RESUMO
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRS) has been associated with neonatal infections, with colonization of the anovaginal tract being the main source of vertical transmission. The COVID-19 pandemic has altered the frequency of antibiotic usage, potentially contributing to changes in the dynamics of bacterial agents colonizing humans. Here we determined MRS colonization rates among pregnant individuals attending a single maternity in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil before (January 2019-March 2020) and during (May 2020-March 2021) the COVID-19 pandemic. Anovaginal samples (n = 806 [521 samples before and 285 during the pandemic]) were streaked onto chromogenic media. Colonies were identified by MALDI-TOF MS. Detection of mecA gene and SCCmec typing were assessed by PCR and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done according to CLSI guidelines. After the onset of the pandemic, MRS colonization rates increased significantly (p < 0.05) from 8.6% (45) to 54.7% (156). Overall, 215 (26.6%) MRS isolates were detected, of which S. haemolyticus was the most prevalent species (MRSH, 84.2%; 181 isolates). SCCmec type V was the most frequent among MRS (63.3%; 136), and 31.6% (68) of MRS strains had a non-typeable SCCmec, due to new combinations of ccr and mecA complexes. Among MRS strains, 41.9% (90) were resistant to at least 3 different classes of antimicrobial agents, and 60% (54) of them were S. haemolyticus harboring SCCmec V. MRS colonization rates and the emergence of multidrug-resistant variants detected in this study indicate the need for continuing surveillance of this important pathogen within maternal and child populations.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina , Infecções Estafilocócicas , Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/virologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/genética , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/isolamento & purificação , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/efeitos dos fármacos , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/microbiologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , SARS-CoV-2/genética , SARS-CoV-2/isolamento & purificação , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Pandemias , Vagina/microbiologiaRESUMO
Members of the genus Enterococcus are among the most relevant etiologic agents of bovine clinical and subclinical mastitis, a major problem for the dairy industry. In Brazil, clonal diversity, and multidrug resistance profiles related to bovine infections need further investigation. In this study, 11 bacterial strains recovered from mastitis subclinical cases detected in different farms of São Paulo, Brazil, were identified as Enterococcus faecalis (n = 8) and Enterococcus mundtii (n = 3) by biochemical testing and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis categorized the enterococcal isolates into two main clusters (A and B) with similarity ranging from 85 to 100%. The isolates were shown to be resistant tetracycline (73%), erythromycin (73%), quinupristin-dalphopristin (64%), norfloxacin (9%), fosfomycin (9%) and linezolid (9%). Moreover, seven strains (64%) were considered multidrug-resistant. All the isolates were able to produce biofilms when grown in milk for 24 h: 54·54% were classified as moderate producers and 45·45% were weak producers. Interestingly, only two strains (Ef17 and Em42) remained as moderate biofilm producers after 48 h incubation. Moreover, all isolates showed no ability to form biofilm in tryptic soy broth (TSB) after 24 and 48 h incubation. In addition, cytoskeleton components were partially involved in E. faecalis and E. mundtii entry to epithelial cells as demonstrated by induction of actin stress fibre. In conclusion, enterococci isolates recovered from bovine subclinical mastitis were resistant to several classes of antibiotics, showing the ability to form biofilms in milk and invade mammary epithelial cells, suggesting an advantageous feature in mammary gland colonization during mastitis development. In addition, they can spread along the food chain by different routes and eventually constitute a possible threat for public health, including E. mundtii specie.
Assuntos
Mastite Bovina , Animais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Biofilmes , Brasil/epidemiologia , Bovinos , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Enterococcus , Enterococcus faecalis , Células Epiteliais , Feminino , Humanos , Mastite Bovina/microbiologia , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
Nucleotides are important to cell growth and division and are crucial to the rapid proliferation of such cells as the intestinal mucosa and immune cells. Accordingly, the nucleotide requirements of animals are high during periods of rapid growth and periods of stress like post-weaning period. Thus, nucleotide supplementation may be a possible alternative to in-feed antibiotics as growth promoter in this phase. The study aimed to evaluate dietary nucleotide supplementation as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics on performance and gut health of weaned piglets. Ninety-six 21-day-old piglets, weighing 7.44⯱â¯0.65â¯kg, were allocated into 1 of 3 treatments (8 pens per treatment; 4 pigs per pen) in a 14-day trial. Dietary treatments consisted of control: corn-soybean meal-based diet; nucleotides: control +2â¯g/kg of a nutritional additive with purified nucleotides; and antibiotic: control +0.8â¯g/kg of antibiotic growth promoter based on colistin and tylosin. Performance variables and fecal score were not affected (Pâ¯>â¯0.05) by supplementing nucleotide or antibiotic. Nucleotides treatment had similar effect to antibiotic and superior to control (Pâ¯<â¯0.05) on enhancing duodenum villus height, jejunum crypt depth, and reduction of Paneth cellular area. Duodenum and ileum of animals supplemented with nucleotides or antibiotics had higher (Pâ¯<â¯0.05) number of proliferating cells than did those of control animals, whereas the jejunum of animals that received antibiotic diets presented more (Pâ¯<â¯0.05) proliferating cells than either the nucleotides or control animals. Jejunum of nucleotide-treated piglets showed a greater number of apoptotic cells than those fed antibiotic or control diets (Pâ¯<â¯0.05). Nucleotides and antibiotic treatments decreased the B lymphocyte counts in duodenum and ileum (Pâ¯<â¯0.05) but increased in the jejunum (Pâ¯<â¯0.05), when compared to the control treatment. Relative abundance of mitogen-activated protein kinases-6, haptoglobin, and tumor necrosis factor-α mRNA was not influenced (Pâ¯>â¯0.05) by treatments. In the ileal, antibiotic supplementation reduced total bacteria quantification compared to nucleotide supplementation or the control (Pâ¯<â¯0.05), whereas nucleotides supplementation increased enterobacteria proliferation compared to the antibiotic or control diets (Pâ¯<â¯0.05). However, nucleotides and antibiotic reduced (Pâ¯<â¯0.05) colon total bacteria quantification when compared to control. These results suggest that the nucleotides source used to weaned piglets improved gut health by modulating the local immune response and modulating intestinal mucosa development, and, therefore, nucleotides may be an alternative to antibiotics as growth promoters.
Assuntos
Ração Animal , Antibacterianos , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Dieta/veterinária , Suplementos Nutricionais , Mucosa Intestinal , Nucleotídeos , Suínos , DesmameRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Autoimmune thyroid disease (ATD) patients may have a higher prevalence of anti-parietal cell antibodies (APCA) than normal population. OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence of APCA in a cohort of ATD patients to know its association with patient's clinical profile and gastrointestinal complaints. METHODS: APCA was sought for by indirect immunofluorescence test in 243 ATD patients: 136 (55.9%) with Graves' disease and 107 (44.0%) with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. A structured questionnaire for gastrointestinal symptoms, previous history of thrombosis, arthralgia and other autoimmune diseases in the patients and their families was applied. Positive and negative APCA individuals were compared. Positive patients were invited to perform upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and biopsy of duodenum segments. Sera from 100 healthy individuals from the same geographic area were used as controls. RESULTS: APCA was present in 20.1% (49/243) of ATD patients: 21.3% (29/136) in the Graves' sample and 18.6% (20/107) in the Hashimoto's sample (p = 0.61). Patients with positive APCA had more anemia (p = 0.03; OR = 2.89; 95% CI = 1.03-8.07) and less heartburn (p = 0.01; OR = 0.4; 95% CI = 0.20-0.83). Among the group of 49 APCA-positive patients, 24 agreed with upper endoscopy and it was found that 54.1% had atrophic gastritis. CONCLUSIONS: There is a high prevalence of positive APCA in ATD patients. APCA are more common in those with anemia and less common in those with complaints of heartburn. Almost half of positive APCA patients had atrophic gastritis.
Assuntos
Autoanticorpos/sangue , Doenças Autoimunes/imunologia , Doença de Hashimoto/imunologia , Células Parietais Gástricas/imunologia , Adulto , Doenças Autoimunes/sangue , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Seguimentos , Doença de Hashimoto/sangue , Humanos , Masculino , PrognósticoRESUMO
We performed two different approaches (broth enrichment step prior to culture (BEC) and PCR (BEPCR)) for detecting Streptococcus pneumoniae from nasopharyngeal specimens collected from 242 children aged <6 years attending one hospital (n = 140) and one childcare centre (n = 102) in a major urban area in Brazil. These specimens were collected immediately before the introduction of the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) and the 13-valent vaccine (PCV13) for routine use in Brazil. Results were compared with previous findings obtained with direct culture (DC) on a selective medium. Colonisation prevalence was 58·3% (n = 141), being higher among children attending the childcare centre (62·7% vs. 55%). The culture-based methods (DC and BEC) enabled the detection of S. pneumoniae in 119 (49·2%) and 115 (47·5%) children, respectively. The PCR-based method (BEPCR) was more sensitive and 137 (56·6%) carriers were identified. Twenty-six serogroups/serotypes were identified, predominantly 6B, 19F, 14, 6A, 15C and 23F. Multiple colonisation was observed in 13 (5·4%) children. The estimated serotypes coverage of available PCVs was 40·4% for the 10-valent (included in the Brazilian immunisation programme) and 55·8% for the 13-valent (only available in private clinics). The use of robust approaches to obtain a more realistic insight about the asymptomatic carrier status is of paramount importance to estimate and assess the impact of vaccine implementation. The combination between culture-based and molecular methods constitutes a suitable strategy.
Assuntos
Portador Sadio , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana , Nasofaringe/microbiologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/microbiologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Streptococcus pneumoniae/fisiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Portador Sadio/epidemiologia , Portador Sadio/microbiologia , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Vacinas Pneumocócicas/administração & dosagemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common infectious complication after renal transplantation. Most infections are caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). There are limited data on the prevalence of virulence traits among UPEC isolated from renal transplant recipients. This study compared the phenotypic and genotypic profiles of UPEC strains isolated from recipients with those from control patients. METHODS: E coli isolates that caused UTI in recipients versus nonimmunosuppressed control patients were characterized according to phylogenetic group and the presence of urovirulence genes pap1/pap2; sfa1/sfa2; afa1/afa2; aer1/aer2; and cnf1/cnf2. RESULTS: Thirty-six UPEC isolates from recipients and another 27 from control individuals were included in the study. The proportion of episodes of pyelonephritis in recipients (50%) versus control subjects (41%) was similar (P = .46). However, secondary bacteremia was observed only among recipients (n = 8; P < .001). There was no significant difference in the distribution of phylogenetic groups or the prevalence of analyzed virulence traits between UPEC isolated from the 2 groups. Nevertheless, strains associated with secondary bacteremia in recipients showed a higher prevalence of mannose-resistant hemagglutination (P = .013). CONCLUSION: The phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of UPEC isolated from recipients were similar to those from control patients at a tertiary care center. Secondary bacteremia in recipients was associated with a higher prevalence of mannose-resistant hemagglutination.
Assuntos
Infecções por Escherichia coli/epidemiologia , Transplante de Rim/efeitos adversos , Infecções Urinárias/epidemiologia , Escherichia coli Uropatogênica/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Infecções por Escherichia coli/genética , Feminino , Genótipo , Cabras , Cobaias , Testes de Inibição da Hemaglutinação , Humanos , Masculino , Anamnese , Proteínas Associadas a Pancreatite , Fenótipo , Pielonefrite/epidemiologia , Pielonefrite/microbiologia , Coelhos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Ovinos , Infecções Urinárias/genética , Infecções Urinárias/microbiologia , Urina/microbiologia , Escherichia coli Uropatogênica/patogenicidadeRESUMO
To compare the genotypes of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates of human and animal origin collected in Rio de Janeiro City, 30 C. jejuni and 35 C. coli isolates from animal sources (n=45) and human patients with gastroenteritis (n=20) were genotyped by PCR-based techniques, namely random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR) and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence (ERIC-PCR). RAPD-PCR identified 50 types and ERIC-PCR identified 22 genotypes, among the 65 Campylobacter isolates. Both PCR methods discriminated the C. jejuni and C. coli groups of isolates. Combining the results of both methods, no single genotype was shared between isolates from human and animal sources. Two groups of two C. coli isolates each with identical genotypes were found among poultry and pig isolates. A high level of genetic diversity observed among the Campylobacter isolates suggests lack of overlap between isolates from different sources.
Assuntos
Infecções por Campylobacter/microbiologia , Campylobacter coli/genética , Campylobacter jejuni/genética , Variação Genética , Genótipo , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Infecções por Campylobacter/epidemiologia , Gastroenterite/veterinária , Humanos , FilogeniaRESUMO
Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of a PCR-amplified fragment of the 16S rRNA gene was performed on reference strains belonging to 21 different enterococcal species and on 75 Enterococcus isolates recovered from poultry meat, pasteurised milk and fresh cheese. PCR amplification generated a 275 bp fragment, which was digested with three restriction endonucleases (DdeI, HaeIII, HinfI). The strains were divided into five groups (groups A-E) on the basis of their restriction patterns. Five biochemical tests (arabinose, arginine, manitol, methyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside and raffinose) were then performed in addition to RFLP analysis to narrow the identification of enterococcal strains to the species level. PCR-RFLP, in conjunction with the selected biochemical tests, allowed the precise identification of the 21 species of Enterococcus included in the present study. This proposed method is relatively simple and rapid and can be useful as an adjunct tool for accurate identification of Enterococcus.
Assuntos
DNA Bacteriano/genética , Enterococcus/genética , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição/genética , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Enzimas de Restrição do DNA , Enterococcus/classificação , Enterococcus/isolamento & purificação , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Reação em Cadeia da PolimeraseRESUMO
The study was undertaken to determine the clonal relationship and the genetic diversity among Escherichia coli isolates by comparing a non-motile O157 variant with three O157:H7 EHEC isolates and one O55:H7 enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) strain. E. coli strains were characterized by sorbitol phenotype, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, random amplification polymorphic DNA, and the presence of specific virulence genes (stx, E-hly and LEE genes). Sorbitol fermentation was observed in O157:H- (strain 116I), O55:H7 and O157:H7 (strain GC148) serotypes. stx1 or stx2 and E-hly genes were only detected among O157:H7 isolates. LEE typing revealed specific allele distribution: eaegamma, tirgamma, espAgamma, espBgamma associated with EPEC O55:H7 and EHEC O157:H7 strains (B1/1 and EDL 933), eaealpha, tiralpha, espAalpha, espBalpha related to the 116I O157:H- strain and the GC148 strain presented non-typable LEE sequences. Multilocus enzyme profiles revealed two main clusters associated with specific LEE pathotypes. E. coli strains were discriminated by random amplification of polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis methodologies. The molecular approaches used in this study allowed the determination of the genetic relatedness among E. coli strains as well as the detection of lineage specific group markers.
Assuntos
Escherichia coli Enteropatogênica/classificação , Escherichia coli Enteropatogênica/genética , Escherichia coli O157/classificação , Escherichia coli O157/genética , Animais , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana , Bovinos , Linhagem Celular , Impressões Digitais de DNA , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado , Escherichia coli Enteropatogênica/enzimologia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/veterinária , Escherichia coli O157/enzimologia , Fermentação , Humanos , Técnica de Amplificação ao Acaso de DNA Polimórfico , Sorbitol/metabolismo , Fatores de Virulência/genéticaRESUMO
INTRODUÇÃO: A medida da amplitude do movimento (ADM) é um importante parâmetro utilizado na avaliação e no acompanhamento fisioterapêutico, conseqüentemente, a confiabilidade dessa medida e dos instrumentos utilizados devem ser avaliados. OBJETIVOS: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a confiabilidade das medidas intra-examinador e interexaminador da ADM ativa de dorsiflexão do tornozelo, por meio da goniometria e de forma mais funcional em cadeia cinética fechada (CCF). MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Dois examinadores realizaram, em dois dias de teste, as mensurações de ambos os membros de 22 sujeitos saudáveis. A ADM ativa de dorsiflexão foi medida primeiro com o sujeito em prono, utilizando o goniômetro universal e, posteriormente, com o sujeito em dorsiflexão, na posição ortostática com o pé testado sobre uma fita métrica. O coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI) foi utilizado para a análise da confiabilidade das medidas, e o teste t pareado e independente foi utilizado para verificar a diferença entre as médias de dois dias de teste e entre os dois examinadores, respectivamente. RESULTADOS: Os coeficientes de correlação intraclasse (CCI) demonstraram de baixa a moderada confiabilidade intra-examinador, com CCI: 0,32 a 0,72, e moderada confiabilidade interexaminador, com CCI de 0,57 e 0,66 para a goniometria. Para a medida em CCF a confiabilidade foi alta tanto para a condição intra-examinador (CCI de 0,93 e 0,96 para os tornozelos direito e esquerdo, respectivamente) quanto para interexaminador (CCI de 0,98 e 0,99 para os tornozelos direito e esquerdo, respectivamente). CONCLUSÃO: Esses resultados indicaram que a confiabilidade da avaliação em CCF é maior que a do goniômetro universal, e isso indica ser um método confiável para sua aplicação clínica ao envolver o mesmo ou diferentes avaliadores.
BACKGROUND: Range of motion (ROM) measurements are an important parameter for physiotherapeutic assessment and follow-up. Consequently, the reliability of such measurements and the instruments utilized must be evaluated. OBJETIVE: To evaluate the intrarater and interrater reliability of active ROM measurements for ankle dorsiflexion using a goniometer and the more functional method of closed kinetic chains (CKC). METHOD: Two examiners measured both ankles of 22 healthy subjects, on two test days. The active ROM for dorsiflexion was first measured with the subject in the prone position using a universal goniometer and subsequently with the subject in the orthostatic position, with the foot to be tested in dorsiflexion on a measuring tape. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to analyze the reliability of the measurements, and Student's t test for paired and independent samples was used to investigate differences between the means for the two test days and between the two examiners, respectively. RESULTS: The ICC showed low to moderate intrarater reliability (ICC: 0.32-0.72) and moderate interrater reliability (ICC: 0.57-0.66) for the goniometer measurements. For the CKC measurements, both intrarater reliability and interrater reliability were high: intrarater ICC of 0.93 and 0.96 for the right and left ankles, respectively; interrater ICC of 0.98 and 0.99 for the right and left ankles, respectively. CONCLUSION: These results indicated that the reliability of the CKC evaluation was greater than the reliability of the universal goniometer. This shows that CKC is a reliable method for clinical application involving the same or different examiners.
Assuntos
Cistite Intersticial/diagnóstico , Exame Físico , Bexiga Urinária/fisiopatologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Funções Verossimilhança , Nitritos/urina , Dor/etiologia , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Inquéritos e Questionários , Urinálise , Infecções Urinárias/epidemiologia , Infecções Urinárias/microbiologia , Infecções Urinárias/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Phenotypic characteristics, antimicrobial susceptibility, and genetic relationships were analyzed in 107 Staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered from cows with subclinical mastitis in Southeastern Brazil. Thirteen different biochemical patterns were detected among isolates. A predominant pattern represented by about 54% of the isolates was distributed among several herds. Isolates of distinct phenotypic profiles were also detected within a herd. Susceptibility to ampicillin, cefotaxime, cephalotin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamycin, kanamycin, nitrofurantoin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, oxacillin, penicillin, rifampin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, tetracycline, trimethoprim, and vancomycin, determined by the disk diffusion method, was observed in 44.9% of isolates. On the other hand, 55.1, 7.4, and 2.8% of the strains were resistant to ampicillin/penicillin, tetracycline, and erythromycin, respectively. Genetic diversity was analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis using SmaI as the restriction enzyme. All isolates could be typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, which identified 16 types and 24 subtypes. Type A and its subtypes comprised 54.2% of all isolates and were recovered from 6 of the 9 herds analyzed. Other types and subtypes were also found in multiple herds. Although multiple types and subtypes were found within a specific herd, a predominant type was frequently observed.
Assuntos
Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Mastite Bovina/microbiologia , Staphylococcus aureus/isolamento & purificação , Staphylococcus aureus/metabolismo , Animais , Brasil , Bovinos , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado , Feminino , Fermentação , Variação Genética , Genótipo , Mastite Bovina/tratamento farmacológico , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Leite/microbiologia , Fenótipo , Staphylococcus aureus/genéticaRESUMO
An active chloramphenicol efflux system was demonstrated in a multiresistant E. coli isolated from poultry carcass. The effect of different concentrations of chloramphenicol on the original strain and on the plasmid-cured strain was determined in the presence and in the absence of CCCP, an uncoupler of the proton-motive force. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was lower in the presence of CCCP in the original strain. The plasmid-cured strain displayed lower resistance for chloramphenicol than the wild type, but the MIC was not affected by CCCP. The combined results indicate a plasmid encoded energy dependent resistance mechanism. 3H-chloramphenicol accumulation within the cells was measured by scintillation counting. The uptake or the efflux of 3H-chloramphenicol was influenced by CCCP in the original strain, but not in the plasmid-cured strain. More than one chloramphenicol resistance mechanism may exist in this strain. E. coli is an important commensal or pathogen that inhabits the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and animals, so a plasmid encoded active drug resistance mechanism can be a potential source of horizontal transfer of resistance.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacocinética , Resistência ao Cloranfenicol/fisiologia , Cloranfenicol/farmacocinética , Infecções por Escherichia coli/veterinária , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/microbiologia , Animais , Antibacterianos/antagonistas & inibidores , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Carbonil Cianeto m-Clorofenil Hidrazona/análogos & derivados , Carbonil Cianeto m-Clorofenil Hidrazona/farmacologia , Cloranfenicol/antagonistas & inibidores , Cloranfenicol/farmacologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologia , Ionóforos/farmacologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Plasmídeos , Aves Domésticas , Força Próton-Motriz/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Ralstonia pickettii and Burkholderia cepacia complex isolates are causes of healthcare-associated infection related to contamination of intravenously administered products. Based on microbiological and epidemiological data and molecular typing by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, we report the occurrence of two outbreaks of R. pickettii and B. cepacia complex bloodstream infections. The first outbreak occurred from August 1995 to September 1996, and the second outbreak occurred from 28 March to 8 April 1998, affecting adults and neonates, respectively. Infusion of contaminated water for injection was the source of infection.
Assuntos
Bacteriemia/etiologia , Infecções por Burkholderia/etiologia , Complexo Burkholderia cepacia , Infecção Hospitalar/etiologia , Contaminação de Medicamentos , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/etiologia , Injeções/efeitos adversos , Ralstonia , Microbiologia da Água , Adulto , Bacteriemia/epidemiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Infecções por Burkholderia/epidemiologia , Complexo Burkholderia cepacia/classificação , Complexo Burkholderia cepacia/genética , Complexo Burkholderia cepacia/isolamento & purificação , Infecção Hospitalar/epidemiologia , DNA Bacteriano/análise , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Surtos de Doenças/estatística & dados numéricos , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado , Evolução Fatal , Feminino , Genótipo , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/epidemiologia , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Controle de Infecções , Masculino , Epidemiologia Molecular , Filogenia , Ralstonia/classificação , Ralstonia/genética , Ralstonia/isolamento & purificação , Estações do AnoRESUMO
Studies on the genetic diversity of oxacillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococcal (CNS) isolates are important for the control and prevention of infections. The present study evaluated the clonal diversity of oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (ORSE) and Staphylococcus haemolyticus (ORSH) strains, isolated from patients in nine Brazilian medical centres by using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) after digestion of bacterial DNA using SmaI. PFGE analysis of ORSE (N=44) and ORSH (N=25) strains showed the presence of 29 restriction profiles clustered in 16 PFGE types, and 21 distinct profiles in 15 PFGE types, respectively, indicating a large genetic diversity among isolates of both of these species. Among the ORSE isolates, 23 (52%) strains belonged to two predominant PFGE types (named A and B), which were observed in most of the hospitals assessed, indicating the spread of these PFGE types in hospitals located in Rio de Janeiro. The spread of PFGE types of ORSH was also detected in some of the hospitals investigated. The results show that PFGE is a suitable tool for epidemiological studies of oxacillin-resistant CNS, and can be used as a basis for infection control procedures for these multiresistant organisms.
Assuntos
Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado/métodos , Genoma Bacteriano , Oxacilina , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Staphylococcus epidermidis/genética , Staphylococcus haemolyticus/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Brasil/epidemiologia , Análise por Conglomerados , Infecção Hospitalar/epidemiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/prevenção & controle , Infecção Hospitalar/transmissão , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/genética , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado/normas , Estudos Epidemiológicos , Variação Genética/genética , Hospitais de Ensino , Hospitais Urbanos , Humanos , Controle de Infecções , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Epidemiologia Molecular , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Prevalência , Mapeamento por Restrição , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/prevenção & controle , Infecções Estafilocócicas/transmissão , Staphylococcus epidermidis/isolamento & purificação , Staphylococcus haemolyticus/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
The frequency of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) strains was investigated in 253 children up to 3 years old, with (patient group, PG, 199 children) and without (control group, CG, 54 children) diarrhoea, living in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. DEC strains were detected in 70 (27.6%) children, including 54 (27.1%) with diarrhoea and 16 (29.6%) without diarrhoea. Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) was the most frequent DEC category, accounting for 14.6% of the isolates in the PG and for 11.1% in the CG. E. coli strains carrying enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) virulence markers showed higher incidence in the CG (12.9%) than in the PG (8.0%). E. coli strains belonging to non-classical EPEC groups that carried eae only or eae and bfpA, designated as attaching-effacing E. coli (AEEC) were the most frequent (79.1%). Simultaneous presence of multiple EPEC virulence factors (EAF/eae/bfpA) were only detected among strains isolated from the PG. Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) strains were isolated from 5.5% of the children in the CG and from 3.5% of those in the PG. Most of the ETEC isolates were LT-probe positive (70%) and none carried both LT-I and ST-I probe sequences. One enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) strain was recovered from a child with diarrhoea. No stx-probe positive E. coli strains were detected. Overall, DEC strains were not found to be significantly associated with diarrhoea (p>0.05). However, the higher incidence of EAEC, the most frequent DEC category, among children with diarrhoea, suggests a potential role of EAEC as an important enteric pathogen in the community investigated.
Assuntos
Diarreia/microbiologia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologia , Escherichia coli/classificação , Testes de Aglutinação , Toxinas Bacterianas/genética , Toxinas Bacterianas/isolamento & purificação , Brasil/epidemiologia , Pré-Escolar , DNA Bacteriano/química , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Enterotoxinas/genética , Enterotoxinas/isolamento & purificação , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Escherichia coli/patogenicidade , Infecções por Escherichia coli/epidemiologia , Fezes/microbiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Lactente , Masculino , Hibridização de Ácido Nucleico , VirulênciaRESUMO
Resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae is a worldwide, growing problem. Studies of factors associated with resistance to penicillin have not been conducted in Brazil. The objective of the present study was to evaluate factors associated with infection by S. pneumoniae not susceptible to penicillin. A prevalence study was conducted including all patients with a positive culture for S. pneumoniae in a hospital from July 1991 to December 1992 and the year 1994. Of 165 patients identified, 139 were considered to have clinically relevant infections and 88% of them had invasive infections. All infections were community acquired and consisted of pneumonia (44%) and of central nervous system (19%), pelvic or abdominal (12%), upper airway or ocular (12%), primary bloodstream (9%) and skin and soft tissue (5%) infections. Mortality was 25%. Susceptibility to penicillin was present in 77.6% of the isolates; 21.8% were relatively resistant, and one isolate was resistant (minimal inhibitory concentration = 4 micro g/ml). Multivariate analysis showed that age below 4 years (odds ratio (OR): 3.53, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): 1.39-8.96) and renal failure (OR: 5.50, 95%CI: 1.07-28.36) were associated with lack of susceptibility to penicillin. Bacteremia occurred significantly less frequently in penicillin-nonsusceptible infections (OR: 0.34, 95%CI: 0.14-0.84), possibly suggesting that lack of penicillin susceptibility is associated with lower virulence in S. pneumoniae.
Assuntos
Resistência às Penicilinas , Infecções Pneumocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Streptococcus pneumoniae/efeitos dos fármacos , Adolescente , Adulto , Análise de Variância , Brasil/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infecções Pneumocócicas/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae is a worldwide, growing problem. Studies of factors associated with resistance to penicillin have not been conducted in Brazil. The objective of the present study was to evaluate factors associated with infection by S. pneumoniae not susceptible to penicillin. A prevalence study was conducted including all patients with a positive culture for S. pneumoniae in a hospital from July 1991 to December 1992 and the year 1994. Of 165 patients identified, 139 were considered to have clinically relevant infections and 88 percent of them had invasive infections. All infections were community acquired and consisted of pneumonia (44 percent) and of central nervous system (19 percent), pelvic or abdominal (12 percent), upper airway or ocular (12 percent), primary bloodstream (9 percent) and skin and soft tissue (5 percent) infections. Mortality was 25 percent. Susceptibility to penicillin was present in 77.6 percent of the isolates; 21.8 percent were relatively resistant, and one isolate was resistant (minimal inhibitory concentration = 4 æg/ml). Multivariate analysis showed that age below 4 years (odds ratio (OR): 3.53, 95 percent confidence interval (95 percentCI): 1.39-8.96) and renal failure (OR: 5.50, 95 percentCI: 1.07-28.36) were associated with lack of susceptibility to penicillin. Bacteremia occurred significantly less frequently in penicillin-nonsusceptible infections (OR: 0.34, 95 percentCI: 0.14-0.84), possibly suggesting that lack of penicillin susceptibility is associated with lower virulence in S. pneumoniae
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Resistência às Penicilinas , Infecções Pneumocócicas , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Brasil , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Infecções Pneumocócicas , Prevalência , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
A total of 357 clinical Streptococcus pyogenes isolates collected between 1994 and 1999 in Rio de Janeiro city were tested for susceptibility to 10 antimicrobial drugs by agar-diffusion tests. All isolates were susceptible to penicillin, cephems, and vancomycin. High resistance rates were observed for tetracycline (43.1%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (77.9%). Three isolates (0.8%) were resistant to erythromycin, and three exhibited intermediate susceptibility. Determination of the erythromycin MICs by the agar dilution method, showed 1.6% of erythromycin resistant isolates (the three erythromycin-resistant and the three erythromycin-intermediate isolates found by agar-diffusion test). Of the erythromycin-resistant isolates subjected to the double-disc diffusion test for erythromycin and clindamycin, three isolates expressed the iMLSB and three the M phenotype. The resistance phenotypes were confirmed by comparing the clindamycin MICs determined under normal testing conditions and those determined after induction by pre-growth in 0.06 microg/ml of erythromycin. Three ermTR and three mefA-containing isolates were detected by PCR. In strains belonging to the iMLSB phenotype, two clones were identified by PFGE following restriction with SmaI. M phenotype isolates could not be restricted with SmaI. Our results indicate a low rate of erythromycin resistance among S. pyogenes isolated in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and pointed to the presence of both resistance mechanisms found in streptococci.