RESUMO
Insulin is an important regulator of growth and initiates its action by binding to its receptor, which undergoes tyrosyl autophosphorylation and further enhances its tyrosine kinase activity towards other intermediate molecules, including insulin receptor substrate 1, insulin receptor substrate 2, and Shc. Insulin receptor substrate proteins can dock various src-homology-2-domain-containing signaling proteins, such as the 85 kDa subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase and growth-factor-receptor-bound protein 2. The serine-threonine kinase is activated downstream to phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase. Shc protein has been shown to directly induce the association with growth-factor-receptor-bound protein 2 and downstream the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase. In this study we investigated insulin signal transduction pathways in skin of intact rats by immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting with specific antibodies, and also by immunohistochemistry with anti-insulin-receptor antibody. Our results showed that skin fragments clearly demonstrated the presence of insulin receptor in cell bodies of the epidermis and hair follicles and some faint staining was also detected in fibroblasts of the dermis. It was also observed that acute stimulation with insulin can induce tyrosyl phosphorylation of insulin receptor, that the insulin receptor substrates and Shc proteins serve as signaling molecules for insulin in skin of rats, and that insulin is able to induce association of insulin receptor substrate 1/phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase and Shc/growth-factor-receptor-bound protein 2 in this tissue, as well as phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and serine-threonine kinase, demonstrating that proteins involved in early steps of insulin action are expressed in skin of intact rats and are quickly activated after insulin stimulation.
Assuntos
Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal , Insulina/farmacologia , Pele/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Proteína Adaptadora GRB2 , Proteínas Substratos do Receptor de Insulina , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular , Masculino , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Fosfoproteínas/metabolismo , Fosforilação/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Proteínas/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Receptor de Insulina/metabolismo , Serina/metabolismo , Fatores de Tempo , Tirosina/metabolismoRESUMO
To establish normative data and determine the value of fluorometric AutoDELFIA assays (Wallac Oy) in the investigation of precocious puberty, we determined serum levels of LH, FSH, testosterone, and estradiol under basal and GnRH-stimulated conditions in 277 normal subjects at various pubertal stages and in 77 patients with precocious puberty. A substantial overlap was observed in basal and GnRH-stimulated gonadotropin levels in normal individuals of both sexes with pubertal Tanner stages 1 and 2. The 95th percentile of the normal prepubertal population was the cut-off limit between prepubertal and pubertal levels. These limits were 0.6 IU/L in both sexes for basal LH, 9.6 IU/L in boys and 6.9 IU/L in girls for peak LH after GnRH stimulation, 19 ng/dL in boys for basal testosterone, and 13.6 pg/mL in girls for basal estradiol. Basal and peak LH exceeding these limits were considered positive tests for the diagnosis of gonadotropin-dependent precocious puberty. According to these criteria, the sensitivities of basal and peak LH for the latter diagnosis were 71.4% and 100% in boys, and 62.7% and 92.2% in girls. The specificity and positive predicted value were 100% in both sexes for basal and peak LH levels. The negative predicted values for basal and peak LH were 62.5% and 100% in boys, and 40.6% and 76.5% in girls. Basal and GnRH-stimulated FSH levels overlapped among the various pubertal stages in normal subjects and were, in general, not helpful in the differential diagnosis of precocious puberty. In conclusion, basal LH levels were sufficient to establish the diagnosis of gonadotropin-dependent precocious puberty in 71.4% of boys and 62.7% of girls. In the remaining patients, a GnRH stimulation test was still necessary to confirm this diagnosis. Finally, suppressed LH and FSH levels after GnRH stimulation indicate gonadotropin-independent sexual steroid production.
Assuntos
Fluorometria/normas , Puberdade Precoce/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina , Gonadotropinas/sangue , Humanos , Masculino , Puberdade Precoce/sangue , Valores de Referência , Esteroides/sangueRESUMO
GH stimulates the tyrosine phosphorylation of various cellular polypeptides, including the GH receptor itself, in an early part of the intracellular response. Some of these phosphorylations are catalyzed by a GH receptor-associated kinase identified as JAK2, a member of the Janus family of tyrosine kinases. In cultured cells, GH stimulates the tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), IRS-2, and Shc. This study investigated whether GH could cause the tyrosine phosphorylation of IRSs and Shc proteins in fasted rat tissues in vivo. GH was administered to fasted Wistar rats via a portal vein, and extracts of different tissues were immunoprecipitated with specific antibodies. GH increased the tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1, IRS-2, JAK2, and Shc proteins in the liver, heart, kidney, muscle, and adipose tissue of rats. The roles of these substrates as signaling molecules for GH were further demonstrated by the finding that GH stimulated the association of IRS-1/2 with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Grb2, and phosphotyrosine phosphatase and of Shc with Grb2. The correlation between JAK2 tyrosyl phosphorylation and IRS-1 tyrosyl phosphorylation in response to GH together with the results of the in vitro tyrosine kinase assay are consistent with the hypothesis that JAK2 may mediate GH-induced phosphorylation of IRS-1.
Assuntos
Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transporte Vesicular , Hormônio do Crescimento/farmacologia , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/metabolismo , Proteínas/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas , Receptor de Insulina/metabolismo , Tirosina/metabolismo , Animais , Proteína Adaptadora GRB2 , Proteínas Substratos do Receptor de Insulina , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular , Janus Quinase 2 , Masculino , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Fosfoproteínas/metabolismo , Fosforilação , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11 , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 6 , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatases/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatases Contendo o Domínio SH2 , Proteínas Adaptadoras da Sinalização Shc , Proteína 1 de Transformação que Contém Domínio 2 de Homologia de Src , Domínios de Homologia de srcRESUMO
Insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and Shc protein have the same binding site at the insulin receptor and compete in their association with the phosphorylated receptor. The present study demonstrates that a decrease in the level of muscle insulin receptor phosphorylation induced by chronic growth hormone (GH) treatment or acute epinephrine infusion is accompanied by a reduction in the level of IRS-1 phosphorylation and in the association with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. In contrast, no change is observed in insulin-stimulated Shc tyrosine phosphorylation, or in the association of this substrate with Grb2. These data suggest that a reduction in insulin receptor phosphorylation may affect post-receptor processes differentially by preserving the phosphorylation of some substrates and pathways, but not of others.
Assuntos
Epinefrina/farmacologia , Hormônio do Crescimento Humano/farmacologia , Insulina/metabolismo , Músculos/metabolismo , Fosfoproteínas/metabolismo , Tirosina/metabolismo , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Membro Posterior , Insulina/farmacologia , Proteínas Substratos do Receptor de Insulina , Masculino , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Músculos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fosforilação , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Insulin initiates its metabolic and growth-promoting effects by binding to the alpha subunit of its receptor, thereby activating the kinase in the beta subunit. This event leads to tyrosyl phosphorylation of its cytosolic substrate, insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), which in turn associates with and activates phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase. The clinical use of ACE inhibitors has been associated with increased insulin sensitivity. However, the exact molecular mechanism is unknown. In the present study, we examined the phosphorylation status of the insulin receptor and IRS-1, as well as the association between IRS-1 and PI 3-kinase in the liver and muscle of 20-month-old rats treated acutely with captopril, using immunoprecipitation with antipeptide antibodies to the insulin receptor and IRS-1, and immunoblotting with antiphosphotyrosine and anti-PI 3-kinase antibodies. Insulin stimulation increased receptor autophosphorylation to 462 +/- 253% (P < 0.05) in the liver and 697 +/- 78% (P < 0.001) in the muscle of ACE inhibitor-treated rats. There were also increases to 250 +/- 17% (P < 0.001) and 280 +/- 50% (P < 0.05) in the insulin-stimulated IRS-1 phosphorylation levels in the liver and muscle, respectively, of animals treated with captopril. The insulin-stimulated IRS-1 association with PI 3-kinase rose to 305 +/- 20% (P < 0.001) in liver and 267 +/- 48% (P < 0.05) in muscle. Losartan, an ANG receptor blocker, had no significant effect on insulin-stimulated IRS-1 phosphorylation in both tissues. The acute administration of bradykinin increased insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor and IRS-1 in the liver and muscle. These data demonstrate that ACE inhibitors modulate the early steps of insulin signaling, and that this effect may be simulated by the administration of bradykinin.
Assuntos
Inibidores da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina/farmacologia , Bradicinina/farmacologia , Captopril/farmacologia , Insulina/farmacologia , Losartan/farmacologia , Envelhecimento , Animais , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Substratos do Receptor de Insulina , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Fosfoproteínas/metabolismo , Fosforilação , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Receptor de Insulina/metabolismoRESUMO
Growth hormone (GH) is known to produce insulin resistance, but the exact molecular mechanism remains unclear. We have chronically treated rats with GH and observed that the levels of insulin receptor in the liver or muscle were similar in both the GH-treated and non-treated rats. Insulin-stimulated receptor autophosphorylation was unaltered in the liver, but was reduced in the muscle of rats treated with GH. Insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase protein levels decreased in the liver but not muscle of GH-treated rats. There was no change in hepatic and muscle IRS-2 concentrations. A common finding in liver and muscle was the decrease in IRS-1 and IRS-2 tyrosine phosphorylation associated with a reduction in the interaction between these substrates and PI 3-kinase. These data suggest that changes in the early steps of insulin signal transduction may have a role in the insulin resistance observed in rats exposed to an excess of GH.