RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Osteoarthritis in Mexico is one of the ten most frequent causes of disability. Early diagnosis and detection of risk factors are determinant for treatment. The institutional organization establishes therapeutic guidelines according to each level of care, but effective management is not achieved. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective, pilot, interventional, clinical study was conducted, which included patients diagnosed with different degrees of knee osteoarthritis in the first, second and third level of care, with an integrative model that includes a group of professionals for the intervention of nutritional, physiotherapeutic, social and psychological evaluation from the first level. RESULTS: The intervention of a multidisciplinary care group allows a correct evaluation and assignment of the level of care, optimizing human and material resources. The participation of different disciplines in nutrition, psychology, social work, physiotherapy and rehabilitation modifies the global lifestyle by involving the patients themselves in their treatment. The intervention group had improvements in the visual analog pain scale, mobility arcs, low body mass index and improvement in the psychological aspect. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed model of care demonstrates that implementation in the institution and in each clinical care unit should be considered to improve outcomes.
INTRODUCCIÓN: La osteoartritis en México es una de las 10 causas más frecuentes de discapacidad. El diagnóstico temprano y la detección de factores de riesgo son determinantes para el tratamiento. La organización institucional establece las pautas terapéuticas de acuerdo con cada nivel de atención, pero no se logra un manejo efectivo. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, piloto, de intervención, clínico conformado por pacientes diagnosticados con diferentes grados de osteoartritis de rodilla en el primer, segundo y tercer nivel de atención, con un modelo integrador que incluyó un grupo de profesionales para la intervención de la evaluación nutricional, fisioterapéutica, social y sicológica desde el primer nivel. RESULTADOS: La intervención de un grupo de atención multidisciplinaria permite una correcta evaluación y asignación del nivel de atención optimizando los recursos humanos y materiales. La participación de diferentes disciplinas en nutrición, sicología, trabajo social, fisioterapia y rehabilitación modifica el estilo de vida global al involucrar a los propios pacientes en su tratamiento. El grupo de intervención tuvo mejoras en la escala de dolor análogo visual, arcos de movilidad, bajo índice de masa corporal y mejoría en el aspecto sicológico. CONCLUSIONES: El modelo de atención propuesto demuestra que la implementación en la institución y en cada unidad clínica de atención debe considerarse para mejorar los resultados.
Assuntos
Osteoartrite do Joelho , Humanos , México , Osteoartrite do Joelho/terapia , Medição da Dor , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
El Síndrome de Poland es un trastorno congénito raro que se caracteriza por la ausencia o hipoplasia unilateral del musculo pectoral mayor asociado a malformaciones en la extremidad superior y tejido mamario ipsilateral. Las manifestaciones clínicas en los recién nacidos solamente se describen en la literatura, por lo tanto muchos aspectos de su presentación en las guarderías son ignoradas. Presentamos el caso de un recién nacido que manifiesta una respiración paradójica desde el momento del nacimiento. Este tipo de hallazgo clínico esta vagamente descrito en el Síndrome de Poland y menos aún en el periodo neonatal.
Poland Syndrome is a rare congenital condition characterized by the absence unilateral pectoralis major muscle. it can be associated with other multiple malformations usually in the same affected side. The clinical manifestation in newborns are merely described in the literature, therefore many aspect in its presentation in the nursery are ignored. We present the case of a newborn manifesting paradoxical breathing since birth. This clinical finding is barely describe in poland's syndrome and even less during newborn period.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Síndrome de Poland/patologia , Tela Subcutânea/anormalidades , Raios XRESUMO
La enfermedad de Chagas y la toxoplasmosis constituyen problemas de salud característicos de zonas rurales. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la seroprevalencia de Trypanosoma cruzi y Toxoplasma gondii en la comunidad Saimadoyi. Se estudiaron 166 muestras de sueros de individuos de ambos sexos (100 femeninos y 66 masculinos) con edades comprendidas entre 1 a 83 años. La determinación de anticuerpos se realizó a través de la técnica de ELISA, utilizando kits disponibles comercialmente. La seroprevalencia de Trypanosomacruzi fue de 51% (87/166), mientras que para Toxoplasma gondii fue de 57% (95/166). La mayoría de casos positivos se encontraron en los individuos menores de 20 años, sin embargo, no se encontraron diferencias significativas con respecto al género o grupo de edad para ambas parasitosis. Los datos epidemiológicos mostraron que los factores de riesgo estadísticamente significativos (p<0,05) para la infección por T. cruzi fueron el tipo de vivienda, contacto con perros o chipos y contaminación del suelo con heces; mientras que para la infección por T. gondii, el contacto con gatos y la higiene inadecuada fueron los riesgos significativos. El elevado número de casos seropositivos en mujeres en edad reproductiva sugiere la transmisión vertical de ambos parásitos.
Chagas disease and toxoplasmosis are health problems characteristic of rural areas. The aim of this research was to determine the seroprevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi y Toxoplasma gondii. in community Saimadoyi. 166 serum samples from individuals of both sexes (100 female 66 male and) aged 1-83 years were studied. The determination of antibodies was performed by ELISA using a commercial kit. Trypanosoma cruzi seroprevalence was 51% (87/166), while for Toxoplasma gondii was 57% (95/166). Most positive cases were found in people under 20 years old, however no significant differences with regard to gender or age group for both parasites were found. Epidemiological data showed statistically significant risk factors (p <0.05) for T. cruzi infection were the type of housing, contact with dogs or chipos and soil contamination with feces; while for T. gondii infection, contact with cats and poor hygiene were the significant risks. The high number of seropositives cases in women of reproductive age suggests vertical transmission of both parasites.
RESUMO
Internal dosimetry intercomparisons are essential for the verification of applied models and the consistency of results'. To that aim, the First Regional Intercomparison was organised in 2005, and that results led to the Second Regional Intercomparison Exercise in 2013, which was organised in the frame of the RLA 9/066 and coordinated by Autoridad Regulatoria Nuclear of Argentina. Four simulated cases covering intakes of (131)I, (137)Cs and Tritium were proposed. Ninteen centres from thirteen different countries participated in this exercise. This paper analyses the participants' results in this second exercise in order to test their skills and acquired knowledge, particularly in the application of the IDEAS Guidelines. It is important to highlight the increased number of countries that participated in this exercise compared with the first one and, furthermore, the improvement in the overall performance. The impact of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Projects since 2003 has led to a significant enhancement of internal dosimetry capabilities that strengthen the radiation protection of workers.
Assuntos
Doses de Radiação , Monitoramento de Radiação/métodos , Proteção Radiológica/métodos , Poluentes Radioativos do Ar , Carga Corporal (Radioterapia) , Radioisótopos de Césio/análise , Guias como Assunto , Humanos , Agências Internacionais , Cooperação Internacional , Radioisótopos do Iodo/análise , América Latina , Exposição Ocupacional/análise , Exposição Ocupacional/prevenção & controle , Monitoramento de Radiação/normas , Proteção Radiológica/normas , Radioisótopos , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Medição de Risco/normas , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Software , TrítioRESUMO
El estudio de los productos naturales ha adquirido gran importancia en los últimos tiempos. Se ha comprobado que algunos de los compuestos encontrados en plantas naturales poseen una mayor actividad farmacológica que la que presentan las sustancias análogas sintetizadas1(a,b). En la actualidad, se han realizados numerosos descubrimientos científicos que confirman el enorme potencial curativo que conserva el mundo vegetal. Durante investigaciones realizadas se han descubierto aplicaciones sorprendentes para muchas plantas y sustancias derivadas de éstas. Estos descubrimientos presentan nuevos retos para la humanidad. La cantidad de plantas con propiedades curativas es tal que nadie puede dominar la totalidad del conocimiento generado por su estudio. Sin embargo, no hay duda de que la ciencia y la tecnología, pueden ayudar a descubrir y utilizar las propiedades terapéuticas de las plantas medicinales de forma más efectiva
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Flavonoides , Compostos Fitoquímicos/análise , Análise EspectralRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Mine tailings are metallic wastes which are deposited in the environment due to mining activity. Long-term exposure to these metals is harmful to human health. OBJECTIVE: To determine if chronic exposure to mine tailings constitutes a risk factor for the development of dermatological diseases in the district of San Mateo de Huanchor (Lima, Peru). METHODS: An observational case-control study was carried out in the communities of Mayoc, Daza and Tamboraque (exposed to mine tailings, case group) located in the district of San Mateo de Huanchor, and also in the communities of Choccna and Caruya (not exposed to mine tailings, control group) located in the same district. Out of 230 adults, 121 were exposed and 109 were not exposed to mine tailings and out of 135 children, 71 were exposed and 64 were not exposed to mine tailings. RESULTS: In the adult group, 71% of the exposed cases had some noninfectious dermatological disease while in the nonexposed group the frequency was 34% [P < 0.001; odds ratio (OR) 5.40; 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.02-9.68]. A statistically significant difference between groups was found for arsenical dermatitis, nonpruritic papulovesicular eruption, atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, seborrhoeic dermatitis and xerosis. In the paediatric population, 71 exposed and 64 nonexposed children were evaluated. Sixty-nine per cent of the exposed group had some noninfectious dermatological disease vs. 30% in the nonexposed group (P < 0.001; OR 6.00; 95% CI 2.71-13.31). A statistically significant difference between groups was found for xerosis and atopic dermatitis. CONCLUSION: Chronic exposure to mine tailings represents a risk factor for development of noninfectious dermatological diseases in both adults and children.
Assuntos
Arsênio/toxicidade , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Mineração , Dermatopatias/induzido quimicamente , Resíduos/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Peru/epidemiologia , Dermatopatias/epidemiologiaRESUMO
The concern about accidents involving radioactive materials has led to the search of alternative methods to quickly identify and quantify radionuclides in workers and in the population. One of the options to face up an eventual demand for mass monitoring of internal contamination is the use of a nuclear medicine diagnostic equipment known as gamma camera, a device used to scan patients who have been administered specific amounts of radioactive materials for medical purposes. Although the gamma camera is used for image diagnosis, it can be calibrated with anthropomorphic phantoms or point sources for the quantification of radionuclide activities in the human body. This work presents a protocol for the calibration of gamma cameras for such application. In order to evaluate the suitability of this type of equipment, a gamma camera available in a public hospital located in Rio de Janeiro was calibrated for the in vivo measurement of 131I. The calibration includes the determination of detection efficiencies and minimum detectable activities for each radionuclide. The results show that the gamma camera presents enough sensitivity to detect activity levels corresponding to effective doses below 1 mSv. The protocol is the basis to establish a network of Nuclear Medicine Centres, located in public hospitals in eight countries of Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Chile, Mexico, Peru and Uruguay) and in Spain that could be requested to collaborate in remediation actions in the event of an accident involving incorporation of radioactive materials. This protocol is one of the most significant outputs of the IAEA-ARCAL Project (RLA/9/049-LXXVIII) aimed to the Harmonization of Internal Dosimetry Procedures.
Assuntos
Algoritmos , Emergências , Câmaras gama/normas , Radioisótopos/análise , Contagem Corporal Total/instrumentação , Contagem Corporal Total/normas , Calibragem , InternacionalidadeRESUMO
Se conoce por historia que la población boliviana es una mezcla de Amerindios y españoles, denominados mestizos. El presente estudio se realizó para determinar la distribución de las moléculas HLA en esta población. Una muestra de 119 individuos fué tipificada por serología para HLA. El análisis de las frecuencias de especificidades serológicas HLA y haplotípicas obtenidas, junto con el delta del desequilibrio de ligamiento, mostraron que, la distribución de los genes HLA en esta población provienen de Amerindios (p>0.1) en mayor proporción, asiáticos (p<0.01) y españoles caucasoides (p<0.001) en proporciones menores. Moléculas HLA características de población negroide no pudieron ser evidenciadas (p<0.0001). Nuestros resultados añaden evidencia a la hipótesis histórica de que con la llegada de españoles a América 500 añós atrás, la mezcla ha originado una población mestiza con características particulares. El reconocimiento de estos parámetros, podría permitir una mejor aplicación de la tecnología HLA en los campos de investigación básica, transplante de órganos, y medicina forense
Assuntos
Antígenos HLA/genéticaRESUMO
The opportunistic mycoses are an important cause of morbidity-mortality among patients with severe immunosuppression provoked by HIV. We present a study of 211 serial autopsies of patients with HIV/AIDS infection carried out by our service in a period of 10 years, observing frequency of invasive mycoses of the 44.1%. Pneumocystis carinii infection was the most frequent (32%) with a prevalence of lung affection. Candidiasis follows it in order of frequency with 31.1%, predominantly the oropharyngeal manifestation. Systemic or cerebromeningeal cryptococcosis were serious and common disorder (29%). Diseminated histoplasmosis occurred in 9.6% and in three cases (3.2%) pulmonary aspergillosis was diagnosed as a postmortem discovery in cavity lesions. In our series, other less common HIV-associated were not identified.
RESUMO
We assessed the potential of 99mTc labelled specific polyclonal antibodies (99mTc-PoAb) for the diagnosis of hydatid disease by immunoscintigraphy. Experimentally infected mice and rabbits were used for this purpose. A specific rabbit antibody recognizing total somatic antigen from hydatid membranes (HCMA) was obtained. PoAb biological activity before labelling was checked according to Barbieri et al. 99mTc-PoAb labelling was performed according to Thakur et al.; the radiochemical purity was higher than 90%. The following studies of 99mTc-PoAb were made: post-labelling biological activity; in vitro stability; blood and renal kinetics in normal mice up to 24 hours after intravenous (i.v.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration; biodistribution in normal and infected mice after i.p. or i.v. injection, and in rabbits after i.v. administration. Biodistribution studies in normal mice, after both administration routes, showed considerable hepatic uptake of activity. An important uptake in cysts after i.p. administration in mice, indicating successful targeting, was also confirmed by autoradiography images. Intravenously administered 99mTc PoAb was not significantly targeted to peritoneal cysts in either animal species, due to inherent limitations to these animal models. Results obtained with i.p. administration suggest that specific hydatid imaging may be possible. Both the mice and rabbit models revealed hepatic uptake which, combined with the short isotope half-life, prevent the drawing of any final conclusions regarding the usefulness of 99mTc-labelling in hydatid disease.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Anti-Helmínticos , Equinococose/diagnóstico por imagem , Radioimunodetecção , Tecnécio , Animais , Anticorpos Anti-Helmínticos/sangue , Anticorpos Anti-Helmínticos/química , Anticorpos Anti-Helmínticos/metabolismo , Autorradiografia , Bovinos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Equinococose/metabolismo , Meia-Vida , Imunoconjugados/sangue , Imunoconjugados/química , Imunoconjugados/farmacocinética , Injeções Intraperitoneais , Injeções Intravenosas , Rim/metabolismo , Fígado/metabolismo , Camundongos , Doenças Peritoneais/diagnóstico por imagem , Doenças Peritoneais/metabolismo , Doenças Peritoneais/parasitologia , Coelhos , Tecnécio/sangue , Tecnécio/química , Tecnécio/farmacocinética , Distribuição TecidualRESUMO
In an open clinical trial we assessed the tolerance and safety of the 1:1 conversion of traditional cyclosporine A (CyA) to a new cyclosporine formulation based on a microemulsion technology (CyN) in 18 patients with stable renal allografts. 56% patients were female. Median patient age was 40.9 +/- 3.2 years (range 18 to 65). Renal transplantation was performed in 24.1 +/- 4.6 months (range 6 to 67 months), prior to the beginning of the study, and 67% of the transplants were from cadaveric donor. The most frequent underlying renal disease was glomerulonephritis (44.4%). None of the patients entering the study were withdrawn prematurely. After 2 weeks of observation for graft function stability, the study was divided in two phases: I: during 4 weeks the patients received CyA traditional at fixed doses (Mean dose administered 3.056 +/- 0.25 mg/Kg/d) and II: during the consecutive 6 weeks with conversion to CyN, with doses adjustment as required (Mean dose 2.887 +/- 0.21 mg/Kg/d). Clinical events, adverse reactions and laboratory parameters were evaluated. Levels of 100-200 ng/ml measured by monoclonal specific fluorescence polarization immunoassay were considered appropriate. There were no significant changes in physical examination and laboratory parameters between phases. The incidence of adverse reactions reported in phase I was only gingival hypertrophy (5%) which persisted in phase II, qualified as probably related to the cyclosporine, and in phase II tremor in 17%, qualified as definitively related. Both drugs were well tolerated and there was no report of acute rejection during the study. We conclude that the tolerance and safety of the 1:1 conversion of CyA to CyN were confirmed by our results, and considering the improved pharmacokinetic properties of the second, the microemulsion presentation will be used preferentially as immunosuppressive drug in the treatment of stable kidney transplant patients.
Assuntos
Ciclosporina/administração & dosagem , Rejeição de Enxerto/prevenção & controle , Imunossupressores/administração & dosagem , Transplante de Rim/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Ciclosporina/efeitos adversos , Emulsões , Feminino , Hipertrofia Gengival/induzido quimicamente , Humanos , Imunossupressores/efeitos adversos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Hepatitis C virus antibodies (HCVAb) were studied in a total of 58 patients on chronic hemodialysis, all of whom were negative for Hepatitis B serology. The patients were evaluated by the second generation EIA test. Twenty-one of these patients, initially HCVAb(-), were dialyzed in unit A (UA), where no patients HCVAB(+) were ever dialyzed nor were patients with increased levels of serum transaminases, although they were HCVAb(-). Thirty-seven patients, also initially HCVAb(-), were dialyzed in unit B (UB), where they shared the same dialysis machines (DM) with 14 HCVAb(+) and 11 HCVAb(-) with elevated serum transaminases patients. Time on hemodialysis for UA patients was 30.95 +/- 10.74 months (range 14-52 months). In UB patients, time on dialysis was 28.46 +/- 17.33 months (range 4-78 months) (P = 0.554). The seroconversion for patients who were initially HCVAb(+) was: in UA, none became (+); and in UB, 17 patients became (+); Chi-square = 11.522 (P < 0.0001). Ten patients were transfused in UA and 23 in UB (Chi-square = 0.638; P = 0.424). In addition, 2.30 +/- 1.5 blood units were given to patients transfused in UA and 2.09 +/- 1.65 were given to patients transfused in UB (P = 0.733). This data indicates the existence of a route of vertical transmission from patient to patient through the DM, which would explain the differences between these two groups.
Assuntos
Hepatite C/transmissão , Diálise Renal/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Hepatite C/imunologia , Anticorpos Anti-Hepatite C/sangue , Humanos , Rins Artificiais , Fatores de Risco , Fatores de Tempo , Reação TransfusionalRESUMO
"The analysis of probable growth rates among families, based on census figures, proved that fertility rates in Mexico began to fall earlier and less selectively than suggested by previous studies. The first changes in reproductive patterns occurred prior to official family planning programs. A state-by-state probability analysis discovered the existence of three groups of states corresponding to the different stages of changing fertility rates." (SUMMARY IN ENG)
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Coeficiente de Natalidade , Geografia , Dinâmica Populacional , América , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Fertilidade , América Latina , México , América do Norte , PopulaçãoRESUMO
PIP: Data from the 1976 Mexican Fertility survey and the 1987 National survey of Fertility and Health are the basis for an analysis of the relationship between the fertility decline and female labor force participation in Mexico. The two surveys provide relatively comparable data on economic activity at the time of the interview, before the first union, and before the first birth. Other data on female labor force participation in Mexico is scarce and does not usually consider the relationship to fertility. The characteristics of Mexico's fertility decline and the evolution of female labor force participation are separately examined as background for the analysis of the effect of fertility decline on economic activity. Mexican fertiity remained elevated until around 1970, when the rapid and significant decline began. The total fertility rate dropped from 6.8 in 1970 to 3.8 in 1986, a 44% decline in 16 years. Urban women born in 1942-47 were the first to limit their family size and terminate childbearing at younger ages. Little recent variation has occurred in the age at marriage or at birth of the first child. But place of residence and educational status are associated with significant differentials in age at marriage and initiation of childbearing. The greatest changes in patterns of family formation have occurred in final family size and age at termination of childbearing. The proportion of Mexican women over age 12 who declared themselves economically active increased from 13% in 1950 to 32% in 1988. After 1970, the greatest fertility declines were in women over 30, while the greatest increases in economic activity were in young women; only during 1982-87 did participation increase for women aged 30-44. Activity rates have increased constantly beginning with the 1942-47 cohorts. The increase for the 1942-47 cohort began after age 35, when over half the women had had their last child. Women born in 1947-52 began to increase their participation at 30-34 years, but their increase was even greater at 35-39 years. Women born in 1952-57 demonstrated an important increase in participation at 25-29 years and especially at 30-34 years. An increasing proportion of women in the youngest cohorts have been able to begin their families and participate in the labor force simultaneously. Women who worked before marriage or at early stages of family formation are particularly likely to reenter the labor force.^ieng
Assuntos
Fatores Etários , Coeficiente de Natalidade , Emprego , Características da Família , América , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Fertilidade , Mão de Obra em Saúde , América Latina , México , América do Norte , População , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , PesquisaRESUMO
A trial was carried out in alpacas (Lama pacos) and llamas (Lama glama) to determine the economic benefits of controlling both external and internal parasites by the use of ivermectin ("Ivomec," Merck Sharp & Dohme). After four months the treated male alpacas gained on average 3.1 kg more than the untreated males, and their fleece weighed 0.36 kg more. The treated female alpacas gained 1.9 kg more than the controls, but their fleece weighed 0.03 kg less. This treatment gave a net financial benefit to the farmer of U.S. $3.54 for each of his male alpacas and U.S. $1.36 for each of his female alpacas. The results for the llamas were not significant because there was great variation in the weight gains (and losses). Because the value of llama fleece is less, the economic benefits were also less.
Assuntos
Camelídeos Americanos/parasitologia , Ectoparasitoses/veterinária , Enteropatias Parasitárias/veterinária , Ivermectina/uso terapêutico , Lã/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais , Ectoparasitoses/economia , Ectoparasitoses/prevenção & controle , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Enteropatias Parasitárias/economia , Enteropatias Parasitárias/prevenção & controle , Masculino , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas/veterinária , Peru , Distribuição Aleatória , Aumento de PesoRESUMO
A trial was carried out in alpacas (Lama pacos) to determine the economic benefit of controlling both external and internal parasites using ivermectin (Ivomec, Merck, Sharpe and Dohme). After four months the treated male alpacas had gained on average 3.1 kg more than the untreated males and their fleece weighed 0.36 kg more. Treated females gained 1.9 kg more than the controls but their fleece weighed 0.03 kg less. This resulted in a net financial benefit to the farmer of US$3.54 for each male alpaca and US$1.36 for each female.
Assuntos
Camelídeos Americanos/parasitologia , Ectoparasitoses/veterinária , Helmintíase Animal , Enteropatias Parasitárias/veterinária , Ivermectina/uso terapêutico , Criação de Animais Domésticos , Animais , Ectoparasitoses/tratamento farmacológico , Ectoparasitoses/economia , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Helmintíase/tratamento farmacológico , Helmintíase/economia , Enteropatias Parasitárias/tratamento farmacológico , Enteropatias Parasitárias/economia , Infestações por Piolhos/tratamento farmacológico , Infestações por Piolhos/economia , Infestações por Piolhos/veterinária , Masculino , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas/veterinária , Peru , Aumento de PesoRESUMO
The New World screwworm fly (Cochliomyia hominivorax) caused myiasis extensively among livestock in Mexico and the southern third of the USA until eradication was achieved by repeatedly releasing sterile males of the species on a massive scale. The pest appeared in Libya in 1988, the first time it had become established outside the western hemisphere. Because of the threat of myiasis in animals and people, not only in Libya but also elsewhere in Africa and beyond, a concerted campaign of sterile male releases was mounted with strong international support, and the outbreak has been eliminated. Action is continuing against the pest in Central America.
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Cooperação Internacional , Infecção por Mosca da Bicheira/prevenção & controle , Animais , América Central/epidemiologia , Comparação Transcultural , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , Incidência , Líbia/epidemiologia , Infecção por Mosca da Bicheira/epidemiologia , Infecção por Mosca da Bicheira/transmissão , América do Sul/epidemiologiaRESUMO
PIP: In Mexico as in many other countries, the demographic transition began with mortality decline. With the great epidemics largely disappearing by the mid-19th century as a result of public health and sanitation measures, the mortality rate stabilized and began an accelerated decline after 1920. Life expectancy at birth was about 30 years in 1900 and declined during the decade of the Mexican Revolution. By the 1980s it had risen to 69 years. Fertility remained at high levels with slight variations until the late 1960s, when it began to decline 50 years after the start of the mortality decline. Government family planning programs intended to reduce the rate of population growth accelerated the fertility decline. Great changes thus affected Mexico¿s population during the 20th century. The total population increased from 14 million in 1900 to 82 million in 1990. Population growth was relatively slow and constant at around 1.3% until about 1910. It accelerated from the 1920s to the 1960s, and the number of children under age 15 increased sharply. Growth rates began to decline and the population to age in the 1970s. By the 1980s, Mexico¿s fertility rate reached an all-time low. The decline of population growth will be more apparent when the first cohorts of reduced size reach the peak fertility years shortly after 2000. Mexico¿s demographic transition is not yet complete. The evolution of fertility will be decisive in future demographic dynamics.^ieng
Assuntos
Coeficiente de Natalidade , Mortalidade , Dinâmica Populacional , Fatores de Tempo , América , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Fertilidade , América Latina , México , América do Norte , PopulaçãoRESUMO
PIP: The authors review aspects of Mexico's demographic transition, with a focus on the 1980s. Population politics, contraceptive use patterns, changes in overall and infant mortality, and increased female labor force participation are considered as contributory factors to this transition.^ieng