RESUMO
This paper addresses the interrelationship between the food and nutrition problem and population problems in Latin America within a global focus. A basic framework is presented which defines four demographic problems highly related with the food and nutrition situation: The underutilization of the labor force; the accelerated growth of the marginal population; the poor geographic distribution and rapid urbanization; and the high rates of infant and child mortality. Findings from the recent experience of demography in food and nutrition planning in the last four years in Central America and Panama are outlined, and strategies are recommended for the development of different types of programs and projects in population-nutrition. Finally, a list of applied research, basic information and direct action projects in population-nutrition that have been detected as needed by most of the Central American countries, is presented.
PIP: This paper explores various strategies for development of more effective integrated programs of nutrition and population, based on the study of the interrelationship between the 2 problems and the experience acquired in the application of population studies to the process of food and nutrition planning in Central America and Panama. An implicit consensus has been reached that the major problems which confront Latin American governments as a result of present demographic and social trends are urban concentration and metropolization, underutilization of the labor force, extreme poverty, and insufficient basic services. Many existing studies of the links between population, nutrition, and socioeconomic development have had perspectives that have been too global or too partial to support policymaking and planning. Some new lines of study of women, the family, basic needs and extreme poverty, on 1 side, and the elaboration of diagnostic tools, target groups, goals, primary health interventions, integral rural development, and their evaluation, on the other, represent advances in the integration of population and nutrition problems into development planning. A model of interrelationships between demographic policies, malnutrition, and socioeconomic development gives highest priority to 4 demographic problems affecting nutrition: underutilization of the labor force, which affects purchasing power and consumption; growth of the marginal sector, poor population distribution and rapid urbanization; and high mortality among children under 5. A project developed in Central America and Panama from 1977-79 on the sociodemographic dimensions of food and nutrition planning was largely intended to improve institutional planning capacity. An illustrative table identifies 4 conditioning factors of malnutrition, including lack of adequate planning, insufficient food production and poor distribution and underutilization of available food by the body; provides examples of nutritional programs directed toward the problems, and lists expected effects of the programs on demographic variables. Another table outlines conditioning factors of malnutrition and related demographic variables. 5 areas requiring research in Central America are seasonal migration and malnutrition; malnutrition and infant mortality; composition and stability of the family and intrafamily food distribution; urban women's role and lactation; and agricultural density, rural displacement, and home production.
Assuntos
Abastecimento de Alimentos , Planejamento em Saúde , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição , Dinâmica Populacional , América Central , Humanos , Lactente , Mortalidade Infantil , Crescimento Demográfico , Desnutrição Proteico-Calórica , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
Se analiza la interrelacion entre la problematica alimentaria-nutricional y la problematica demografica en America Latina, con un enfoque globalista. Se parte de un marco de referencia en el cual se definen cuatro problemas demograficos estrechamente relacionados con la situacion alimentaria-nutricional: la subutilizacion de la mano de obra; el crecimiento acelerado de la poblacion marginal; la mala distribucion geografica y rapida urbanizacion; y las altas tasas de mortalidad en ninos menores de cinco anos. Se presentan los resultados obtenidos al utilizar la demografia en la planificacion alimentaria-nutricional durante los ultimos cuatro anos en Centroamerica y Panama, y recomiendan estrategias a seguir para el desarrollo de diferentes tipos de programas y proyectos en poblacion-nutricion. Finalmente, se enumera una serie de proyectos de investigacion aplicada, de suministro util de informacion y de accion directa en materia de nutricion-poblacion, que han sido considerados como necesidades en la mayoria de los paises del Istmo Centroamericano
Assuntos
Lactente , Humanos , Abastecimento de Alimentos , Planejamento em Saúde , Ciências da Nutrição , Dinâmica PopulacionalRESUMO
En Honduras se ha establecido un sistema monitor continuo de naturaleza multisectorial en un area geografica de ensayo, basado en las fuentes de datos ya existentes en las instituciones participantes en el mismo y de acuerdo con una estructura tecnico-administrativa horizontal
Assuntos
Ciências da Nutrição , Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional , Programas Nacionais de SaúdeRESUMO
PIP: The relationship between malnutrition and demographic change in Central America and Panama between 1965 and 1975 is analyzed, with a focus on the growing social and demographic gaps between rural and urban areas and the consequences for food supply and nutrition. Models are presented that allow the identification of economic and demographic factors involved in the determination of nutritional status.^ieng
Assuntos
Demografia , Abastecimento de Alimentos , Distúrbios Nutricionais , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição , Dinâmica Populacional , População Rural , Classe Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , População Urbana , América , América Central , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , Economia , Meio Ambiente , Saúde , América Latina , América do Norte , Panamá , População , Características da PopulaçãoRESUMO
PIP: This paper looks into some of the sociodemographic trends and differentials that may be influencing the lack of improvement in the food and nutrition situation in rural Central America. Evidence is presented that indicates that it is more difficult to reduce malnutrition and fertility than it was to reduce infant and child mortality initially. When sociostructural changes are not forthcoming after the initiation of the mortality decline, then resultant population growth, distribution and composition dynamics can hinder improvement in nutrition. In particular, changes in the social composition differentials as a result of selectivity in mortality, fertility and migration have apparently contributed to the increasing nutrition gap between the well-fed and the poorly-fed classes.^ieng