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OBJECTIVE: To analyse the GARD perspective on the health effects of outdoor air pollution, and to synthesise the Portuguese epidemiological contribution to knowledge on its respiratory impact. RESULTS: Ambient air pollution has deleterious respiratory effects which are more apparent in larger, densely populated and industrialised countries, such as Canada, Iran, Brazil and Portugal, but it also affects people living in low-level exposure areas. While low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), are particularly affected, evidence based on epidemiological studies from LMICs is both limited and heterogeneous. While nationally, Portugal has a relatively low level of air pollution, many major cities face with substantial air pollution problems. Time series and cross-sectional epidemiological studies have suggested increased respiratory hospital admissions, and increased risk of respiratory diseases in people who live in urban areas and are exposed to even a relatively low level of air pollution. CONCLUSIONS: Adverse respiratory effects due to air pollution, even at low levels, have been confirmed by epidemiological studies. However, evidence from LMICs is heterogeneous and relatively limited. Furthermore, longitudinal cohort studies designed to study and quantify the link between exposure to air pollutants and respiratory diseases are needed. Worldwide, an integrated approach must involve multi-level stakeholders including governments (in Portugal, the Portuguese Ministry of Health, which hosts GARD-Portugal), academia, health professionals, scientific societies, patient associations and the community at large. Such an approach not only will garner a robust commitment, establish strong advocacy and clear objectives, and raise greater awareness, it will also support a strategy with adequate measures to be implemented to achieve better air quality and reduce the burden of chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs).

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Avaliou-se o efeito protetor das frações proteicas do soro do leite sobre as vilosidades intestinais de camundongos Balb/C, fêmeas, infectadas por Escherichia coli O157:H7. Foram utilizados 48 animais, distribuídos aleatoriamente em oito grupos de seis fêmeas cada um. Os animais dos grupos 1 e 2 (controles) receberam dieta AIN93G padrão; os dos grupos 3 e 4, AIN93G + alfalactalbumina; os dos grupos 5 e 6, AIN93G + betalactoglobulina e os dos grupos 7 e 8, AIN93G + concentrado proteico total e água ad libitum por sete dias. No dia zero, os animais dos grupos 2, 4, 6 e 8 foram inoculados, por meio de cânula de gavagem, com 0,5mL de E. coli O157:H7, na concentração de 7 x 10(10)UFC/mL. Os animais foram acompanhados clinicamente e sacrificados, no oitavo dia experimental. Verificou-se, por meio de exames histológicos e da morfometria, que as frações betalactoglobulina e alfalactalbumina exerceram efeito protetor sobre as vilosidades intestinais do jejuno distal e do íleo (P<0,05), respectivamente. O concentrado proteico total não demonstrou efeito protetor sobre as vilosidades intestinais.

The protective effect of protein fractions of whey on intestinal villi of Balb/C female mice infected with Escherichia coli O157: H7 was evaluated. A total of 48 animals were randomly distributed into eight groups of six females each. Animals in groups 1 and 2 (controls) received AIN93G standard diet; the groups 3 and 4, AIN93G + alpha-lactalbumin; while groups 5 and 6, AIN93G + beta-lactoglobulin; and groups 7 and 8, AIN93G + total protein concentrate and water ad libitum for seven days. On day zero, animals of groups 2, 4, 6, and 8 were inoculated by gavage tube with 0.5mL of E. coli O157: H7 at a concentration of 7 x 10(10)CFU/mL. The animals were clinically followed and sacrificed on the eighth day. It was verified by histological examination and morphometry that the beta-lactoglobulin and alpha-lactalbumin exerted a protective effect on the villi of the distal jejunum and ileum (P<0.05), respectively. The total protein concentrate showed no protective effect on the villi.

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Avaliou-se o efeito protetor das frações proteicas do soro do leite sobre as vilosidades intestinais de camundongos Balb/C, fêmeas, infectadas por Escherichia coli O157:H7. Foram utilizados 48 animais, distribuídos aleatoriamente em oito grupos de seis fêmeas cada um. Os animais dos grupos 1 e 2 (controles) receberam dieta AIN93G padrão; os dos grupos 3 e 4, AIN93G + alfalactalbumina; os dos grupos 5 e 6, AIN93G + betalactoglobulina e os dos grupos 7 e 8, AIN93G + concentrado proteico total e água ad libitum por sete dias. No dia zero, os animais dos grupos 2, 4, 6 e 8 foram inoculados, por meio de cânula de gavagem, com 0,5mL de E. coli O157:H7, na concentração de 7 x 10(10)UFC/mL. Os animais foram acompanhados clinicamente e sacrificados, no oitavo dia experimental. Verificou-se, por meio de exames histológicos e da morfometria, que as frações betalactoglobulina e alfalactalbumina exerceram efeito protetor sobre as vilosidades intestinais do jejuno distal e do íleo (P<0,05), respectivamente. O concentrado proteico total não demonstrou efeito protetor sobre as vilosidades intestinais.(AU)

The protective effect of protein fractions of whey on intestinal villi of Balb/C female mice infected with Escherichia coli O157: H7 was evaluated. A total of 48 animals were randomly distributed into eight groups of six females each. Animals in groups 1 and 2 (controls) received AIN93G standard diet; the groups 3 and 4, AIN93G + alpha-lactalbumin; while groups 5 and 6, AIN93G + beta-lactoglobulin; and groups 7 and 8, AIN93G + total protein concentrate and water ad libitum for seven days. On day zero, animals of groups 2, 4, 6, and 8 were inoculated by gavage tube with 0.5mL of E. coli O157: H7 at a concentration of 7 x 10(10)CFU/mL. The animals were clinically followed and sacrificed on the eighth day. It was verified by histological examination and morphometry that the beta-lactoglobulin and alpha-lactalbumin exerted a protective effect on the villi of the distal jejunum and ileum (P<0.05), respectively. The total protein concentrate showed no protective effect on the villi.(AU)

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The antimicrobial resistance profile of 45 Staphylococcus strains isolated from 10 samples of Brazilian type "coalho" cheese was evaluated against eight antibiotics used either in human or in veterinarian medicine. The tested antibiotics decreasing resistance degree was: penicillin (100.0 percent), tetracycline (91.0 percent), vancomycin (75.5 percent), gentamicin (71.1 percent), oxacillin (66.7 percent), erythromycin (60.0 percent), cephalothin (48.9 percent) and sulphazothrin (26.7 percent). The high frequency of Staphylococcus strains presenting resistance to the tested antibiotics, emphasizes the importance of the control of the abusive use of antibiotics by medical and veterinarian subjects.

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The antimicrobial resistance profile of 45 Staphylococcus strains isolated from 10 samples of Brazilian type "coalho" cheese was evaluated against eight antibiotics used either in human or in veterinarian medicine. The tested antibiotics decreasing resistance degree was: penicillin (100.0 percent), tetracycline (91.0 percent), vancomycin (75.5 percent), gentamicin (71.1 percent), oxacillin (66.7 percent), erythromycin (60.0 percent), cephalothin (48.9 percent) and sulphazothrin (26.7 percent). The high frequency of Staphylococcus strains presenting resistance to the tested antibiotics, emphasizes the importance of the control of the abusive use of antibiotics by medical and veterinarian subjects.(AU)

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Because the mechanism of inhibition of epidural morphine-induced pruritus by droperidol is not clear, this study was undertaken to determine the effects of larger doses of droperidol or morphine, or both. METHODS: A double-blind study was performed in 210 ASA I or II patients undergoing cesarean delivery, who were randomly assigned to six groups. All patients received epidural anesthesia with 0.5% bupivacaine containing 1:200,000 epinephrine, to which 2 mg (groups 1, 2, and 3) or 4 mg (groups 4, 5, and 6) morphine sulfate was added. Just after delivery, 2.5 mg droperidol was given intravenously to groups 2 and 5, and 5 mg was given to groups 3 and 6. During the postoperative period, the patients were assessed for the occurrence and severity of pruritus (classified as absent, mild, moderate, or severe) or other untoward symptoms. The groups were compared for the incidence of pruritus by the Mann-Whitney nonparametric test. RESULTS: The incidence of pruritus was significantly reduced only when the control group. (no droperidol) was compared with the group that received 2.5 mg droperidol, both when 2 mg and when 4 mg morphine was used. A 5-mg dose of droperidol had no inhibitory effect. There was no difference in the incidence of pruritus between use of 2 mg and 4 mg morphine. Other untoward effects of morphine either could not be observed or occurred with an incidence unaffected by either dose of droperidol. CONCLUSION: Pruritus caused by epidural use of 2 or 4 mg of morphine is inhibited by the intravenous use of 2.5 mg droperidol but not by a larger dose.

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Os autores analisam uma serie de 90 casos de nodulo pulmonar estudados por tomografia axial computadorizada. Demonstram a grande importancia da densitometria nestas lesoes, permitindo a deteccao de depositos de calcio em granulomas, nao demonstrados por quaisquer outros metodos radiologicos.Os tumores mostraram valores distintos dos granulomas residuais. As lesoes tuberculosas ativas apresentaram caracteristicas proprias, devidas principalmente a presenca de material caseoso liquefeito

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