RESUMO
Findings from a recent survey of a community-based sample of Black youth ages 12 through 21 in Baltimore City, Maryland (n = 345) reveal that viewing fatal police violence videos is associated with significant increases in the odds of youth sleep disturbances, and about 30% of this association is attributable to emotional distress after viewing the videos.
Assuntos
Negro ou Afro-Americano , Polícia , Transtornos do Sono-Vigília , Humanos , Adolescente , Transtornos do Sono-Vigília/epidemiologia , Transtornos do Sono-Vigília/etiologia , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Adulto Jovem , Baltimore/epidemiologia , Violência , Exposição à Violência/psicologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To examine the longitudinal relationship between exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in early life and trajectories of firearm exposure from early to middle childhood (ages 5-9 years old). STUDY DESIGN: Data from the Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect (LOGSCAN) study were used. The LONGSCAN study was a prospective study in the United States and contained data from 1354 children from age 4 to age 18 years old. Exposure to ACEs was measured through the wave 1 interview (age 5 years old) and trajectories of firearm exposure were created using data from waves 1 (age 5 years old) and two (age 9 years old). RESULTS: Two trajectories of firearm exposure in childhood were identified: a low exposure group and a group with persistently-high firearm exposure from ages 5 to 9 years old. ACEs were associated with membership in the high exposure group and children with four or more ACEs had over twice the odds of membership in the high exposure group compared with children with zero ACEs. CONCLUSION: ACEs exposure in early childhood is associated with persistently-high exposure to firearms from early to middle childhood. This finding highlights the need for pediatricians to consider screening for both ACEs and firearm exposure in routine examinations, as well as the need for future research to identify and evaluate interventions intended to address exposure to adversity and firearms.
Assuntos
Experiências Adversas da Infância , Armas de Fogo , Humanos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Masculino , Experiências Adversas da Infância/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Armas de Fogo/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Prospectivos , Estudos Longitudinais , Adolescente , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Maus-Tratos Infantis/estatística & dados numéricos , Ferimentos por Arma de Fogo/epidemiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To characterize the relationship between positive early childhood experiences (PECEs) and school readiness, and assess whether the PECEs-school readiness relationship was robust to and/or differed across levels of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). METHODS: We analyzed national data on children ages 3-5 from 2016 to 2020 (n = 26â871) to examine associations between key PECE domains (nurturing relationships, home learning opportunities, safe and stable environments, and family routines) with being on track for school readiness, defined using a pilot, multidimensional measure called "healthy and ready to learn". Weighted univariate, bivariate, and multivariable analyses were conducted to generate nationally representative estimates. Multivariable models adjusted for sociodemographic factors and were assessed both with and without cumulative ACE exposure. RESULTS: Two-fifths of children were healthy and ready to learn. Exposure to PECEs was associated with higher school readiness, irrespective of relative ACE exposure. Compared with those with low PECEs, children with moderate (aOR, 2.19; 95% CI, 1.86-2.58) and high (aOR, 4.37; 95% CI, 3.58-5.34) PECEs had greater odds for being healthy and ready to learn, net of both sociodemographic factors and ACE exposure. Significant associations were robust across demographic groups (eg, race and ethnicity), ACE levels, and ACE types (eg, parental incarceration). CONCLUSIONS: Increasing PECEs correspond with greater likelihood of possessing capacities key for school functioning, even amidst ACEs. In concert with efforts to ameliorate early life trauma, caregivers, health care providers, educators, and systems can consider boosting PECEs to foster healthy development in childhood and beyond.
Assuntos
Nível de Saúde , Instituições Acadêmicas , Criança , Humanos , Pré-EscolarRESUMO
Over the past four decades, hundreds of studies have examined the presence of racial disparities in criminal punishment. The bulk of this research has been conducted in the United States and a few other western democracies, with limited research assessing the presence of racial disparities in criminal sentencing for homicides in South America. Using information gathered via original data collection on homicide cases from five different capital cities in Brazil, the current study examines two criminal court outcomes: whether a defendant was convicted and the length of sentence. Findings reveal the absence of racial disparities in conviction decisions, even though Black and Brown defendants received longer sentence lengths. Supplementary analyses show racial disparities in sentence length are most pronounced when the homicide victim was White. Implications for studying court outcomes in international contexts are discussed.
Assuntos
Criminosos , Homicídio , Humanos , Estados Unidos , Brasil , Aplicação da Lei , Grupos RaciaisRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To assess the interplay between maternal exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and father's acknowledgment of paternity (AOP; a proxy for paternal involvement) in the risk of low birth weight (<2500 grams) and preterm birth (<37 weeks) among offspring. STUDY DESIGN: Data come from the 2018 North Dakota and South Dakota Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (n = 1896). Logistic regression models were used to assess low birth weight and preterm birth outcomes. Moderation analyses are conducted to assess the interaction between maternal ACEs and father's AOP. RESULTS: Moderation analyses demonstrated a positive interaction between an accumulating number of maternal ACEs and being unmarried without AOP for low birth weight and preterm birth. Upon comparing newborns of unmarried women without AOP, those whose mothers were exposed to 4 or more ACEs had a 3.74 times greater probability of low birth weight (0.050 vs 0.187) and a 1.74 times greater probability of preterm birth (0.085 vs 0.148) than those whose mothers reported no ACE exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to accumulating ACEs substantially increases the risk of deleterious infant health outcomes, but only for newborns of unmarried women without AOP. Future research should assess the efficacy of interventions that can mitigate the impact of maternal ACEs in the absence of father's AOP.
Assuntos
Experiências Adversas da Infância , Saúde do Lactente , Exposição Materna/efeitos adversos , Comportamento Paterno , Nascimento Prematuro/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido de Baixo Peso , Recém-Nascido , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , North Dakota , Paternidade , Gravidez , Medição de Risco , Fatores Socioeconômicos , South DakotaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between preschool-aged children's exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and multiple, intersecting domains of school readiness using a nationally representative sample. STUDY DESIGN: A sample of 15 402 preschool-aged children (3-5 years) in the US from the 3 most recent cohorts (2016-2018) of the National Survey of Children's Health were employed. Primary caregivers were asked survey questions about the adversities experienced by focal children. Four distinct domains of school readiness among the children were also derived from the survey: early learning skills, self-regulation, social-emotional development, and physical health and motor development. RESULTS: Although nearly one-half of children who had not been exposed to ACEs were on-track across all domains, only 1 in 5 children exposed to 3 or more ACEs were on-track across all domains. Follow-up analyses identified parenting stress and reduced positive parenting practices as significant mediators of this association. Multivariate results also indicated that, regardless of the school readiness domain examined, an accumulation of ACEs increased the rate of items on which a child needs support or is at-risk. CONCLUSIONS: An accumulation of ACEs among preschool-aged children elevates risk within and across school readiness domains. These findings highlight the urgent need to identify best practices to reduce ACE exposure, as well as improve school readiness during early childhood.
Assuntos
Experiências Adversas da Infância/psicologia , Desenvolvimento Infantil , Estudantes/psicologia , Pré-Escolar , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Estados UnidosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To assess the relationship between exposure to incarceration during pregnancy and adverse infant health outcomes: low birth weight (<2500 g), very low birth weight (<1500 g), preterm birth (<37 weeks), and very preterm birth (≤33 weeks), and to evaluate the moderating role of receiving public assistance benefits (Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children and Medicaid) during pregnancy in this process. STUDY DESIGN: The current study employs data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, 2009-2017. Logistic regression models were used to assess the association between incarceration of a woman or her partner in the year before birth, the receipt of public assistance during pregnancy, and postpartum infant health. Moderation analyses were conducted by interacting forms of public assistance and incarceration exposure. RESULTS: Exposure to incarceration either personally or vicariously through a partner increased all 4 adverse infant health outcomes. However, moderation analyses demonstrated that public assistance benefits and incarceration have a negative interaction, indicating that public assistance might buffer against the harmful effects of incarceration exposure during pregnancy on infant health. CONCLUSIONS: Incarceration exposure during pregnancy poses a significant risk for adverse infant health outcomes. However, the receipt of public assistance benefits including Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children and Medicaid may mitigate this risk. Expanded access to public assistance for women exposed to incarceration during pregnancy holds promise to improve infant health outcomes.