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BACKGROUND: An association between HPV infection and progression to anal squamous intraepithelial lesions (ASIL) has been established, specifically in high-risk populations such as HIV-infected men. In this population, anal cancer is one of the most common non-AIDS-defining malignancies. METHODS: A cross-sectional study to detect anal lesions and HPV infection was performed. Anal mucosa samples were collected from 56 HIV-infected men from Cuba. The cytological diagnosis was done according to Bethesda 2001 System. HPV DNA detection was determined by qPCR for six high-risk HPV types and end point PCR for low-risk HPV types (6 and 11). The end point PCR with nucleotide sequencing technique was achieved to detect other genotypes of HPV not included in the qPCR in those samples negative for HPV- 6 and 11 or negative for the six genotypes identified in the qPCR. RESULTS: Cytological diagnosis identified 53 of 56 (95%) men with abnormal anal cytology. Among those, 26% (14/53) had atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US), 4% (2/53) had atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance cannot exclude high-grade lesions (ASC-H), 64% (34/53) had low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), and 6% (3/53) had high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL). HPV DNA was detected in 89% (50/56) of men and 79% had at least one of the high-risk HPV types. HPV- 16 was the most common genotype (52%), while HPV-18 was the most frequently detected genotype in men with HSIL. We found statistically significant differences in the HPV viral loads with respect to the cytology results (p = 0.0006) and that the practice of receptive anal sex was a risk factor for anal HPV infection (p = 0.032). CONCLUSION: This study shows a high prevalence of ASIL and high-risk HPV infections in the study group and is the first study showing the distribution of HPV genotypes in HIV infected Cuban men with abnormal anal cytology. This information may be of importance for local decision makers to improve prevention strategies, including the introduction of HPV vaccine in Cuba.
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BACKGROUND: A new vaccine candidate against pneumococcus is being developed in Cuba, and it is a priority of the national health system. There is limited information on nasopharyngeal colonization burden, though it is essential for monitoring the impact of the vaccine. The study aims to estimate the prevalence of nasopharyngeal colonization in children 2-18 months of age and identify circulating serotypes, antimicrobial resistance and its association with selected risk factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted between October and December 2013 in Cienfuegos municipality. Inclusion criteria were evaluated, and informed consent was obtained from the parents. Clinical and epidemiologic data were collected through a semistructured questionnaire. Nasopharyngeal swabs according to established protocols were taken. Data analysis included frequency distributions and comparison of proportions. The association between colonization and selected risk factors was assessed by multivariate analysis. RESULTS: A total of 984 children (87.2% living in urban areas) were included. The overall prevalence of colonization was 21.6%. The most frequent serotypes isolated were 6A (23.1%), 23F (10.8%), 6B (10.3%), 19F (8.5%) and 14 (3.3%). We found no resistance to ß-lactamases in circulating serotypes. Living with sibling younger than 5 years, previous respiratory infections, previous hospitalization and day-care attendance were determinants of nasopharyngeal carriage. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that the burden of pneumococcal disease and colonization in Cuba could be significantly affected after vaccine introduction.
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Portador Sadio/epidemiologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/epidemiologia , Vacinas Pneumocócicas/imunologia , Streptococcus pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Vacinação/estatística & dados numéricos , Portador Sadio/imunologia , Portador Sadio/microbiologia , Estudos Transversais , Cuba/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Infecções Pneumocócicas/imunologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/microbiologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/prevenção & controle , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Sorogrupo , Streptococcus pneumoniae/imunologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Information on the cost of implementing residual insecticide treatment (RIT) for Aedes control is scarce. We evaluated the incremental cost on top of intensive conventional routine activities of the Aedes control programme (ACP) in the city of Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. METHODS: We conducted the cost analysis study in 2011-2012, from the perspective of the ACP. Data sources were bookkeeping records, activity registers of the Provincial ACP Centre and the accounts of an RIT implementation study in 21 clusters of on average four house blocks comprising 5180 premises. RESULTS: The annual cost of the routine ACP activities was 19.66 US$ per household. RIT applications in rounds at 4-month intervals covering, on average, 97.2% and using 8.5 g of delthametrine annually per household, cost 3.06 US$ per household per year. Delthametrine comprised 66.5% of this cost; the additional cost for deploying RIT comprised 15.6% of the total ACP routine cost and 27% of the cost related to routine adult stage Aedes control. CONCLUSIONS: The incremental cost of implementing RIT is high. It should be weighed against the incremental effect on the burden caused by the array of pathogens transmitted by Aedes. The cost could be reduced if the insecticide became cheaper, by limiting the number of yearly applications or by targeting transmission hot spots.
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Aedes/virologia , Dengue/economia , Surtos de Doenças/economia , Insetos Vetores , Inseticidas/economia , Controle de Mosquitos/economia , Animais , Análise por Conglomerados , Custos e Análise de Custo , Cuba/epidemiologia , Dengue/epidemiologia , Dengue/prevenção & controle , Dengue/transmissão , Surtos de Doenças/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Controle de Mosquitos/métodos , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Características de ResidênciaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Recent evidence associates omega-3 fatty acids (O3) with pain reduction. The aim of this work was to evaluate the antinociceptive effect of O3, either alone or in combination with morphine after acute and chronic administration in rats. As well, a new pharmaceutical mixture that allows the concomitant administration of O3 and morphine as an oral solution was developed. METHODS: Animals were fed on a control or an experimental diet supplemented with O3. They were subjected to the hot-plate test to assess analgesic effect and tolerance to the analgesic effect of morphine. The open-field test was carried out to determine if the differences in the response latency can be related to non-specific sedative effects. KEY FINDINGS: O3 dietary supplementation increased the response latency compared with the control group. Acute treatment with morphine in these groups resulted in an additive antinociceptive effect not related to locomotor activity. Chronic coadministration of morphine with O3 attenuated the development of tolerance. Oral administration of the new pharmaceutical mixture showed analgesic activity with a subtherapeutic dose of morphine. CONCLUSION: This finding suggests a role for O3 as adjuncts to opioids in pain therapy and might contribute to the reduction of the occurrence of morphine side-effects.
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Analgésicos/farmacologia , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/administração & dosagem , Morfina/farmacologia , Analgesia/métodos , Animais , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Quimioterapia Combinada/métodos , Tolerância a Medicamentos/fisiologia , Temperatura Alta/efeitos adversos , Masculino , Dor/tratamento farmacológico , Manejo da Dor/métodos , Medição da Dor/métodos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: We studied theory of mind (ToM) in patients with mild relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS), seeking possible dissociations between its 2 components: cognitive ToM (the ability to infer others' intentions) and affective ToM (the ability to infer others' emotional states). We analyzed the relationship of ToM to executive function, depression, and fatigue. BACKGROUND: Dissociations between cognitive and affective ToM have been found in several neurologic and neuropsychiatric diseases. Most ToM studies in patients with MS have shown general ToM deficits but have not analyzed the cognitive and affective aspects individually. METHODS: We used the Faux Pas test of ToM and tests of executive function to assess 18 patients with mild relapsing-remitting MS and 16 control participants. RESULTS: Our patients showed deficits in cognitive ToM, but their affective ToM seemed to be spared. Their cognitive ToM deficits were not related to executive dysfunction, depression, or fatigue. CONCLUSIONS: Our study is the first differential analysis showing cognitive but not affective ToM deficits in mild relapsing-remitting MS. Further research is needed to determine the exact nature and the real impact of these deficits, and to establish their relationship with the neuropathology and progression of MS.
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Cognição , Função Executiva , Esclerose Múltipla Recidivante-Remitente/psicologia , Teoria da Mente , Adulto , Afeto , Transtornos Cognitivos/etiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Testes NeuropsicológicosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: It is unknown whether atrial fibrillation (AF) detected after acute ischemic stroke is caused by neurogenic or cardiogenic mechanisms. Based on the potential damage to the autonomic nervous system, neurogenic mechanisms could be implicated in the pathophysiology of newly diagnosed AF. To test this hypothesis, we developed a mechanistic approach by comparing a prespecified set of indicators in acute ischemic stroke patients with newly diagnosed AF, known AF, and sinus rhythm. METHODS: We prospectively assessed every acute ischemic stroke patient undergoing continuous electrocardiographic monitoring from 2008 through 2011. We compared newly diagnosed AF, known AF, and sinus rhythm patients by using 20 indicators grouped in 4 domains: vascular risk factors, underlying cardiac disease, burden of neurological injury, and in-hospital outcome. RESULTS: We studied 275 acute ischemic stroke patients, 23 with newly diagnosed AF, 64 with known AF, and 188 with sinus rhythm. Patients with newly diagnosed AF had a lower proportion of left atrial enlargement (60.9% versus 91.2%, P=.001), a smaller left atrial area (22.0 versus 26.0 cm2, P=.021), and a higher frequency of insular involvement (30.4% versus 9.5%, P=.017) than participants with known AF. Compared with patients in sinus rhythm, those with newly diagnosed AF had a higher proportion of brain infarcts of 15 mm or more (60.9% versus 37.2%, P=.029) and a higher frequency of insular involvement (30.4% versus 7.3%, P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: The low frequency of underlying cardiac disease and the strikingly high proportion of concurrent strategic insular infarctions in patients with newly diagnosed AF provide additional evidence supporting the role of neurogenic mechanisms in a subset of AF detected after acute ischemic stroke.
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Fibrilação Atrial/etiologia , Sistema Nervoso Autônomo/fisiopatologia , Isquemia Encefálica/complicações , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/complicações , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Fibrilação Atrial/diagnóstico , Fibrilação Atrial/fisiopatologia , Isquemia Encefálica/diagnóstico , Isquemia Encefálica/fisiopatologia , Isquemia Encefálica/terapia , Eletrocardiografia , Feminino , Hospitalização , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/diagnóstico , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/fisiopatologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/terapia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Based on the higher frequency of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation during night and early morning hours, we sought to analyze the association between newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation and wake-up ischemic cerebrovascular events. METHODS: We prospectively assessed every acute ischemic stroke and TIA patient admitted to our hospital between 2008 and 2011. We used a forward step-by-step multiple logistic regression analysis to assess the relationship between newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation and wake-up ischemic stroke or TIA, after adjusting for significant covariates. RESULTS: The study population comprised 356 patients, 274 (77.0%) with a diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke and 82 (23.0%) with TIA. A total of 41 (11.5%) of these events occurred during night sleep. A newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation was detected in 27 patients of 272 without known atrial fibrillation (9.9%). We found an independent association between newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation and wake-up ischemic stroke and TIA (odds ratio 3.6, 95% confidence interval 1.2-7.7, p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS: The odds of detecting a newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation were 3-fold higher among wake-up cerebrovascular events than among non-wake-up events. The significance of this independent association between newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation and wake-up ischemic stroke and TIA and the role of other comorbidities should be investigated in future studies.
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Fibrilação Atrial/diagnóstico , Ataque Isquêmico Transitório/diagnóstico , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/diagnóstico , Vigília , Idoso , Fibrilação Atrial/epidemiologia , Fibrilação Atrial/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Humanos , Ataque Isquêmico Transitório/epidemiologia , Ataque Isquêmico Transitório/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/epidemiologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/fisiopatologia , Vigília/fisiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess the economic cost of routine Aedes aegypti control in an at-risk environment without dengue endemicity and the incremental costs incurred during a sporadic outbreak. METHODS: The study was conducted in 2006 in the city of Guantanamo, Cuba. We took a societal perspective to calculate costs in months without dengue transmission (January-July) and during an outbreak (August-December). Data sources were bookkeeping records, direct observations and interviews. RESULTS: The total economic cost per inhabitant (p.i.) per month. (p.m.) increased from 2.76 USD in months without dengue transmission to 6.05 USD during an outbreak. In months without transmission, the routine Aedes control programme cost 1.67 USD p.i. p.m. Incremental costs during the outbreak were mainly incurred by the population and the primary/secondary level of the healthcare system, hardly by the vector control programme (1.64, 1.44 and 0.21 UDS increment p.i. p.m., respectively). The total cost for managing a hospitalized suspected dengue case was 296.60 USD (62.0% direct medical, 9.0% direct non-medical and 29.0% indirect costs). In both periods, the main cost drivers for the Aedes control programme, the healthcare system and the community were the value of personnel and volunteer time or productivity losses. CONCLUSIONS: Intensive efforts to keep A. aegypti infestation low entail important economic costs for society. When a dengue outbreak does occur eventually, costs increase sharply. In-depth studies should assess which mix of activities and actors could maximize the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of routine Aedes control and dengue prevention.
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Aedes , Dengue/economia , Surtos de Doenças/economia , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde , Hospitalização/economia , Insetos Vetores , Controle de Mosquitos/economia , Animais , Custos e Análise de Custo , Cuba , Dengue/prevenção & controle , Dengue/terapia , Dengue/transmissão , Pessoal de Saúde/economia , Humanos , Características de Residência , Risco , VoluntáriosRESUMO
During the dengue outbreak that struck Santiago de Cuba in 2006-2007, we conducted an observational study in the Mariana Grajales district, the former setting of a community trial for Aedes aegypti control. In the trial, community working groups (CWG) had been created in 29 randomly selected intervention house blocks, and routine vector control activities alone were conducted in the remaining 30 control blocks. The CWG elaborated and implemented with the population plans and activities to reduce Aedes infestation. They were still functional in 2006 and continued organizing community-based environmental management activities. The attack rate of dengue fever during the outbreak was 8.5 per 1000 inhabitants in the former intervention blocks and 38.1 per 1000 inhabitants in the control blocks, which corresponds to a relative risk of 4.5 (95% CI 3.1-6.5). There was a significantly higher proportion of unaffected intervention blocks, and affected blocks had on average substantially less cases than affected control blocks. This study indicates that community-based environmental management inserted in the routine A. aegypti control programme can not only sustainably curb vector infestation but also have an impact on dengue transmission.
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Serviços de Saúde Comunitária/organização & administração , Dengue/prevenção & controle , Aedes , Animais , Serviços de Saúde Comunitária/métodos , Cuba/epidemiologia , Dengue/epidemiologia , Dengue/transmissão , Surtos de Doenças , Humanos , Insetos Vetores , Controle de Mosquitos/métodosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To identify key elements that should provide an added value and assure sustainable effects of the deployment of technical tools for Aedes aegypti control. METHODS: An observational study was conducted between April 2001 and March 2002 in 30 blocks (1574 houses) in the central zone of Guantanamo city. A trial that combined two complementary technical interventions, the distribution of new ground level water tanks and the intensive use of insecticide, was nested in May 2001. Another 30 blocks (1535 houses) were selected as control area. We assessed community perceptions and household risk behaviour at baseline and after 9 months, and measured the trial's impact through entomological indices. RESULTS: Perceived self efficacy to solve A. aegypti infestation and prevent dengue was not modified. We found no changes in behaviour. In the study area the container indices decreased significantly from 0.7% before to 0.1% 1 month after the intervention. Six months later, they had increased to 2.7% and uncovered new water tanks constituted 75.9% of all breeding sites. Over the 9 months after the trial the average monthly house indices were similar in the study and control areas. A technical approach and lack of community involvement in the trial's implementation were the main causes of these short-lived results. CONCLUSIONS: Top-down deployment of technical tools without active involvement of the community has a temporary effect and does not lead to the behavioural changes necessary for sustainable A. aegypti control.
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Aedes , Atitude Frente a Saúde , Dengue/prevenção & controle , Controle de Mosquitos/métodos , Animais , Cuba , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Humanos , Inseticidas , Assunção de Riscos , Água/parasitologia , Abastecimento de ÁguaRESUMO
Since 1989, we have been involved in the development of a vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae type b. The new vaccine is based on the conjugation of synthetic oligosaccharides to tetanus toxoid. Our main goals have been (i) to verify the feasibility of using the synthetic antigen and (ii) to search for new production alternatives for this important infant vaccine. Overall, eight trials have already been conducted with adults, children (4 to 5 years old), and infants. We have described herein the details from the first two phase I clinical trials conducted with human adult volunteers under double blind, randomized conditions. The participants each received a single intramuscular injection to evaluate safety and initial immunogenicity. We have found an excellent safety profile and an antibody response similar to the one observed for the control vaccine.
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Infecções por Haemophilus/prevenção & controle , Vacinas Anti-Haemophilus/administração & dosagem , Haemophilus influenzae tipo b/imunologia , Adulto , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Especificidade de Anticorpos , Método Duplo-Cego , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Infecções por Haemophilus/imunologia , Vacinas Anti-Haemophilus/efeitos adversos , Vacinas Anti-Haemophilus/imunologia , Humanos , Imunoglobulina A/imunologia , Imunoglobulina G/imunologia , Imunoglobulina M/imunologia , Masculino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Teste Bactericida do Soro , Vacinas ConjugadasRESUMO
HIV infection in children causes a serious immunodeficiency with special characteristics that distinguish it from the adult, causing a global immune deficit. This is a case-control study between Cuban paediatric patients infected with HIV by vertical transmission and a control group of supposedly healthy children. Both groups were characterized from the clinical point of view and markers were used for evaluating the immunologic and virologycal state. Clinically 75% of patients present a pattern of precocious progression; from the total, only two stayed asymptomatic. All HIV-infected children receive antirretroviral treatment and three of them present values of viral load bigger than 100,000 cp/mL. The immune alterations found in the HIV-infected children compared with healthy children were: a cellular immune depletion with diminished counts of lymphocyte subsets T CD4+, CD16+/CD56+ and CD19+, an increase in subsets of CD3+, CD8+, CD8+/CD38+, CD3+/ CD95+ and a hypergammaglobulinemia due to prevalence of immunoglobulin gamma IgG (p < 0.05). On the other hand, there were not significantly differences in the serum levels of both C3 and C4, as well as in the haemolytic activity of the classic and alternate activation pathways of the complement system. This finding allowed better attention and treatment of paediatric HIV patients.
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Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Ativação do Complemento , Complemento C3/análise , Complemento C4/análise , Cuba , Progressão da Doença , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Humanos , Hipergamaglobulinemia/etiologia , Lactente , Contagem de Linfócitos , Masculino , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T , Carga ViralRESUMO
HIV infection in children conditions a serious immunodeficiency with special characteristic that distinguish it from the adult, causing a global immune deficit. This constitutes a cases and controls study between Cuban paediatric patients infected with HIV by vertical transmission and a control group of supposedly healthy children. The both groups were characterized from the clinical point of view and markers were used for evaluated the immunologic and virologycal state. Clinically 75% of patients present a pattern of precocious progression, from total only two stay asymptomatic. All HIV infected children receive antirretroviral treatment and three of them present values of viral load bigger than 100,000 cp/mL. The immune alterations found in the HIV infected children compared with healthy children were: a cellular immune depletion with diminish counts of lymphocytes subsets of T CD4+, CD16+/CD56 + and CD19+, an increase in subsets of CD3+, CD8+, CD8+/CD38+, CD3+/ CD95+ and a hipergammaglobulinemia to prevalence of immunoglobulin gamma IgG (p < 0.05). On the other hand, they were not significantly differences in the serum levels of both C3 and C4, as well as in the haemolytic activity of the roads classic and it alternates of the complement system. This finding allowed us to a better attention and treatment of paediatric HIV patients.
La infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) en niños condiciona una grave inmunodeficiencia con características especiales que la distinguen del adulto, ocasionando un déficit inmune global. Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles de los pacientes pediátricos cubanos infectados por transmisión vertical con el VIH comparado con niños supuestamente sanos. Ambos grupos se caracterizaron desde el punto de vista clínico y se emplearon marcadores que evaluaron el estado inmunológico y virológico. Clínicamente 75% de los pacientes infectados por VIH presentan un patrón de progresión precoz, y dos se mantienen asintomáticos. A todos los niños infectados se les suministró tratamiento antirretroviral y tres presentan valores de carga viral mayores de 100,000 cp/mL. Las alteraciones inmunes encontradas en los pacientes VIH+ fueron: una inmunodepresión celular con conteos de subpoblaciones linfoides T CD4+, CD16+/CD56 + y CD 19+ disminuidas significativamente con respecto al grupo control (p < 0.05). Además, se encontró un aumento de linfocitos CD3+, CD8+, CD8+/CD38+, CD3+/CD95+ y una hipergammaglobulinemia a predominio de inmunoglobulina gamma IgG en la comparación estadística (p < 0.05). Por otra parte, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en los niveles séricos de C3 y C4, así como en la actividad hemolítica de las vías clásica y alterna del sistema del complemento. Este conocimiento nos permitió sentar pautas para contribuir al manejo y tratamiento de los pacientes pediátricos infectados por VIH.
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Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Ativação do Complemento , Cuba , /análise , /análise , Progressão da Doença , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Hipergamaglobulinemia/etiologia , Contagem de Linfócitos , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T , Carga ViralRESUMO
Objetivo: determinar o diagnóstico oftalmológico das alergias oculares IgE mediadas, observar as características clínicas e laboratoriais, bem como evidenciar a etiologia de pacientes com alergia ocular.Casuística e métodos: foram avaliados, prospectivamente, 35 pacientes com diagnóstico oftalmológico de alergia ocular. Foi aplicado questionário para análise de dados pessoais, história e exame físico, e realizados exames subsidiários (hemograma, IgE sérica total, citológico de lágrima e teste cutâneo de leitura imediata) para investigação do quadro alérgico. Resultados: a média de idade do aparecimento dos sintomas foi 9,5 anos, com 51 per cent dos pacientes do sexo masculino e 77 per cent dos casos apresentavam antecedentes familiares de atopia. O diagnóstico de conjuntivite alérgica sazonal e perene ocorreu em 65,5 per cent dos casos. Achados laboratoriais de IgE sérica e eosinofilia sanguínea alterados foram observados em 88 per cent e 63 per cent dos casos, respectivamente. O teste cutâneo de leitura imediata foi positivo em 94,3 per cent dos pacientes, commaior positividade para os ácaros do pó domiciliar. Conclusões: a maioria dos casos estudados surgiu na infância e adolescência, sendo que a maior parte com história familiar de atopia favorável. A conjuntivite alérgica sazonal e perene foi o tipo de alergia ocular mais prevalente. A etiologia alérgica foi confirmada e os ácaros do pó domiciliar foram os principais responsáveis.