by own initiative and motives that induce to demand. It was considered hospital emergency, continuing the criteria of the WHO, when it is considered vital emergency or when there is using of therapeutic or diagnostic means nor available in an primary level of health care. The statistic treatment consisted of a relative frequencies analysis, test x2 and t Student. RESULTS: Of 2,226 cases attended in emergency service, they have 441 reviewed (age: 5.54 years; 63% male). The most frequent diagnoses have been: injuries and small traumatisms (39.7%), abdominal pain (22.2%), burns (3.6%), appendicitis (3.2%) and hernias (3.2%); 86.2% attended by own initiative. The proximity (19.9%), the alarm by the symptoms (13.1%) and the ignorance of the existence of other level of health care (10%) have been the causes by the parents for attention demand. The 63.9% of the visits were considered inappropriate. It has been found relationship between inappropriate use and age (p < 0.02), proximity (p < 0.003), to attend by own initiative (p < 0.001), and expectation of the parents (p < 0.02). It does not exist relationship to the gender or the studies level of the parents. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that in the Emergency Services exists a high appropriateness. The accessibility, the availability of means, the rapidity of the attention and who takes the decision of attending are variable associated to the appropriateness.
Assuntos
Serviços Médicos de Emergência/estatística & dados numéricos , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Operatórios/estatística & dados numéricos , Procedimentos Desnecessários/estatística & dados numéricos , Revisão da Utilização de Recursos de Saúde , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Hospitais Universitários/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , EspanhaRESUMO
Wide ureteral injuries are unusual but not exceptional and have few conservative therapeutic options, specially those that involve the upper ureter. Autotransplantation, ureteral substitution by intestine and combined Boari bladder flap-psoas bladder hitch are basically the only chances to avoid nephrectomy. In this paper we report five cases in which ileum was used to substitute the ureter and review the most outstanding literature about this subject.
Assuntos
Íleo/transplante , Ureter/lesões , Ureter/cirurgia , Doenças Ureterais/cirurgia , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Malignant paratesticular tumors are uncommon. Of these, liposarcoma of the spermatic cord constitutes a rare tumor. Only a hundred cases have been reported. They are typically presented in elderly people. The usually have a good prognosis because of their low level of malignancy and their relapses tend to be localized. It has a high rate of survival over 5 years. Preoperative diagnosis is infrequent, it is suggested by the appearance of a progressively enlarging mass in the scrotum and the ultrasonography which shows a solid mass of the spermatic cord that is independent of the testicle. The choice treatment is radical orchidectomy, while long-term follow-up of these patients is mandatory because of local relapses. When local relapses become evident, the choice treatment is extensive local excision followed by adjuvant radiotherapy. In the present study we report a new case of a recurring, well differentiated spermatic cord liposarcoma of the type sclerotic, in a 50-year-old man. An exhaustive review of the literature has been made.
Assuntos
Neoplasias dos Genitais Masculinos/diagnóstico , Lipossarcoma/diagnóstico , Cordão Espermático , Neoplasias dos Genitais Masculinos/patologia , Neoplasias dos Genitais Masculinos/cirurgia , Humanos , Lipossarcoma/patologia , Lipossarcoma/cirurgia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/diagnóstico , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/radioterapia , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/cirurgia , Orquiectomia , Radioterapia Adjuvante , Cordão Espermático/patologia , Cordão Espermático/cirurgia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
We record ECGs from healthy human subjects during 24-h long intervals, using ambulatory equipment. We calculate from the data various parameters, searching for those that change in a clear and systematic way under... (AU)
Assuntos
Pesquisa Homeopática Básica , Strophantus hispidus/efeitos adversosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: There is wide-spread consensus that a part of the use of hospital resources is inadequate in the sense that the patients receive services that do not provide them with any significant benefits, or that could be more beneficial, or less costly, with a lower care standard. OBJECTIVE: The main aim of this work is to determine the percentage of inadequate stays in a pediatric surgery service and to identify the causes that provoke them. METHOD: It was a concurrent study in pediatric patients entered, at least 24 hours, by different disease for surgery, observation or study. Revising trained applied the pediatric version of the Appropriateness Evaluation Protocol on the medical records of these patients. It has been measured if the stay was appropriated or not, and the cause. RESULTS: The studied patients (279) caused a total of 1,001 stays of those which 373 (37.3%) were deemed to be unnecessary. The diseases with greater number of inappropriate stays were cryptorchidia (97.3%), hernia (88.9%), hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (50%), and soft tissues surgery (43.1%). A 68.2% of the unnecessary stays were responsibility of the hospital-service-surgeon, a 22.6% to the associated environment-familiar, and a 9.2% to the lack of alternative resources to the hospital. CONCLUSIONS: A meaningful proportion by day of hospital stay would be avoided. The unnecessary stays search facilitates the weak points identification on those which to develop improvement actions.
Assuntos
Serviços de Saúde da Criança/estatística & dados numéricos , Cirurgia Geral , Mau Uso de Serviços de Saúde , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , EspanhaRESUMO
A high level of DDT resistance and low levels of resistance to organophosphorus, carbamate and pyrethroid insecticides were detected by discriminating dose assays in field populations of Anopheles albimanus in Chiapas, southern Mexico, prior to a large-scale resistance management project described by Hemingway et al. (1997). Biochemical assays showed that the DDT resistance was caused by elevated levels of glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity leading to increased rates of metabolism of DDT to DDE. The numbers of individuals with elevated GST and DDT resistance were well correlated, suggesting that this is the only major DDT resistance mechanism in this population. The carbamate resistance in this population is conferred by an altered acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-based resistance mechanism. The level of resistance observed in the bioassays correlates with the frequency of individuals homozygous for the altered AChE allele. This suggests that the level of resistance conferred by this mechanism in its heterozygous state is below the level of detection by the WHO carbamate discriminating dosage bioassay. The low levels of organophosphate (OP) and pyrethroid resistance could be conferred by either the elevated esterase or monooxygenase enzymes. The esterases were elevated only with the substrate pNPA, and are unlikely to be causing broad spectrum OP resistance. The altered AChE mechanism may also be contributing to the OP but not the pyrethroid resistance. Significant differences in resistance gene frequencies were obtained from the F1 mosquitoes resulting from adults obtained by different collection methods. This may be caused by different insecticide selection pressures on the insects immediately prior to collection, or may be an indication that the indoor- and outdoor-resting A. albimanus collections are not from a randomly mating single population. The underlying genetic variability of the populations is currently being investigated by molecular methods.
Assuntos
Anopheles , Insetos Vetores , Controle de Mosquitos/métodos , Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Animais , Sistema Enzimático do Citocromo P-450/metabolismo , DDT/metabolismo , Feminino , Glutationa Transferase , Resistência a Inseticidas , Malária , MéxicoRESUMO
Contribution of two new cases of vesicouterine fistula secondary to a cesarean incision. In one case, diagnosis was achieved through cystography and cystoscopy, while in the second case cystography, cystoscopy and stain testing (methylene blue) were used. In both cases management was through transperitoneal and transvesical fistulorrhaphy. The two cases showed favourable post-operative evolution with no relapse.