RESUMO
Animal-microbe symbioses are often stable for millions of years. An example is the clade consisting of social corbiculate bees-honeybees, bumblebees, and stingless bees-in which a shared ancestor acquired specialized gut bacteria that subsequently diversified with hosts. This model may be incomplete, however, as few microbiomes have been characterized for stingless bees, which are diverse and ecologically dominant pollinators in the tropics. We surveyed gut microbiomes of Brazilian stingless bees, focusing on the genus Melipona, for which we sampled multiple species and biomes. Strikingly, Melipona lacks Snodgrassella and Gilliamella, bacterial symbionts ubiquitous in other social corbiculate bees. Instead, Melipona species harbor more environmental bacteria and bee-specific Starmerella yeasts. Loss of Snodgrassella and Gilliamella may stem from ecological shifts in Melipona or the acquisition of new symbionts as functional replacements. Our findings demonstrate the value of broadly sampling microbiome biodiversity and show that even ancient symbioses can be lost.
Assuntos
Gammaproteobacteria , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Microbiota , Neisseriaceae , Animais , Bactérias/genética , AbelhasRESUMO
PURPOSE: To evaluate dosimetric coverage of the prostate, normal tissue sparing, and acute toxicity with HDR brachytherapy for large prostate volumes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and two prostate cancer patients with prostate volumes >50 mL (range: 5-29 mL) were treated with high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy ± intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) to 4,500 cGy in 25 daily fractions between 2009 and 2013. HDR brachytherapy monotherapy doses consisted of two 1,350-1,400 cGy fractions separated by 2-3 weeks, and HDR brachytherapy boost doses consisted of two 950-1,150 cGy fractions separated by 4 weeks. Twelve of 32 (38%) unfavorable intermediate risk, high risk, and very high risk patients received androgen deprivation therapy. Acute toxicity was graded according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 4. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 14 months. Dosimetric goals were achieved in over 90% of cases. Three of 102 (3%) patients developed Grade 2 acute proctitis. No variables were significantly associated with Grade 2 acute proctitis. Seventeen of 102 (17%) patients developed Grade 2 acute urinary retention. American Urological Association (AUA) symptom score was the only variable significantly associated with Grade 2 acute urinary retention (p=0.04). There was no ≥ Grade 3 acute toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: Dosimetric coverage of the prostate and normal tissue sparing were adequate in patients with prostate volumes >50 mL. Higher pre-treatment AUA symptom scores increased the relative risk of Grade 2 acute urinary retention. However, the overall incidence of acute toxicity was acceptable in patients with large prostate volumes.
Assuntos
Braquiterapia/efeitos adversos , Fracionamento da Dose de Radiação , Tratamentos com Preservação do Órgão/métodos , Próstata/patologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/radioterapia , Idoso , Braquiterapia/métodos , Relação Dose-Resposta à Radiação , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Gradação de Tumores , Próstata/efeitos da radiação , Valores de Referência , Medição de Risco , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Testes de Toxicidade Aguda , Resultado do Tratamento , Carga TumoralRESUMO
To evaluate dosimetric coverage of the prostate, normal tissue sparing, and acute toxicity with HDR brachytherapy for large prostate volumes.
One hundred and two prostate cancer patients with prostate volumes >50 mL (range: 5-29 mL) were treated with high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy ± intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) to 4,500 cGy in 25 daily fractions between 2009 and 2013. HDR brachytherapy monotherapy doses consisted of two 1,350-1,400 cGy fractions separated by 2-3 weeks, and HDR brachytherapy boost doses consisted of two 950-1,150 cGy fractions separated by 4 weeks. Twelve of 32 (38%) unfavorable intermediate risk, high risk, and very high risk patients received androgen deprivation therapy. Acute toxicity was graded according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 4.
Median follow-up was 14 months. Dosimetric goals were achieved in over 90% of cases. Three of 102 (3%) patients developed Grade 2 acute proctitis. No variables were significantly associated with Grade 2 acute proctitis. Seventeen of 102 (17%) patients developed Grade 2 acute urinary retention. American Urological Association (AUA) symptom score was the only variable significantly associated with Grade 2 acute urinary retention (p=0.04). There was no ≥ Grade 3 acute toxicity.
Dosimetric coverage of the prostate and normal tissue sparing were adequate in patients with prostate volumes >50 mL. Higher pre-treatment AUA symptom scores increased the relative risk of Grade 2 acute urinary retention. However, the overall incidence of acute toxicity was acceptable in patients with large prostate volumes.
Assuntos
Idoso , Humanos , Masculino , Braquiterapia/efeitos adversos , Fracionamento da Dose de Radiação , Tratamentos com Preservação do Órgão/métodos , Próstata/patologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/radioterapia , Braquiterapia/métodos , Relação Dose-Resposta à Radiação , Modelos Logísticos , Gradação de Tumores , Próstata/efeitos da radiação , Valores de Referência , Medição de Risco , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Testes de Toxicidade Aguda , Resultado do Tratamento , Carga TumoralRESUMO
PURPOSE: There is little information in the literature on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) changes due to high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy monotherapy for prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective study of HRQOL changes due to HDR brachytherapy monotherapy for low risk or favorable intermediate risk prostate cancer. Sixty-four of 84 (76 %) patients who were treated between February 2011 and April 2013 completed 50 questions comprising the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC) before treatment and 6 and/or 12 months after treatment. RESULTS: Six months after treatment, there was a significant decrease (p <0.05) in EPIC urinary, bowel, and sexual scores, including urinary overall, urinary function, urinary bother, urinary irritative, bowel overall, bowel bother, sexual overall, and sexual bother scores. By one year after treatment, EPIC urinary, bowel, and sexual scores had increased and only the bowel overall and bowel bother scores remained significantly below baseline values. CONCLUSIONS: HDR brachytherapy monotherapy is well-tolerated in patients with low and favorable intermediate risk prostate cancer. EPIC urinary and sexual domain scores returned to close to baseline 12 months after HDR brachytherapy.
Assuntos
Braquiterapia/métodos , Neoplasias da Próstata/radioterapia , Qualidade de Vida , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Biópsia , Relação Dose-Resposta à Radiação , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gradação de Tumores , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Dosagem Radioterapêutica , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Disfunções Sexuais Fisiológicas/fisiopatologia , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do Tratamento , Transtornos Urinários/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Purpose There is little information in the literature on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) changes due to high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy monotherapy for prostate cancer. Materials and Methods We conducted a prospective study of HRQOL changes due to HDR brachytherapy monotherapy for low risk or favorable intermediate risk prostate cancer. Sixty-four of 84 (76%) patients who were treated between February 2011 and April 2013 completed 50 questions comprising the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC) before treatment and 6 and/or 12 months after treatment. Results Six months after treatment, there was a significant decrease (p<0.05) in EPIC urinary, bowel, and sexual scores, including urinary overall, urinary function, urinary bother, urinary irritative, bowel overall, bowel bother, sexual overall, and sexual bother scores. By one year after treatment, EPIC urinary, bowel, and sexual scores had increased and only the bowel overall and bowel bother scores remained significantly below baseline values. Conclusions HDR brachytherapy monotherapy is well-tolerated in patients with low and favorable intermediate risk prostate cancer. EPIC urinary and sexual domain scores returned to close to baseline 12 months after HDR brachytherapy. .
Assuntos
Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Braquiterapia/métodos , Neoplasias da Próstata/radioterapia , Qualidade de Vida , Biópsia , Relação Dose-Resposta à Radiação , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Gradação de Tumores , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Dosagem Radioterapêutica , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Disfunções Sexuais Fisiológicas/fisiopatologia , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do Tratamento , Transtornos Urinários/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: To assess outcomes with external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) and a low-dose-rate (LDR) brachytherapy boost without or with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 2001 through August 2011, 120 intermediate-risk or high-risk prostate cancer patients were treated with EBRT to a total dose of 4,500 cGy in 25 daily fractions and a palladium-103 LDR brachytherapy boost of 10,000 cGy (n = 90) or an iodine-125 LDR brachytherapy boost of 11,000 cGy (n = 30). ADT, consisting of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist ± an anti-androgen, was administered to 29/92 (32%) intermediate-risk patients for a median duration of 4 months and 26/28 (93%) high-risk patients for a median duration of 28 months. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 5.2 years (range, 1.1-12.8 years). There was no statistically-significant difference in biochemical disease-free survival (bDFS), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), or overall survival (OS) without or with ADT. Also, therewas no statistically-significant difference in bDFS, DMFS, or OS with a palladium-103 vs. an iodine-125 LDR brachytherapy boost. CONCLUSIONS: There was no statistically-significant difference in outcomes with the addition of ADT, though the power of the current study was limited. The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 0815 and 0924 phase III trials, which have accrual targets of more than 1,500 men, will help to clarify the role ADT in locally-advanced prostate cancer patients treated with EBRT and a brachytherapy boost. Palladium-103 and iodine- 125 provide similar bDFS, DMFS, and OS.
Assuntos
Antagonistas de Androgênios/uso terapêutico , Braquiterapia/métodos , Neoplasias da Próstata/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Próstata/radioterapia , Radioterapia Conformacional/métodos , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Seguimentos , Humanos , Radioisótopos do Iodo/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Paládio/uso terapêutico , Dosagem Radioterapêutica , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Purpose To assess outcomes with external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) and a low-dose-rate (LDR) brachytherapy boost without or with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer. Materials and Methods From January 2001 through August 2011, 120 intermediate-risk or high-risk prostate cancer patients were treated with EBRT to a total dose of 4,500 cGy in 25 daily fractions and a palladium-103 LDR brachytherapy boost of 10,000 cGy (n = 90) or an iodine-125 LDR brachytherapy boost of 11,000 cGy (n = 30). ADT, consisting of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist ± an anti-androgen, was administered to 29/92 (32%) intermediate-risk patients for a median duration of 4 months and 26/28 (93%) high-risk patients for a median duration of 28 months. Results Median follow-up was 5.2 years (range, 1.1-12.8 years). There was no statistically-significant difference in biochemical disease-free survival (bDFS), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), or overall survival (OS) without or with ADT. Also, there was no statistically-significant difference in bDFS, DMFS, or OS with a palladium-103 vs. an iodine-125 LDR brachytherapy boost. Conclusions There was no statistically-significant difference in outcomes with the addition of ADT, though the power of the current study was limited. The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 0815 and 0924 phase III trials, which have accrual targets of more than 1,500 men, will help to clarify the role ADT in locally-advanced prostate cancer patients treated with EBRT and a brachytherapy boost. Palladium-103 and iodine-125 provide similar bDFS, DMFS, and OS. .
Assuntos
Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Antagonistas de Androgênios/uso terapêutico , Braquiterapia/métodos , Neoplasias da Próstata/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Próstata/radioterapia , Radioterapia Conformacional/métodos , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Seguimentos , Radioisótopos do Iodo/uso terapêutico , Paládio/uso terapêutico , Dosagem Radioterapêutica , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Butterflies are charismatic insects that have long been a focus of biological research. They are also habitats for microorganisms, yet these microbial symbionts are little-studied, despite their likely importance to butterfly ecology and evolution. In particular, the diversity and composition of the microbial communities inhabiting adult butterflies remain uncharacterized, and it is unknown how the larval (caterpillar) and adult microbiota compare. To address these knowledge gaps, we used Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA genes from internal bacterial communities associated with multiple life stages of the neotropical butterfly Heliconius erato. We found that the leaf-chewing larvae and nectar- and pollen-feeding adults of H. erato contain markedly distinct bacterial communities, a pattern presumably rooted in their distinct diets. Larvae and adult butterflies host relatively small and similar numbers of bacterial phylotypes, but few are common to both stages. The larval microbiota clearly simplifies and reorganizes during metamorphosis; thus, structural changes in a butterfly's bacterial community parallel those in its own morphology. We furthermore identify specific bacterial taxa that may mediate larval and adult feeding biology in Heliconius and other butterflies. Although male and female Heliconius adults differ in reproductive physiology and degree of pollen feeding, bacterial communities associated with H. erato are not sexually dimorphic. Lastly, we show that captive and wild individuals host different microbiota, a finding that may have important implications for the relevance of experimental studies using captive butterflies.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Borboletas/microbiologia , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , Larva/metabolismo , Metamorfose Biológica/fisiologia , Microbiota/genética , Animais , Evolução Biológica , Larva/citologia , Análise de Sequência com Séries de OligonucleotídeosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To determine the spectrum of serum immunoreactive erythropoietin (SIE) levels amongst HIV-infected children aged < 13 years in relation to the levels among healthy children as well as those with renal failure; to examine the relationship between clinical and laboratory parameters and SIE levels. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study with a descriptive non-interventional format. HIV-infected Canadian subjects were recruited through four tertiary Canadian and one Bahamian centre. Children with renal failure and healthy children were recruited from one of the Canadian centres. METHODS: Study subjects had clinical and laboratory profiles determined at baseline and at each of five follow-up periods over 1 year. SIE levels were measured by radioimmunoassay with a normal range of 12-28 IU/I. Data handling and statistical functions were performed by the Canadian HIV Trials Network. RESULTS: The study enrolled 133 HIV-infected subjects and 38 controls. Of these, 117 HIV-infected subjects, 24 healthy controls, and 11 controls with renal failure were eligible for analysis. The median age of infected subjects was 44 months, whereas that of healthy controls was 56 months, and 95 months for controls with renal failure. The median SIE levels were 14 and 11 IU/I for subjects with renal failure and healthy subjects, respectively. The median SIE level was 61 IU/I among zidovudine (ZDV)-treated subjects and 22 IU/I among ZDV-naive HIV-infected subjects. HIV-infected children almost invariably had SIE levels < 200 IU/I. The median SIE levels amongst HIV-infected subjects whose hemoglobin levels were < 100 g/l were 98 and 31 IU/I for ZDV-treated and ZDV-naive subjects, respectively (P = 0.002). This difference in median SIE levels between ZDV-treated subjects and ZDV-naive subjects was also observed among subjects whose hemoglobin levels were > 100 g/l (median, 58 and 15 IU/l, respectively; P < 0.001). Hemoglobin level was the most important predictor of log10 SIE (P < 0.01 for ZDV-treated and ZDV-naive subjects). CONCLUSIONS: SIE levels amongst HIV-infected children were affected by HIV infection, use of ZDV, and presence or absence of anemia. SIE levels amongst HIV-infected children were generally lower than 200 IU/I. This characterization of SIE levels will facilitate clinical trials of exogenous recombinant human erythropoietin in HIV-infected children with anemia.
Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Eritropoetina/sangue , Infecções por HIV/sangue , Zidovudina/uso terapêutico , Anemia/prevenção & controle , Bahamas , Canadá , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Hemoglobinas/análise , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Insuficiência Renal/sangueRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To determine the spectrum of serum immunoreactive erythropoietin (SIE) levels amongst HIV-infected children aged <13 years in relation to the levels among healthy children as well as those with renal failure; to examine the relationship between clinical and laboratory parameters and SIE levels. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study with a descriptive non-interventional format. HIV-infected Canadian subjects were recruited through four tertiary Canadian and one Bahamian centre. Children with renal failure and healthy children were recruited from one of the Canadian centres. METHODS: Study subjects had clinical and laboratory profiles determined at baseline and at each of five follow-up periods over 1 year. SIE levels were measured by radio-immunoassay with a normal range of 12-28 IU/I. Data handling and statistical functions were performed by the Canadian HIV Trials Network. RESULTS: Ths study enrolled 133 HIV-infected subjects and 38 controls. Of these, 117 HIV-infected subjects, 24 healthy controls, and 11 controls with renal failure were eligible for analysis. The median age of infected subjects was 44 months, whereas that of healthy controls was 56 months, and 95 months for controls with renal failure. The median SIE levels were 14 and 11 IU/I for subjects with renal failure and healthy subjects, respectively. The median SIE level was 61 IU/I among zidovudine (ZDV)-treated subjects and 22 IU/I among ZDV-naive HIV-infected subjects. HIV-infected children almost invariably had SIE levels < 200 IU/I. The median SIE levels amongst HIV-infected subjects whose hemoglobin levels were < 100 g/l were 98 and 31 IU/I for ZDV-treated and ZDV-naive subjects, respectively (P = 0.002). This difference in median SIE levels between ZDV-treated subjects and ZDV-naive subjects was also observed among subjects whose hemoglobin levels were > 100 g/l (median, 58 and 15 IU/I, respectively; P < 0.001). Hemoglobin level was the most important predictor of log10 SIE (P < 0.001 for ZDV-treated and ZDV-naive subjects). CONCLUSIONS: SIE levels amongst HIV-infected children were affected by HIV infection, use of ZDV, and presence or absence of anemia. SIE levels amongst HIV-infected children were generally lower than 200 IU/I. This characterization of SIE levels will facilitate clinical trials of exogenous recombinant human erythropoietin in HIV-infected children with anemia.(Au)
Assuntos
Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudo Comparativo , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Lactente , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Eritropoetina/sangue , Zidovudina/uso terapêutico , Infecções por HIV/sangue , Bahamas , Canadá , Estudos Transversais , Hemoglobinas/análise , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Insuficiência Renal/sangue , Anemia/prevenção & controleRESUMO
A 8-year-old boy with a 6-year history of parasomnia (twice-weekly sleepwalking with enuresis) was treated by awakening him for 5 nights before the episodes. The sleepwalking stopped entirely. Anticipatory awakening may be a simple, inexpensive, low-risk therapy for somnambulism.