RESUMO
Eusociality in its various degrees represents an animal social system characterised by cooperative brood care, differentiation into castes and generational overlap. The fossil record indicates that eusociality is likely to have originated in hymenopterans and blattodeans during the Cretaceous. In this study, we present findings from surveys in Peruvian (Villa Carmen) and Ecuadorian (Rio Bigal, El Reventador) cloud forests revealing the first extant cockroach species living in complex, structured groups (n = 90-200 individuals, Ë 20 adults). We observed and described behaviours that suggest the existence of cooperative care, nest guarding, nest chamber preparation within hardwood Casearia sp. (Salicaceae) and bamboo (Bambusoideae), multiple overlapping generations ('different stages of' instars), colony translocation, possibly a sole reproductive female (1.25 times larger white 'queen', but no potential 'king' observed), and morphologically diversified immature stages. In order to define the lineage where this type of sociality originated and occurs, the forms of Melyroidea magnifica Shelford, 1912, M. ecuadoriana sp. n., M. mimetica Shelford, 1912 and an undescribed species from Peru are also described in a separate section of this study. Blattoid morphological characteristics such as typical styli suggest categorisation within distinct Oulopterygidae (Rehn, 1951), outside Corydiidae Saussure 1864. Transitional advanced sociality or semisociality in related Aclavoidea socialis gen. et sp. n. is documented in a rotting stump (n = 80 individuals, few adults). Close phylogenetic relation between the genera, conserved morphology of numerous characters and their diverse feeding strategies generally lacking specialisation suggests a rather recent origin of a social way of life in this group. Eusociality in invertebrates and vertebrates can thus originate in various phylogenetical and ecological trajectories including predation, parasitism, care for herbs and the new one, documented through diet shift from detritivory to fungivory and algaevory. Interdisciplinary approaches reveal the low degree of knowledge of rainforest ecosystems, with fundamental groups remaining still systematically and also behaviourally undescribed.
Assuntos
Baratas/fisiologia , Comportamento Social , Animais , Equador , Feminino , Peru , Filogenia , Clima TropicalRESUMO
This note reports Peters ghost faced bat Mormoops megalophylla from the island of Barbuda, northern Lesser Antilles. Our record is based on fossil remains recently discovered in uncatalogued material or misidentified specimens within a late Quaternary assemblage collected at Caves 1 and 2, Two-Foot Bay, Barbuda, over 50 years ago and housed at the Vertebrate Paleontology collection at the University of Florida, Florida, USA. This is an extralimital record for M. megalophylla, which extends its past distribution well into the northern Lesser Antilles, increasing the bat diversity and number of extinct species known from this island during the Quaternary.
Assuntos
Animais , Fósseis , Quirópteros , Distribuição Animal , Ilhas , PaleontologiaRESUMO
This note reports Peters ghost faced bat Mormoops megalophylla from the island of Barbuda, northern Lesser Antilles. Our record is based on fossil remains recently discovered in uncatalogued material or misidentified specimens within a late Quaternary assemblage collected at Caves 1 and 2, Two-Foot Bay, Barbuda, over 50 years ago and housed at the Vertebrate Paleontology collection at the University of Florida, Florida, USA. This is an extralimital record for M. megalophylla, which extends its past distribution well into the northern Lesser Antilles, increasing the bat diversity and number of extinct species known from this island during the Quaternary. (AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Quirópteros , Fósseis , Ilhas , Paleontologia , Distribuição AnimalRESUMO
Pygoderma bilabiatum is a medium-sized short-faced stenodermatine bat (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) with prominent doughnut-shaped glandular tissue masses surrounding the eyes, among other distinctive characters. In this paper, we describe gross external morphology of newly discovered swellings of Pygoderma, probably enclosing glandular tissue found in the dorsal forelimbs of certain male individuals and discuss intra-specific variation in their development. All male individuals observed with large forelimb swellings also had largely developed periorbital and submandibular glands thus suggesting that all male skin glands/swellings in this species develop more or less concordantly. The episodic chronological distribution of male Pygoderma specimens with developed forelimb swellings suggests a relationship with reproductive cycles.
Pygoderma bilabiatum is a medium-sized short-faced stenodermatine bat (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) with prominent doughnut-shaped glandular tissue masses surrounding the eyes, among other distinctive characters. In this paper, we describe gross external morphology of newly discovered swellings of Pygoderma, probably enclosing glandular tissue found in the dorsal forelimbs of certain male individuals and discuss intra-specific variation in their development. All male individuals observed with large forelimb swellings also had largely developed periorbital and submandibular glands thus suggesting that all male skin glands/swellings in this species develop more or less concordantly. The episodic chronological distribution of male Pygoderma specimens with developed forelimb swellings suggests a relationship with reproductive cycles.
RESUMO
Pygoderma bilabiatum is a medium-sized short-faced stenodermatine bat (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) with prominent doughnut-shaped glandular tissue masses surrounding the eyes, among other distinctive characters. In this paper, we describe gross external morphology of newly discovered swellings of Pygoderma, probably enclosing glandular tissue found in the dorsal forelimbs of certain male individuals and discuss intra-specific variation in their development. All male individuals observed with large forelimb swellings also had largely developed periorbital and submandibular glands thus suggesting that all male skin glands/swellings in this species develop more or less concordantly. The episodic chronological distribution of male Pygoderma specimens with developed forelimb swellings suggests a relationship with reproductive cycles.
Pygoderma bilabiatum is a medium-sized short-faced stenodermatine bat (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) with prominent doughnut-shaped glandular tissue masses surrounding the eyes, among other distinctive characters. In this paper, we describe gross external morphology of newly discovered swellings of Pygoderma, probably enclosing glandular tissue found in the dorsal forelimbs of certain male individuals and discuss intra-specific variation in their development. All male individuals observed with large forelimb swellings also had largely developed periorbital and submandibular glands thus suggesting that all male skin glands/swellings in this species develop more or less concordantly. The episodic chronological distribution of male Pygoderma specimens with developed forelimb swellings suggests a relationship with reproductive cycles.